Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献_第5页

RF voltage and current probe design with rectangular coaxial coupling structure and generalized circuit model used in real-time reflection measurement 采用矩形同轴耦合结构和用于实时反射测量的广义电路模型设计射频电压电流探头

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156224

Kun Wang , Jin Jiao , Cheng Zhou , Wei Shen , Lang Hu , Hongxin Zhao

This paper proposes a novel rectangular coaxial coupling structure (RCCS) and presents a generalized circuit model along with a holistic design methodology for high-power Voltage-Current (VI) probes. RCCS, as an alternative to the traditional circular coaxial coupling structure (CCCS), offers higher design flexibility, easier machinery and fairly high power capacity. The generalized circuit model illustrates the electromagnetic coupling between the VI probe and the transmission line under test, according to which the holistic design methodology of the VI probes is given. The sensitivity of the characteristic impedance versus lateral manufacture deviation of flat-shape RCCS is 0.328 Ω/mm, significantly lower than the 8.65 Ω/mm observed in CCCS, indicating enhanced fabrication tolerance. The power capacity of RCCS is also fairly good than CCCS, which is approximated to both structures with transverse sections of the same height. Leveraging this model and RCCS, a high-performance VI probe has been designed with an easily machinable structure and minimized insertion loss is achieved across full operating frequency band. Transmission loss as low as 0.0015 dB/cm is confirmed within DC-100 MHz frequency band by experiment with the designed VI Probe. The proposed RCCS-based VI probe provides a promising solution for real-time reflection monitoring in high-power RF systems.

本文提出了一种新型矩形同轴耦合结构（RCCS），并给出了大功率电压电流探头的广义电路模型和整体设计方法。RCCS作为传统圆形同轴耦合结构（CCCS）的替代方案，具有更高的设计灵活性、更简单的机械结构和相当高的功率容量。广义电路模型说明了测头与被测传输线之间的电磁耦合，并据此给出了测头的整体设计方法。平板RCCS的特性阻抗对横向制造偏差的敏感性为0.328 Ω/mm，显著低于CCCS的8.65 Ω/mm，表明制造公差增强。RCCS的功率容量也比CCCS好，近似于两种结构的横截面高度相同。利用该模型和RCCS，高性能VI探头设计具有易于加工的结构，并且在整个工作频段内实现了最小的插入损耗。实验表明，在DC-100 MHz频段内，VI探头的传输损耗可低至0.0015 dB/cm。所提出的基于rccs的VI探头为高功率射频系统中的实时反射监测提供了一个有前途的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Behavioral modeling of microwave components in constrained domains using recurrent neural networks with attention layers 基于关注层的递归神经网络约束域微波组件行为建模

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156193

Slawomir Koziel , Kaustab C. Sahu , Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska

Full-wave electromagnetic (EM) analysis is commonly used in microwave engineering. Nonetheless, EM-driven design involves considerable expenses. Surrogate modeling may mitigate this issue; however, constructing reliable metamodels is demanding due to the curse of dimensionality and design utility requirements. This paper introduces a novel data-driven modeling methodology that integrates an attention mechanism into Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). The proposed surrogate enhances the representation of sequential dependencies across the frequency range in S-parameter estimation, treating frequency responses as time-series data. The projected LSTM and GRU layers reduce the dimensionality of the hidden states through a learned projection matrix, which reduces computational complexity and enhances the capacity of the model to capture long-term dependencies. Another enhancement is the attention mechanism, which dynamically assigns greater importance to critical frequency regions and enables the model to selectively highlight the most relevant components (e.g., corresponding to the circuit's center frequencies). The predictive power is further improved by sensitivity-based dimensionality reduction. Comprehensive verification showcases the competitive performance of our technique regarding predictive power as compared to multiple benchmark methods.

全波电磁分析是微波工程中常用的一种分析方法。然而，电磁驱动的设计涉及相当大的费用。代理建模可以缓解这个问题；然而，由于维度和设计实用需求的限制，构建可靠的元模型是非常困难的。本文介绍了一种新的数据驱动建模方法，该方法将注意力机制集成到基于长短期记忆（LSTM）和门控循环单元（GRU）的循环神经网络（rnn）中。所提出的代理增强了s参数估计中跨频率范围的顺序依赖关系的表示，将频率响应视为时间序列数据。投影LSTM层和GRU层通过学习投影矩阵降低了隐藏状态的维数，降低了计算复杂度，增强了模型捕获长期依赖关系的能力。另一个增强是注意机制，它动态地为关键频率区域分配更大的重要性，并使模型能够选择性地突出最相关的组件（例如，对应于电路的中心频率）。基于灵敏度的降维进一步提高了预测能力。与多个基准测试方法相比，综合验证展示了我们的技术在预测能力方面的竞争力。

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引用次数: 0

Joint robust beamforming design for RIS-assisted ISAC systems with hardware impairments 具有硬件缺陷的ris辅助ISAC系统联合鲁棒波束形成设计

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156209

Xinyu Zhang , Lijuan Zhong , Shidang Li , Yanping Zhou , Jianbin Cao , Chunguo Li

In practical wireless systems, transceiver hardware impairments (HWIs) introduce additional noise and nonlinear distortions, leading to degradation in physical layer security performance. In integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, the transmitted waveform carrying communication information is susceptible to eavesdropping by sensing targets. To address this challenge, this paper investigates a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted ISAC system that accounts for hardware impairments at both the transmitter and receiver. To enhance physical layer security and reduce information leakage to unauthorized users, we propose the strategic injection of artificial noise (AN) under certain conditions to degrade the signal quality at potential eavesdroppers. Specifically, we formulate a joint optimization problem involving sensing beamforming, artificial noise design, and RIS reflection coefficients, aiming to maximize the achievable secrecy rate while satisfying constraints on total transmit power, minimum communication rate, minimum radar sensing signal-to-noise ratio (SINR), and unit-modulus reflection coefficients. To solve the resulting non-convex problem, we first perform an equivalent transformation and decouple it into two non-convex subproblems. We then apply successive convex approximation (SCA) and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) to approximate the subproblems as convex programs. Finally, an alternating optimization (AO) algorithm is developed to efficiently solve the reformulated problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively mitigates the performance degradation caused by hardware impairments and achieves an optimal trade-off between interference shaping and privacy preservation, outperforming conventional schemes without AN, RIS, or hardware impairment considerations.

在实际的无线系统中，收发器硬件损伤（hwi）会引入额外的噪声和非线性失真，导致物理层安全性能下降。在集成传感与通信（ISAC）系统中，传输的携带通信信息的波形容易被传感目标窃听。为了解决这一挑战，本文研究了一种可重构智能表面（RIS）辅助ISAC系统，该系统考虑了发射器和接收器的硬件损伤。为了增强物理层安全性，减少信息泄露给未授权用户，我们提出在一定条件下注入人工噪声（AN）的策略，以降低潜在窃听者的信号质量。具体而言，我们制定了一个涉及传感波束形成、人工噪声设计和RIS反射系数的联合优化问题，旨在最大化可实现的保密率，同时满足总发射功率、最小通信速率、最小雷达传感信噪比（SINR）和单位模反射系数的约束。为了解决由此产生的非凸问题，我们首先执行等效变换并将其解耦为两个非凸子问题。然后应用连续凸逼近（SCA）和半定松弛（SDR）将子问题近似为凸规划。最后，提出了一种交替优化（AO）算法，以有效地解决重表述问题。仿真结果表明，该方案有效地缓解了硬件损伤引起的性能下降，并在干扰整形和隐私保护之间实现了最佳权衡，优于不考虑an、RIS或硬件损伤的传统方案。

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引用次数: 0

An improved boolean differential evolution algorithm and its application in design of broadband terahertz absorber based on concentric graphene rings 一种改进的布尔差分进化算法及其在基于同心石墨烯环的宽带太赫兹吸收器设计中的应用

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156166

Xingning Jia , Ting Wen , Guoche Qin , Liao Ma , Siye Wu , Meng Wang

The sandwich-type metamaterial absorber (MA) based on discretely patterned graphene has potential for broadband absorption in the terahertz (THz) region. In this paper, a broadband THz MA with concentric graphene rings is designed using an improved boolean differential evolutionary (IBDE) algorithm, which is based on three strategies for improvement, including the identification of the optimal control parameters using the Taguchi method, the Taguchi crossover operator, and a restarting strategy. The performance of the IBDE has been validated against 23 benchmark functions, demonstrating impressive capabilities in both convergence speed and local search. The designed MA, which is backed by a thin film of vanadium dioxide, has the ability to switch between functioning as an absorber and acting as a transparent insulating dielectric. Moreover, the equivalent conductivity of the patterned graphene is also derived to establish the equivalent circuit model of the designed MA. The proposed IBDE shows promise for designing high-dimensional discrete graphene patterns aimed at broadband absorption applications.

基于离散图案石墨烯的三明治型超材料吸收体（MA）在太赫兹（THz）区域具有宽带吸收的潜力。本文采用改进的布尔微分进化（IBDE）算法设计了一种同轴石墨烯环的宽带太赫兹磁放大器，该算法基于三种改进策略，包括使用田口方法识别最优控制参数、田口交叉算子和重启策略。IBDE的性能已经通过23个基准函数进行了验证，在收敛速度和局部搜索方面都表现出令人印象深刻的能力。设计的MA由二氧化钒薄膜支撑，具有在吸收剂和透明绝缘介质之间转换的能力。此外，还推导了图像化石墨烯的等效电导率，建立了所设计MA的等效电路模型。所提出的IBDE显示出设计高维离散石墨烯模式的希望，旨在宽带吸收应用。

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引用次数: 0

Broadband DOA estimation with KL divergence for covariance matrix reconstruction 基于KL散度的协方差矩阵重构宽带DOA估计

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2026.156213

Shuaishuai Pan, Zhiyong Luo

Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation has been applied in satellite applications. However, the growing demand for data volume has driven the gradual expansion of signal bandwidth, making broadband DOA estimation a critical challenge. Existing subspace-based DOA estimation algorithms usually exhibit weak performance and require prior information about the number of signals, limiting their practical applications. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel broadband DOA estimation method based on covariance matrix reconstruction. First, focusing processing is applied to sampled data at different frequency points, and Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD) is performed after obtaining the sample covariance matrix (SCM). Subsequently, a new clustering technique is developed by combining Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Markov Random Field (MRF) theory to classify eigenvalues into signal and noise classes, thereby determining the number of signals. Then, a metric based on Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence is constructed to measure subspace similarity and reconstruct the covariance matrix. Finally, DOA estimation is conducted using the reconstructed covariance matrix. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform other methods.

到达方向（DOA）估计已经在卫星中得到了应用。然而，随着数据量需求的不断增长，信号带宽逐渐扩大，使得宽带DOA估计成为一个严峻的挑战。现有的基于子空间的DOA估计算法通常表现出较弱的性能，并且需要有关信号数量的先验信息，限制了它们的实际应用。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种基于协方差矩阵重构的宽带DOA估计方法。首先对采样数据在不同频率点进行聚焦处理，得到样本协方差矩阵（SCM）后进行特征值分解（EVD）；随后，结合高斯混合模型（GMM）和马尔可夫随机场（MRF）理论，提出了一种新的聚类技术，将特征值分为信号和噪声两类，从而确定信号的数量。然后，构造基于Kullback-Leibler （KL）散度的度量来度量子空间相似性并重构协方差矩阵。最后，利用重构的协方差矩阵进行DOA估计。仿真结果表明，该算法优于其他方法。

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引用次数: 0

A new low-power electronically tunable MOS-C synthetic transformer with application in double-tuned band-pass filter 一种应用于双调谐带通滤波器的新型低功耗电子可调谐MOS-C合成变压器

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156190

Ruchita Gupta, Bhawna Aggarwal, Maneesha Gupta

In this paper, a new synthetic transformer architecture is proposed using MOS-C-based gyrator configuration that emulates magnetic transformer behavior through active components. This proposed design integrates grounded and floating synthetic inductors realized using MOS-based gyrator, connected in a T-network configuration for compactness, electronic tunability and CMOS compatibility. Analytical modeling confirms the inductance equivalency, transformer functionality, and coupling coefficient formulation. The proposed design employs all grounded passive elements. Simulations using Cadence Virtuoso in 180 nm gpdk CMOS technology with BSIM3v3 transistor model validates the design, demonstrating low-voltage operation (

\pm

0.7 V), low power consumption (1.746 mW), and operates up to 40 MHz. Furthermore, the synthetic transformer is applied in a double-tuned band-pass filter (DTBPF) circuit to assess real world viability. Performance metrics such as gain, phase, transient, and noise response are analyzed. The double-tuned band-pass filter exhibits an output RMS noise of 146.7

μ

V. Additionally, the coupling coefficient exhibits a wide tunable range from 0.32 to 0.93, highlighting strong electronic controllability. The sturdiness of the design has been verified by PVT variations, and Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed synthetic transformer offers miniaturization, electronically tunable, low power consumption and minimized silicon area (

53.02 μ m

X

65.86 μ m

), making it suitable for system-on-a-chip applications.

本文提出了一种新的综合变压器结构，采用基于mos - c的旋转器结构，通过有源元件模拟磁变压器的行为。该设计集成了基于mos的旋转器实现的接地和浮动合成电感，并以t网络结构连接，以实现紧凑，电子可调性和CMOS兼容性。分析模型确定了电感等效性、变压器功能和耦合系数公式。建议的设计采用所有接地的无源元件。利用Cadence Virtuoso在180 nm gpdk CMOS技术和BSIM3v3晶体管模型上进行的仿真验证了该设计，展示了低电压工作（±0.7 V），低功耗（1.746 mW），工作频率高达40 MHz。此外，将合成变压器应用于双调谐带通滤波器（DTBPF）电路中，以评估现实世界的可行性。性能指标，如增益，相位，瞬态和噪声响应进行了分析。双调谐带通滤波器的输出RMS噪声为146.7 μV。耦合系数在0.32 ~ 0.93范围内可调，具有较强的电子可控性。通过PVT变型和蒙特卡罗仿真验证了该设计的可靠性。所提出的合成变压器具有小型化、电子可调谐、低功耗和最小硅面积（53.02μm X 65.86μm）等优点，适用于片上系统应用。

{"title":"A new low-power electronically tunable MOS-C synthetic transformer with application in double-tuned band-pass filter","authors":"Ruchita Gupta, Bhawna Aggarwal, Maneesha Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new synthetic transformer architecture is proposed using MOS-C-based gyrator configuration that emulates magnetic transformer behavior through active components. This proposed design integrates grounded and floating synthetic inductors realized using MOS-based gyrator, connected in a T-network configuration for compactness, electronic tunability and CMOS compatibility. Analytical modeling confirms the inductance equivalency, transformer functionality, and coupling coefficient formulation. The proposed design employs all grounded passive elements. Simulations using Cadence Virtuoso in 180 nm gpdk CMOS technology with BSIM3v3 transistor model validates the design, demonstrating low-voltage operation (<span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>0.7 V), low power consumption (1.746 mW), and operates up to 40 MHz. Furthermore, the synthetic transformer is applied in a double-tuned band-pass filter (DTBPF) circuit to assess real world viability. Performance metrics such as gain, phase, transient, and noise response are analyzed. The double-tuned band-pass filter exhibits an output RMS noise of 146.7 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>V. Additionally, the coupling coefficient exhibits a wide tunable range from 0.32 to 0.93, highlighting strong electronic controllability. The sturdiness of the design has been verified by PVT variations, and Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed synthetic transformer offers miniaturization, electronically tunable, low power consumption and minimized silicon area (<span><math><mrow><mn>53</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>02</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> X <span><math><mrow><mn>65</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>86</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>), making it suitable for system-on-a-chip applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-Interference wireless communication using backscatter and deep learning: modeling, detection, and evaluation 使用反向散射和深度学习的抗干扰无线通信：建模，检测和评估

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156138

Hossein Eshaghi, Hamid Reza Khodadadi, Hamed Ahmadian Yazdi

Wireless communications, aimed at facilitating the transmission and reception of information, play an essential role in many fields. However, due to the broadcasting nature of such communications, current wireless networks are highly vulnerable to interference signals. In contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, we employ a hybrid ambient backscatter communication and CNN-LSTM based detector to handle interference effectively. Unlike the usual methods that consider interference signal as destructive interference, the proposed method uses the signal interference opportunistically as the carrier for data transmission. Conventional backscatter communication passively reflects ambient RF signals, whereas the proposed transceiver actively re-modulates the interference signal by applying varying amplification factors through a programmable gain amplifier (PGA). However, the requirement for accurate channel state information (CSI) and prior knowledge of the interference signal distribution can lead to elevated bit error rates (BER) in anti-interference systems, especially under dynamic or unpredictable channel conditions. Therefore, a deep learning network was employed, in which the CNN layers extract features from the relationships between adjacent measured values, and the LSTM network learns long-term dependencies within the input data. The proposed detector can dynamically adapt to any channel and noise distribution. We analyze the effects of various parameters on the performance of the anti-interference system, such as the interfering power, the Relative Channel Difference (RCD), and the number of antennas. The simulation results show that higher interfering power can achieve better BER at the receiver.

无线通信以方便信息的发送和接收为目的，在许多领域发挥着重要作用。然而，由于这种通信的广播性质，目前的无线网络极易受到干扰信号的影响。与最先进的技术相比，我们采用混合环境反向散射通信和基于CNN-LSTM的检测器来有效地处理干扰。与通常将干扰信号视为相消干扰的方法不同，本文提出的方法利用信号干扰作为数据传输的载体。传统的反向散射通信被动地反射环境射频信号，而所提出的收发器通过可编程增益放大器（PGA）应用不同的放大因子来主动重调制干扰信号。然而，对准确的信道状态信息（CSI）和对干扰信号分布的先验知识的要求会导致抗干扰系统中的误码率（BER）升高，特别是在动态或不可预测的信道条件下。因此，采用深度学习网络，其中CNN层从相邻测量值之间的关系中提取特征，LSTM网络学习输入数据内的长期依赖关系。该检测器可以动态适应任何信道和噪声分布。分析了干扰功率、相对信道差（RCD）、天线数等参数对系统抗干扰性能的影响。仿真结果表明，较高的干扰功率可以获得较好的接收端误码率。

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引用次数: 0

A parallel Class-E power amplifier with doubly-tuned transformer-based load network and high-efficiency cascode in 110-nm CMOS 基于双调谐变压器负载网络和110纳米CMOS高效级联码的并联e类功率放大器

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156117

Kai Yue, Zemeng Huang, Yubing Li, Yujia Chen, Tao Tan, Tao He, Yu Wang, Peng Ke, Xiuping Li

This article presents a doubly tuned (DT) transformer-based parallel Class-E power amplifier (PA). A compact parallel Class-E load network consisting of only one DT transformer and a pair of capacitors is proposed to enhance output power and efficiency. Compared with the traditional DT transformer-based series Class-E load, the proposed DT transformer-based parallel Class-E load can further mitigate the constraints placed on device size and reduce the impedance transformation ratio of the load. Besides, a cascode structure with neutralization and charging acceleration capacitor (

C_{X}

) is used as active core to enhance gain and efficiency. The gain and stability of the active core are quantitatively analyzed based on the transistor small-signal model, and it can be concluded that the gain of the active core exhibits an increasing trend with the growth of

C_{X}

while ensuring stability. As a proof of the design, a 12 GHz Class-E PA is fabricated using 110-nm CMOS process. The measurement results show that the proposed PA realizes a peak power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 30.9%, a maximum saturated output power (P

_{sat}

) of 18.2 dBm and a peak gain of 19.0 dB. The core area of the circuit is only 990

μ

m

\times 260 μ

m.

本文提出了一种基于双调谐（DT）变压器的并联e类功率放大器。为了提高输出功率和效率，提出了一种由一个DT变压器和一对电容器组成的紧凑并联e类负载网络。与传统的基于DT变压器的串联e类负载相比，本文提出的基于DT变压器的并联e类负载可以进一步减轻对器件尺寸的限制，降低负载的阻抗变化率。此外，采用具有中和和充电加速电容（CX）的级联结构作为有源磁芯，提高了增益和效率。基于晶体管小信号模型对有源铁芯的增益和稳定性进行了定量分析，得出有源铁芯的增益在保证稳定性的前提下，随着CX的增长呈增加趋势。为了验证该设计，采用110纳米CMOS工艺制造了一个12 GHz的e级PA。测量结果表明，该放大器的峰值功率增加效率（PAE）为30.9%，最大饱和输出功率（Psat）为18.2 dBm，峰值增益为19.0 dB。电路的核心面积仅为990 μm ×260μm。

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引用次数: 0

Transmission-gate based Phase Frequency Detector and 0.33% current mismatch MOS charge pump for reference spur reduction in 2.5 GHz PLL 基于传输门的相位频率检测器和0.33%电流失配的MOS电荷泵用于2.5 GHz锁相环的参考杂散抑制

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156156

Sriparna Sarma, Tshering Sangmoo Sherpa, Sanjay Kumar Jana

This paper proposes high-performance, low-power Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) architecture designed using transmission-gate-based Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) and 12-transistor-based MOS Charge Pump (CP) implemented using the SCL 180 nm CMOS process and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso environment. The proposed PFD eliminate blind zones and reduces dead zone to 4 ps through direct reset mechanism, operating over 1–6.5 GHz frequency range using only eight transistors, resulting in a low power consumption of 171.2

μ

W and phase noise of –156.4 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The proposed CP achieves minimal current mismatch of 0.33 % while consuming 181.8

μ

W. The proposed PFD-CP is integrated with a conventional loop filter, voltage-controlled oscillator and frequency divider to design a 2.5 GHz PLL, which achieves lock time below 20 ns and spur-to-floor delta of 72.07 dB. The compact core area of 0.0014 mm

^{2}

and power consumption of 338.8

μ

W are achieved. It demonstrates that approximately 80%–85% smaller area and 75%–90% lower power consumption compared to recent state-of-the-art, along with 10 dB improvement in spur suppression and two-times faster locking response, highlighting its efficiency and scalability for high-speed, low-spur, low-jitter Serializer–Deserializer (SERDES) and clock recovery systems. The Monte Carlo simulation and Process, Voltage, Temperature (PVT) analyses confirm robust performance of the design.

本文提出了基于传输门的相频检测器（PFD）和基于12晶体管的MOS电荷泵（CP）的高性能、低功耗锁相环（PLL）架构，采用SCL 180 nm CMOS工艺实现，并在Cadence Virtuoso环境中进行了仿真。该PFD通过直接复位机制消除盲区，并将死区降低至4ps，工作频率在1 - 6.5 GHz范围内，仅使用8个晶体管，功耗低至171.2 μ W，相位噪声为-156.4 dBc/Hz。该电路在功耗181.8 μ w的情况下实现了0.33%的最小电流失配。该电路集成了传统环路滤波器、压控振荡器和分频器，设计了一个2.5 GHz锁相环，锁相锁时间低于20 ns，杂散-底差为72.07 dB。实现了紧凑的核心面积为0.0014 mm2，功耗为338.8 μ W。与最新技术相比，它的面积缩小了约80%-85%，功耗降低了75%-90%，同时杂散抑制性能提高了10 dB，锁定响应速度提高了两倍，突出了其在高速、低杂散、低抖动串行反序列化器（SERDES）和时钟恢复系统中的效率和可扩展性。蒙特卡罗仿真和过程、电压、温度（PVT）分析证实了该设计的鲁棒性。

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引用次数: 0

Pattern synthesis of antenna array with beam direction and polarization steering and null control 具有波束方向、极化转向和零控制的天线阵方向图合成

IF 3.2 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179

Xin-Ran Jin , Shen-Yun Wang

To address the need for simultaneous beam control and anti-interference in wireless systems, a novel antenna array pattern synthesis method capable of beam direction and polarization steering, with flexible null position, width, and depth control, is proposed. In this method, a performance index is newly defined and maximized to calculate the optimal excitation distribution (OED) of the antenna array. The principle of the pattern synthesis is to maximize the ratio of radiated energy density directed toward the beam region over that radiated toward the sidelobe and interference regions. The beam polarization and null depth are controlled by introducing two polarization constraint matrices and a null weight. To validate the method, a dual-polarization 2 × 8 patch antenna array working at 3.4 GHz is designed. Both the simulated and measured antenna array patterns agree well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed pattern synthesis method may be applied in wireless systems where both accurate beam scanning and anti-inference are needed, such as radar detection and wireless communication systems.

为了解决无线系统中波束控制和抗干扰同时进行的需求，提出了一种具有波束方向和极化控制、零位置、宽度和深度灵活控制的天线阵列方向图合成方法。该方法通过定义并最大化性能指标来计算天线阵的最优激励分布。方向图合成的原理是使指向波束区域的辐射能量密度比指向旁瓣和干涉区域的辐射能量密度最大。通过引入两个极化约束矩阵和一个零权来控制光束偏振和零深度。为了验证该方法，设计了工作在3.4 GHz的双极化2 × 8贴片天线阵列。模拟和实测的天线阵方向图与理论预测吻合较好。所提出的方向图合成方法可应用于雷达探测和无线通信等需要精确波束扫描和反推理的无线系统中。

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引用次数: 0