Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156188
Mert Ciflik, S. Cumhur Basaran
The effective relative permittivity (εeff) of planar capsule antennas differs significantly from that of antennas implanted directly into biological tissue. However, this distinction has been largely overlooked in most planar capsule antenna designs reported in the recent literature for implantable medical devices (IMDs), where it is commonly assumed that antenna performance in direct tissue implantation is equally valid within a capsule environment. In this article, the εeff of a microstrip antenna is first calculated using an efficient analytical model for both implantation scenarios. Based on these insights, a dual-band planar capsule antenna with a novel configuration is proposed for implantable and ingestible applications, carefully designed with consideration of the effective relative permittivity to ensure robust performance. The proposed antenna features a compact footprint of 14 mm × 14 mm × 0.634 mm3 and operates in both the 402 MHz MICS and 2.4 GHz ISM bands. The miniaturized dual-band antenna configuration is achieved by combining an efficient radiator, a shorting pin, and a slotted ground plane. A prototype of the proposed antenna, whose numerical design and analysis were conducted on both homogeneous muscle tissue and realistic human models, was encapsulated, and its performance was measured using minced meat.
平面胶囊天线的有效相对介电常数（εeff）与直接植入生物组织的天线有显著差异。然而，在最近的植入式医疗器械（imd）文献中报道的大多数平面胶囊天线设计中，这一区别在很大程度上被忽视了，在这些设计中，通常认为直接组织植入的天线性能在胶囊环境中同样有效。本文首先用一种有效的解析模型计算了两种植入情况下微带天线的εeff。基于这些见解，提出了一种具有新颖结构的双频平面胶囊天线，用于植入和可摄取的应用，精心设计时考虑了有效的相对介电常数，以确保稳健的性能。该天线占地面积为14 mm × 14 mm × 0.634 mm3，可在402 MHz MICS和2.4 GHz ISM频段工作。小型化的双频天线配置是通过结合一个高效的散热器、一个短引脚和一个开槽的接平面来实现的。设计了该天线的原型，在均匀肌肉组织和真实人体模型上进行了数值设计和分析，并使用肉末对其性能进行了测量。
{"title":"Design of a dual-band capsule antenna based on effective relative permittivity for realistic implantable medical devices","authors":"Mert Ciflik, S. Cumhur Basaran","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effective relative permittivity (<em>ε</em><sub><em>eff</em></sub>) of planar capsule antennas differs significantly from that of antennas implanted directly into biological tissue. However, this distinction has been largely overlooked in most planar capsule antenna designs reported in the recent literature for implantable medical devices (IMDs), where it is commonly assumed that antenna performance in direct tissue implantation is equally valid within a capsule environment. In this article, the <em>ε</em><sub><em>eff</em></sub> of a microstrip antenna is first calculated using an efficient analytical model for both implantation scenarios. Based on these insights, a dual-band planar capsule antenna with a novel configuration is proposed for implantable and ingestible applications, carefully designed with consideration of the effective relative permittivity to ensure robust performance. The proposed antenna features a compact footprint of 14 mm × 14 mm × 0.634 mm<sup>3</sup> and operates in both the 402 MHz MICS and 2.4 GHz ISM bands. The miniaturized dual-band antenna configuration is achieved by combining an efficient radiator, a shorting pin, and a slotted ground plane. A prototype of the proposed antenna, whose numerical design and analysis were conducted on both homogeneous muscle tissue and realistic human models, was encapsulated, and its performance was measured using minced meat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing demand for secure, real-time signal transmission in applications such as IoT, communication systems, and multimedia necessitates low-latency cryptographic solutions. FPGAs are well-suited for this task due to their parallelism and high-throughput capabilities. However, conventional development using hardware description languages (HDLs) can be time-consuming, especially when debugging complex systems. To address these limitations, this work introduces an OpenCL-based framework for implementing real-time AES-128 encryption and decryption on FPGA platforms. The proposed method leverages hardware acceleration and high-level synthesis (HLS) to significantly reduce development time while sustaining high computational performance. A custom analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module based on the Avalon Streaming interface was developed to facilitate continuous data acquisition and real-time signal encryption through OpenCL I/O streaming channels. The system was implemented on an Intel Cyclone V FPGA, interfaced with a dual-channel, 14-bit ADC operating at 100 MHz. Experimental results show that the optimized AES-128 encryption pipeline achieved 98% of its theoretical maximum throughput (3.15 Gbps) when processing streamed ADC input, while the decryption process reached 98% of its peak throughput (9.6 Gbps) when using DDR memory.
物联网、通信系统和多媒体等应用对安全、实时信号传输的需求不断增长，需要低延迟的加密解决方案。fpga由于其并行性和高吞吐量能力而非常适合此任务。然而，使用硬件描述语言（hdl）的传统开发可能非常耗时，特别是在调试复杂系统时。为了解决这些限制，本工作引入了一个基于opencl的框架，用于在FPGA平台上实现实时AES-128加密和解密。所提出的方法利用硬件加速和高级合成（HLS）来显著缩短开发时间，同时保持高计算性能。开发了基于Avalon流接口的定制模数转换器（ADC）模块，通过OpenCL I/O流通道实现连续数据采集和实时信号加密。该系统在Intel Cyclone V FPGA上实现，接口是一个工作频率为100 MHz的双通道14位ADC。实验结果表明，优化后的AES-128加密管道在处理流式ADC输入时达到理论最大吞吐量（3.15 Gbps）的98%，而在使用DDR内存时，解密过程达到其峰值吞吐量（9.6 Gbps）的98%。
{"title":"OpenCL-accelerated FPGA for real-time AES-128 signal encryption and decryption","authors":"Iman Firmansyah , Bambang Setiadi , Suyoto Suyoto , Salita Ulitia Prini , Ratna Indrawijaya , Budiman P.A. Rohman , Yoshiki Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for secure, real-time signal transmission in applications such as IoT, communication systems, and multimedia necessitates low-latency cryptographic solutions. FPGAs are well-suited for this task due to their parallelism and high-throughput capabilities. However, conventional development using hardware description languages (HDLs) can be time-consuming, especially when debugging complex systems. To address these limitations, this work introduces an OpenCL-based framework for implementing real-time AES-128 encryption and decryption on FPGA platforms. The proposed method leverages hardware acceleration and high-level synthesis (HLS) to significantly reduce development time while sustaining high computational performance. A custom analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module based on the Avalon Streaming interface was developed to facilitate continuous data acquisition and real-time signal encryption through OpenCL I/O streaming channels. The system was implemented on an Intel Cyclone V FPGA, interfaced with a dual-channel, 14-bit ADC operating at 100 MHz. Experimental results show that the optimized AES-128 encryption pipeline achieved 98% of its theoretical maximum throughput (3.15 Gbps) when processing streamed ADC input, while the decryption process reached 98% of its peak throughput (9.6 Gbps) when using DDR memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156181
Chen Wang, Jian Liu, Ang Li, Di Luo, Rui Wang, Kang Zeng
This paper presents a CMOS rectifier with wide power dynamic range (PDR) and high-sensitivity for RF energy harvesting. It is developed based on the conventional cross-coupled differentially-driven (CCDD) topology. In this rectifier, a voltage divider is introduced to provide the gate voltage for the bias circuit and to clamp the output voltage. This divider exists between output dc voltage () and the ground reference (). This bias circuit can be used to set the gate voltage of the rectifying MOSFETs. The proposed bias circuit can be employed to enhance the NMOS transistors’ gate voltage and reduce that of the PMOS transistors. This mechanism serves to extend the rectifier’s PDR. For validation, this rectifier is designed and simulated in a 40-nm CMOS process in Cadence software. The post-simulation results show that the proposed rectifier achieves a 87% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a -18.9 dBm input power (), a 33.8 dB PDR (from -38.8 dBm to -5 dBm) for PCE 20% and a -19.4 dBm sensitivity with a 1-V output voltage.
{"title":"A high-sensitivity CMOS rectifier with wide input power range for ambient RF energy harvesting","authors":"Chen Wang, Jian Liu, Ang Li, Di Luo, Rui Wang, Kang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a CMOS rectifier with wide power dynamic range (PDR) and high-sensitivity for RF energy harvesting. It is developed based on the conventional cross-coupled differentially-driven (CCDD) topology. In this rectifier, a voltage divider is introduced to provide the gate voltage for the bias circuit and to clamp the output voltage. This divider exists between output dc voltage (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>OUT</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>) and the ground reference (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>SS</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>). This bias circuit can be used to set the gate voltage of the rectifying MOSFETs. The proposed bias circuit can be employed to enhance the NMOS transistors’ gate voltage and reduce that of the PMOS transistors. This mechanism serves to extend the rectifier’s PDR. For validation, this rectifier is designed and simulated in a 40-nm CMOS process in Cadence software. The post-simulation results show that the proposed rectifier achieves a 87% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a -18.9<!--> <!-->dBm input power (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>in</mtext></mrow></msub></math></span>), a 33.8<!--> <!-->dB PDR (from -38.8<!--> <!-->dBm to -5<!--> <!-->dBm) for PCE <span><math><mo>></mo></math></span> 20% and a -19.4<!--> <!-->dBm sensitivity with a 1-V output voltage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156181"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes an independent and asymmetric coupling structure for an integrated dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with microwave microfluidic sensor. The proposed device features a three-port configuration where the dual-band BPF structure employs a coupled stepped impedance resonator (SIR), while the MS utilizes an interdigital capacitor (IDC) bridge structure located at the center of the ring resonator. The proposed structure was fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with εr = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009. Liquid samples, including a milk-water mixture and a milk-glucose mixture, were used for testing, each with a volume of 21.2 μL. Results demonstrate that the device provides dual-band BPF functionality with center frequencies of 2.16 GHz and 2.54 GHz, insertion losses (|S21|) of −1.30 dB and − 1.20 dB, and fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 2.13 % and 3.34 %, respectively. For the MS application, the device achieved a frequency shift (Δf) of 32.0 MHz and a normalized sensitivity (NS) of 0.064 % for the milk-water mixture. Additionally, for the milk-glucose mixture, the MS exhibited sensitivities of 3.75 × 10−3 dB/(mg/dL) and 5.00 kHz/(mg/dL) based on the magnitude and peak location of the transmission coefficient, respectively. The device also exhibited an isolation value (|S₃₂|) of less than −25 dB, indicating minimal interference between the dual-band BPF and the MS. This high isolation enables both components to operate independently. Finally, the proposed device structure holds potential for future applications such as supporting food safety while also offering radio frequency filtering functionalities.
{"title":"Independent and asymmetric coupling structure for integrated dual-band bandpass filter with microwave microfluidic milk sensor","authors":"Teguh Firmansyah , Supriyanto Praptodiyono , Imamul Muttakin , Irma Saraswati , Adi Nugraha , Syah Alam , Habib Nurseha Anggradinata , Ken Paramayudha , Yuyu Wahyu , Teguh Handoyo , Aloysius Adya Pramudita , Gunawan Wibisono , Mudrik Alaydrus , Muhammad Iqbal , Nugraha","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes an independent and asymmetric coupling structure for an integrated dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with microwave microfluidic sensor. The proposed device features a three-port configuration where the dual-band BPF structure employs a coupled stepped impedance resonator (SIR), while the MS utilizes an interdigital capacitor (IDC) bridge structure located at the center of the ring resonator. The proposed structure was fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with εr = 2.2 and tan δ = 0.0009. Liquid samples, including a milk-water mixture and a milk-glucose mixture, were used for testing, each with a volume of 21.2 μL. Results demonstrate that the device provides dual-band BPF functionality with center frequencies of 2.16 GHz and 2.54 GHz, insertion losses (|S<sub>21</sub>|) of −1.30 dB and − 1.20 dB, and fractional bandwidths (FBWs) of 2.13 % and 3.34 %, respectively. For the MS application, the device achieved a frequency shift (Δf) of 32.0 MHz and a normalized sensitivity (NS) of 0.064 % for the milk-water mixture. Additionally, for the milk-glucose mixture, the MS exhibited sensitivities of 3.75 × 10<sup>−3</sup> dB/(mg/dL) and 5.00 kHz/(mg/dL) based on the magnitude and peak location of the transmission coefficient, respectively. The device also exhibited an isolation value (|S₃₂|) of less than −25 dB, indicating minimal interference between the dual-band BPF and the MS. This high isolation enables both components to operate independently. Finally, the proposed device structure holds potential for future applications such as supporting food safety while also offering radio frequency filtering functionalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156186"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presented paper focuses on Neural Network (NN) based quad-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna development and analysis for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN, sub-6 GHz, and C-band communications. The engineered design exhibits the reflection coefficient values below-10 dB from 2.20 GHz to 11.70 GHz frequencies. The limited ground is proposed to attain the UWB response. The radiators are located orthogonally to each other at a minimum distance of half of the wavelength to minimize the mutual coupling effect. The flame-retardant material has been utilized to act as a substrate material with a dielectric constant is 4.3. The isolation geometry was developed and integrated with the ground structure to further improve the isolation. The conventional response has been generated using HFSS software. The proposed structure exhibits a gain of about 2 dBi, and efficiency is about 85 % to 90 %. The neural network has been trained, and the sets of data are given as input parameters to the NN. The NN predicted response was in line with the software-generated response. The values of diversity parameters, such as Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) is 0.001 bits/s/Hz, Envelop Correlation Coefficient(ECC) is 0.001 abs, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) is between −4 dB to −6 dB, and Diversity Gain (DG) is around 10 dB, were received. This work supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) by advancing AI-assisted wireless communication design and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through improved reliability of WLAN and Sub-6 GHz systems.
{"title":"Neural network-assisted quad-port UWB MIMO antenna with enhanced isolation for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz wireless applications","authors":"Killol Pandya , Tigmanshu Patel , Aneri Pandya , Trushit Upadhyaya , Upesh Patel , Om Prakash Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presented paper focuses on Neural Network (NN) based quad-port Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna development and analysis for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN, sub-6 GHz, and C-band communications. The engineered design exhibits the reflection coefficient values below-10 dB from 2.20 GHz to 11.70 GHz frequencies. The limited ground is proposed to attain the UWB response. The radiators are located orthogonally to each other at a minimum distance of half of the wavelength to minimize the mutual coupling effect. The flame-retardant material has been utilized to act as a substrate material with a dielectric constant is 4.3. The isolation geometry was developed and integrated with the ground structure to further improve the isolation. The conventional response has been generated using HFSS software. The proposed structure exhibits a gain of about 2 dBi, and efficiency is about 85 % to 90 %. The neural network has been trained, and the sets of data are given as input parameters to the NN. The NN predicted response was in line with the software-generated response. The values of diversity parameters, such as Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) is 0.001 bits/s/Hz, Envelop Correlation Coefficient(ECC) is 0.001 abs, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) is between −4 dB to −6 dB, and Diversity Gain (DG) is around 10 dB, were received. This work supports SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) by advancing AI-assisted wireless communication design and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through improved reliability of WLAN and Sub-6 GHz systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156182
Zhiqing Liu , Cheng Bi , Xianrong Zhang , Zhijiang Dai
In this paper, a new method is proposed to design a linearity-enhanced load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA). This method optimizes the phase difference parameter to achieve a predefined amplitude-to-phase (AM–PM) characteristic while ensuring proper load modulation and high efficiency at output back-off state. The predefined AM–PM characteristic is chosen to be the inverse of the control transistor to improve the overall linearity of the LMBA. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a linearity-enhanced LMBA circuit prototype is designed to provide linear overall AM–PM characteristics at 2.1 GHz. Meanwhile, its input matching network is designed to minimize the AM–AM distortion by properly selecting the source impedances. Under continuous wave excitation, the fabricated LMBA show that the drain efficiency is 40.2% at 9 dB output back-off power level and the saturated drain efficiency is 50.6%. Besides, the gain compression under continuous-wave stimuli is 3.02 dB. Furthermore, under excitation by carrier aggregated signals with modulation bandwidths of up to 40 MHz and a peak-to-average power ratio equal to 9 dB, the LMBA prototype maintains an adjacent channel leakage ratio of better than −35.6 dBc with a drain efficiency excessing 40%, without any additional linearization schemes.
{"title":"Enhancing LMBA linearity using an AM–PM predefined output networks","authors":"Zhiqing Liu , Cheng Bi , Xianrong Zhang , Zhijiang Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a new method is proposed to design a linearity-enhanced load modulated balanced amplifier (LMBA). This method optimizes the phase difference parameter to achieve a predefined amplitude-to-phase (AM–PM) characteristic while ensuring proper load modulation and high efficiency at output back-off state. The predefined AM–PM characteristic is chosen to be the inverse of the control transistor to improve the overall linearity of the LMBA. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a linearity-enhanced LMBA circuit prototype is designed to provide linear overall AM–PM characteristics at 2.1 GHz. Meanwhile, its input matching network is designed to minimize the AM–AM distortion by properly selecting the source impedances. Under continuous wave excitation, the fabricated LMBA show that the drain efficiency is 40.2% at 9 dB output back-off power level and the saturated drain efficiency is 50.6%. Besides, the gain compression under continuous-wave stimuli is 3.02 dB. Furthermore, under excitation by carrier aggregated signals with modulation bandwidths of up to 40 MHz and a peak-to-average power ratio equal to 9 dB, the LMBA prototype maintains an adjacent channel leakage ratio of better than −35.6 dBc with a drain efficiency excessing 40%, without any additional linearization schemes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156182"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179
Xin-Ran Jin , Shen-Yun Wang
To address the need for simultaneous beam control and anti-interference in wireless systems, a novel antenna array pattern synthesis method capable of beam direction and polarization steering, with flexible null position, width, and depth control, is proposed. In this method, a performance index is newly defined and maximized to calculate the optimal excitation distribution (OED) of the antenna array. The principle of the pattern synthesis is to maximize the ratio of radiated energy density directed toward the beam region over that radiated toward the sidelobe and interference regions. The beam polarization and null depth are controlled by introducing two polarization constraint matrices and a null weight. To validate the method, a dual-polarization 2 × 8 patch antenna array working at 3.4 GHz is designed. Both the simulated and measured antenna array patterns agree well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed pattern synthesis method may be applied in wireless systems where both accurate beam scanning and anti-inference are needed, such as radar detection and wireless communication systems.
{"title":"Pattern synthesis of antenna array with beam direction and polarization steering and null control","authors":"Xin-Ran Jin , Shen-Yun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the need for simultaneous beam control and anti-interference in wireless systems, a novel antenna array pattern synthesis method capable of beam direction and polarization steering, with flexible null position, width, and depth control, is proposed. In this method, a performance index is newly defined and maximized to calculate the optimal excitation distribution (OED) of the antenna array. The principle of the pattern synthesis is to maximize the ratio of radiated energy density directed toward the beam region over that radiated toward the sidelobe and interference regions. The beam polarization and null depth are controlled by introducing two polarization constraint matrices and a null weight. To validate the method, a dual-polarization 2 × 8 patch antenna array working at 3.4 GHz is designed. Both the simulated and measured antenna array patterns agree well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed pattern synthesis method may be applied in wireless systems where both accurate beam scanning and anti-inference are needed, such as radar detection and wireless communication systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156171
Chaoyue Zhao , Yu Luo , Ningning Yan , Kangda Hao
In this paper, an equivalent transmission line model (TLM) for multilayered uniaxial dielectric-magnetically anisotropic media is proposed, which theoretically enables the calculation of plane wave propagation characteristics in uniaxial anisotropic media. Based on Maxwell's equations, the model elucidates the directional relationships among field vectors after birefringence occurs in anisotropic media. The model calculates the refractive index and corresponding characteristic impedance for waves incident at arbitrary angles into uniaxial anisotropic media, transforming a multidimensional electromagnetic problem into a one-dimensional circuit problem. This model efficiently computes the amplitude and phase of reflection and transmission coefficients for plane waves in multilayer media at any incidence angle, with reduced computational complexity compared to traditional 4 × 4 matrix methods. Finally, validation is performed within the 10–20 GHz frequency band for a five-layer medium structure, showing excellent agreement between calculated and simulated results. The model provides a concise and efficient approach for analyzing wave propagation in anisotropic media, while its circuit-based framework will enhance the analysis of entire systems incorporating multilayer anisotropic structures.
{"title":"Equivalent transmission line model for multilayered uniaxial dielectric-magnetic anisotropic media","authors":"Chaoyue Zhao , Yu Luo , Ningning Yan , Kangda Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an equivalent transmission line model (TLM) for multilayered uniaxial dielectric-magnetically anisotropic media is proposed, which theoretically enables the calculation of plane wave propagation characteristics in uniaxial anisotropic media. Based on Maxwell's equations, the model elucidates the directional relationships among field vectors after birefringence occurs in anisotropic media. The model calculates the refractive index and corresponding characteristic impedance for waves incident at arbitrary angles into uniaxial anisotropic media, transforming a multidimensional electromagnetic problem into a one-dimensional circuit problem. This model efficiently computes the amplitude and phase of reflection and transmission coefficients for plane waves in multilayer media at any incidence angle, with reduced computational complexity compared to traditional 4 × 4 matrix methods. Finally, validation is performed within the 10–20 GHz frequency band for a five-layer medium structure, showing excellent agreement between calculated and simulated results. The model provides a concise and efficient approach for analyzing wave propagation in anisotropic media, while its circuit-based framework will enhance the analysis of entire systems incorporating multilayer anisotropic structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156171"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microwave transmission measurement while drilling (MMWD) utilizes the drill-pipe as a circular waveguide, offering high transmission rates and robust real-time performance for air-drilling applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a high-efficiency MMWD system that addresses critical challenges including polarization mismatch, severe signal attenuation, and low level of system integration. The system operates in the dominant TE11 mode at 3.2 GHz, ensuring low-loss single-mode transmission. To enhance robustness in non-ideal drill pipes, a novel excitation scheme combining a waveguide circular polarizer with a microstrip Yagi antenna is proposed to generate circularly polarized waves. This design reduces polarization mismatch loss to below 1.8 dB while occupying only 10.4 % of the pipe's internal cross-section area. Furthermore, a spread-spectrum physical-layer transceiver implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA enables reliable data communication with improved noise resilience. Experimental results demonstrate reliable communication at 230 kbps with bit-error rate below 10−5 under total 67 dB attenuation. Together with the modeled drill-pipe attenuation, the experimental results establish a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for long-distance real-time transmission in drilling environments.
{"title":"FPGA-based transceiver implementation with circular polarization excitation for microwave transmission measurement while drilling","authors":"Jing Chen , Liexin Peng , Wenjun Shan , Liang Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microwave transmission measurement while drilling (MMWD) utilizes the drill-pipe as a circular waveguide, offering high transmission rates and robust real-time performance for air-drilling applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a high-efficiency MMWD system that addresses critical challenges including polarization mismatch, severe signal attenuation, and low level of system integration. The system operates in the dominant TE<sub>11</sub> mode at 3.2 GHz, ensuring low-loss single-mode transmission. To enhance robustness in non-ideal drill pipes, a novel excitation scheme combining a waveguide circular polarizer with a microstrip Yagi antenna is proposed to generate circularly polarized waves. This design reduces polarization mismatch loss to below 1.8 dB while occupying only 10.4 % of the pipe's internal cross-section area. Furthermore, a spread-spectrum physical-layer transceiver implemented on a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA enables reliable data communication with improved noise resilience. Experimental results demonstrate reliable communication at 230 kbps with bit-error rate below 10<sup>−5</sup> under total 67 dB attenuation. Together with the modeled drill-pipe attenuation, the experimental results establish a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for long-distance real-time transmission in drilling environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156169
Yi Cao , Zhipeng Xia , Jianpeng Wang , Lei Ge
In this paper, a differentially fed dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity is proposed for application in n78 and n79 band of fifth-generation (5G) communication. Based on two stacking circular patches working in TM11 mode, two radiating frequency with dual polarization is initially indicated respectively at 3.5 GHz and 4.8 GHz. Subsequently, slots, T-branches, parasitic patches, and shorting posts are introduced to expand the bandwidth of lower-band and upper-band. Meanwhile the combination of slots, parasitic patches and shorting posts successfully introduced four radiation zeros which highly improved the selectivity. Measured results show that the proposed antenna exhibits a low profile of 0.04λ0 and provides impedance bandwidths of 4 % (3.45–3.59GHz) and 6.7 % (4.59–4.91 GHz) along with maximum gains of 5.8 dBi and 8.6 dBi respectively at two working band. As expected, four radiation zeros are observed on realized gain which indicates a good selectivity.
{"title":"A differentially fed dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity","authors":"Yi Cao , Zhipeng Xia , Jianpeng Wang , Lei Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a differentially fed dual-band dual-polarized filtering antenna with high selectivity is proposed for application in n78 and n79 band of fifth-generation (5G) communication. Based on two stacking circular patches working in TM<sub>11</sub> mode, two radiating frequency with dual polarization is initially indicated respectively at 3.5 GHz and 4.8 GHz. Subsequently, slots, T-branches, parasitic patches, and shorting posts are introduced to expand the bandwidth of lower-band and upper-band. Meanwhile the combination of slots, parasitic patches and shorting posts successfully introduced four radiation zeros which highly improved the selectivity. Measured results show that the proposed antenna exhibits a low profile of 0.04<em>λ</em><sub>0</sub> and provides impedance bandwidths of 4 % (3.45–3.59GHz) and 6.7 % (4.59–4.91 GHz) along with maximum gains of 5.8 dBi and 8.6 dBi respectively at two working band. As expected, four radiation zeros are observed on realized gain which indicates a good selectivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"206 ","pages":"Article 156169"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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