This research article proposes a current-mode circuit-based memristor emulator. The proposed emulator distinguishes itself from others in the literature through its simplicity and high-frequency responsiveness (100 MHz). It supports both increasing and decreasing modes of operation. A Comprehensive analysis of non-ideal behavior, including parasitic effects, temperature, and process corner variations, ensures the robustness of the proposed emulator. The suggested emulator is used to design a relaxation oscillator for biomedical applications and adaptive neural network for neuromorphic application. The proposed memristor emulator’s design and verification are performed using a 180 nm CMOS technology. The proposed design has also been verified using ICs CA3080 and AD844.
{"title":"A high-frequency memristor emulator: A novel design based on current mode analog building blocks","authors":"Gouranga Mandal , Mourina Ghosh , Shekhar Suman Borah , Pulak Mondal , Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research article proposes a current-mode circuit-based memristor emulator. The proposed emulator distinguishes itself from others in the literature through its simplicity and high-frequency responsiveness (100 MHz). It supports both increasing and decreasing modes of operation. A Comprehensive analysis of non-ideal behavior, including parasitic effects, temperature, and process corner variations, ensures the robustness of the proposed emulator. The suggested emulator is used to design a relaxation oscillator for biomedical applications and adaptive neural network for neuromorphic application. The proposed memristor emulator’s design and verification are performed using a 180 nm CMOS technology. The proposed design has also been verified using ICs CA3080 and AD844.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156176"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156172
Yong-Dan Kong, Ji Qi, Qing-Xin Chu
A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) H-plane horn antenna featuring wideband filtering characteristics and a reduced longitudinal size is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the extra substrates and dipole array are loaded on the conventional SIW H-plane horn antenna for enhancing the impedance matching at the horn aperture. Secondly, the horn’s longitudinal dimension is significantly shortened by nearly 70% for miniaturization; whereas, the field distributions at the horn aperture are destroyed, which results in the decreased gain. Thirdly, by adopting three sets of metal-via arrays and four slits, the gain is improved as the quasi-uniform phase and amplitude distributions. Furthermore, two modes of radiation are also generated below and above the passband, which generates two radiation nulls on the gain curve, thus realizing the filtering response in Ka band while keeping the horn size unchanged. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the proposed antenna achieves wideband filtering response with the impedance bandwidth of 27.27% (30.4–40 GHz) and two radiation nulls. The peak gain is 12.27 dB.
{"title":"SIW H-plane wideband filtering horn antenna with miniaturized longitudinal dimension","authors":"Yong-Dan Kong, Ji Qi, Qing-Xin Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) H-plane horn antenna featuring wideband filtering characteristics and a reduced longitudinal size is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the extra substrates and dipole array are loaded on the conventional SIW H-plane horn antenna for enhancing the impedance matching at the horn aperture. Secondly, the horn’s longitudinal dimension is significantly shortened by nearly 70% for miniaturization; whereas, the field distributions at the horn aperture are destroyed, which results in the decreased gain. Thirdly, by adopting three sets of metal-via arrays and four slits, the gain is improved as the quasi-uniform phase and amplitude distributions. Furthermore, two modes of radiation are also generated below and above the passband, which generates two radiation nulls on the gain curve, thus realizing the filtering response in Ka band while keeping the horn size unchanged. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the proposed antenna achieves wideband filtering response with the impedance bandwidth of 27.27% (30.4–40 GHz) and two radiation nulls. The peak gain is 12.27 dB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156175
Mi Lin, Xuanxuan Zhou, Chong Zhang, Jiapan Wang
Emotion is a psychological state triggered by the presentation, cessation, or absence of reward or punishment stimuli, and can also be seen as a set of responses elicited by instrumental reinforcers, where rewards and punishments serve as such stimuli to provoke emotional reactions. Emotions are integral to human cognition and behavior, serving as a driving force for various physical actions. This study presents a memristive emotion-driven behavior circuit, designed to simulate the influence of reward and punishment mechanisms on emotional and behavioral responses. The Self-Responding Emotional Behavior (SEB) model is employed to explain the generation of emotions, motivational behaviors, and the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. The circuit replicates how rewards, punishments, and other reinforcers modulate emotional responses, facilitating the generation of emotion-driven behaviors, the formation of associative emotional reactions, and the expression of emotions triggered by environmental stimuli. Ultimately, this memristive circuit is intended for integration into the emotion module of interactive robots, providing a reference for enhancing robots’ emotional responses to external stimuli. This work contributes to the development of robots capable of emotional expression and responsive interaction with humans.
{"title":"Design and application of memristive emotion-driven behavior circuit influenced by reward and punishment mechanisms","authors":"Mi Lin, Xuanxuan Zhou, Chong Zhang, Jiapan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotion is a psychological state triggered by the presentation, cessation, or absence of reward or punishment stimuli, and can also be seen as a set of responses elicited by instrumental reinforcers, where rewards and punishments serve as such stimuli to provoke emotional reactions. Emotions are integral to human cognition and behavior, serving as a driving force for various physical actions. This study presents a memristive emotion-driven behavior circuit, designed to simulate the influence of reward and punishment mechanisms on emotional and behavioral responses. The Self-Responding Emotional Behavior (SEB) model is employed to explain the generation of emotions, motivational behaviors, and the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. The circuit replicates how rewards, punishments, and other reinforcers modulate emotional responses, facilitating the generation of emotion-driven behaviors, the formation of associative emotional reactions, and the expression of emotions triggered by environmental stimuli. Ultimately, this memristive circuit is intended for integration into the emotion module of interactive robots, providing a reference for enhancing robots’ emotional responses to external stimuli. This work contributes to the development of robots capable of emotional expression and responsive interaction with humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156170
Heng Xiong, Jiaojiao Liu, Nan Sun, Biyun Ma
This paper proposes an Orthogonal Time Chirp Space (OTCS) system based on discrete Fresnel transform (DFnT). The novelty lies in modulating data symbols in the delay-Fresnel Doppler plane onto the two-dimensional (2D) complex chirped carriers, thereby utilizing the interference resistance of the chirp waves to improve system performance. Since a combination of inverse DFnT and discrete Fourier transform is adopted, the DFnT-OTCS system incurs minimal additional complexity compared to Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS). In addition, their equivalent channel matrices are proved the same sparsity. Simulation results over time-varying channels demonstrate under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, DFnT-OTCS outperforms OTFS and discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT)-OTCS in terms of bit error rate (BER), especially in high speed applications.
{"title":"DFnT based Orthogonal Time Chirp Space modulation over time-varying channels","authors":"Heng Xiong, Jiaojiao Liu, Nan Sun, Biyun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an Orthogonal Time Chirp Space (OTCS) system based on discrete Fresnel transform (DFnT). The novelty lies in modulating data symbols in the delay-Fresnel Doppler plane onto the two-dimensional (2D) complex chirped carriers, thereby utilizing the interference resistance of the chirp waves to improve system performance. Since a combination of inverse DFnT and discrete Fourier transform is adopted, the DFnT-OTCS system incurs minimal additional complexity compared to Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS). In addition, their equivalent channel matrices are proved the same sparsity. Simulation results over time-varying channels demonstrate under high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, DFnT-OTCS outperforms OTFS and discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT)-OTCS in terms of bit error rate (BER), especially in high speed applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156170"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156167
Yong-Dan Kong, Xu-Cheng Zhang, Qing-Xin Chu
A wideband wearable filtering antenna with high suppression level is proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a radiating patch and a T-shaped strip. A split-ring slot is introduced into the patch, producing a radiation null within the lower stopband. Moreover, by extending the patch width and adding symmetric vertical slots, the TM02 mode is shifted downward toward the passband, creating the second radiation null . The third radiation null is achieved by incorporating the T-shaped strip. A horizontal slot is embedded within the split-ring slot to enhance high-frequency suppression level. In addition, the introduction of the split-ring slot and T-shaped strip efficiently improves the bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna maintains a steady gain of dB across its broad impedance bandwidth of 26.4% (2.93–3.88 GHz), while achieving a suppression level exceeding 31.4 dB. What is more, the antenna uses flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate. This enables the antenna to be more easily integrated into wearable devices. A prototype has been fabricated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design.
{"title":"A wideband filtering antenna for wearable applications with high suppression level","authors":"Yong-Dan Kong, Xu-Cheng Zhang, Qing-Xin Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wideband wearable filtering antenna with high suppression level is proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a radiating patch and a T-shaped strip. A split-ring slot is introduced into the patch, producing a radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> within the lower stopband. Moreover, by extending the patch width and adding symmetric vertical slots, the TM<sub>02</sub> mode is shifted downward toward the passband, creating the second radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. The third radiation null <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> is achieved by incorporating the T-shaped strip. A horizontal slot is embedded within the split-ring slot to enhance high-frequency suppression level. In addition, the introduction of the split-ring slot and T-shaped strip efficiently improves the bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna maintains a steady gain of <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> dB across its broad impedance bandwidth of 26.4% (2.93–3.88 GHz), while achieving a suppression level exceeding 31.4 dB. What is more, the antenna uses flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the substrate. This enables the antenna to be more easily integrated into wearable devices. A prototype has been fabricated to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156167"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing is a potential multicarrier waveform designed to meet the diverse requirements of beyond 5G (B5G)/6G systems. However, its non-orthogonal design leads to intrinsic self-interference, such as inter-subsymbol and inter-subcarrier interference. This paper proposes a QR decomposition (QRD)-based GFDM transceiver using a direct current shift–triangular raised cosine filter to eradicate self-interference. Proposed QRD-GFDM ensures orthogonality among subsymbols and subcarriers, enabling interference-free pilot insertion, reliable data transmission, and accurate channel estimation. Analytical symbol error rate expressions for QRD-GFDM with M-PSK and M-QAM under generalized ––– fading are derived and validated for various channel conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that QRD-GFDM outperforms conventional GFDM by eradicating self-interference, enhancing channel estimation, and delivering robust performance in fading environments, making it a potential waveform for next-generation wireless applications.
{"title":"Design and analysis of a self-interference-free QR decomposition-based GFDM system under generalized α–η–κ–μ fading channels for next-generation wireless applications","authors":"Naga Siva Prasad Bodempudi, Ashvini Chaturvedi, Rashmi H., Muralidhar Kulkarni","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156168","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156168","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing is a potential multicarrier waveform designed to meet the diverse requirements of beyond 5G (B5G)/6G systems. However, its non-orthogonal design leads to intrinsic self-interference, such as inter-subsymbol and inter-subcarrier interference. This paper proposes a QR decomposition (QRD)-based GFDM transceiver using a direct current shift–triangular raised cosine filter to eradicate self-interference. Proposed QRD-GFDM ensures orthogonality among subsymbols and subcarriers, enabling interference-free pilot insertion, reliable data transmission, and accurate channel estimation. Analytical symbol error rate expressions for QRD-GFDM with M-PSK and M-QAM under generalized <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>η</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>–<span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> fading are derived and validated for various channel conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that QRD-GFDM outperforms conventional GFDM by eradicating self-interference, enhancing channel estimation, and delivering robust performance in fading environments, making it a potential waveform for next-generation wireless applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156166
Xingning Jia , Ting Wen , Guoche Qin , Liao Ma , Siye Wu , Meng Wang
The sandwich-type metamaterial absorber (MA) based on discretely patterned graphene has potential for broadband absorption in the terahertz (THz) region. In this paper, a broadband THz MA with concentric graphene rings is designed using an improved boolean differential evolutionary (IBDE) algorithm, which is based on three strategies for improvement, including the identification of the optimal control parameters using the Taguchi method, the Taguchi crossover operator, and a restarting strategy. The performance of the IBDE has been validated against 23 benchmark functions, demonstrating impressive capabilities in both convergence speed and local search. The designed MA, which is backed by a thin film of vanadium dioxide, has the ability to switch between functioning as an absorber and acting as a transparent insulating dielectric. Moreover, the equivalent conductivity of the patterned graphene is also derived to establish the equivalent circuit model of the designed MA. The proposed IBDE shows promise for designing high-dimensional discrete graphene patterns aimed at broadband absorption applications.
{"title":"An improved boolean differential evolution algorithm and its application in design of broadband terahertz absorber based on concentric graphene rings","authors":"Xingning Jia , Ting Wen , Guoche Qin , Liao Ma , Siye Wu , Meng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sandwich-type metamaterial absorber (MA) based on discretely patterned graphene has potential for broadband absorption in the terahertz (THz) region. In this paper, a broadband THz MA with concentric graphene rings is designed using an improved boolean differential evolutionary (IBDE) algorithm, which is based on three strategies for improvement, including the identification of the optimal control parameters using the Taguchi method, the Taguchi crossover operator, and a restarting strategy. The performance of the IBDE has been validated against 23 benchmark functions, demonstrating impressive capabilities in both convergence speed and local search. The designed MA, which is backed by a thin film of vanadium dioxide, has the ability to switch between functioning as an absorber and acting as a transparent insulating dielectric. Moreover, the equivalent conductivity of the patterned graphene is also derived to establish the equivalent circuit model of the designed MA. The proposed IBDE shows promise for designing high-dimensional discrete graphene patterns aimed at broadband absorption applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156164
Weibin Kong , Xiaoyu Zhang , Zhongqing Fang , Weidong Li , Lei Wang , Wenwen Yang , Rugang Wang , Ke Gong
The multilayer broadband radar absorber optimization problem (MBRAOP) is characterized as a mixed-variable multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MVMMOP) in real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel approach called HEDA-DulMVMO to solve the MBRAOP. The method introduces an enhanced dual-population cooperative evolutionary mechanism to balance convergence and diversity in both the discrete decision space and the objective space. Additionally, the histogram-based estimation of distribution (EoD) model is employed to generate high-quality auxiliary evolutionary populations. The performance of the proposed approach is validated on the designed MVMMOP benchmark problems. Final optimization and evaluation are conducted on the multilayer broadband radar absorber (MBRA) for configurations ranging from 2 to 7 layers, with incident angles from 0°to 75°across five critical frequency bands. Experimental results on both the benchmark problems and the MBRA demonstrate the effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Enhanced dual-population collaborative evolutionary mechanism assisted by EoD learning for optimization of MBRA design","authors":"Weibin Kong , Xiaoyu Zhang , Zhongqing Fang , Weidong Li , Lei Wang , Wenwen Yang , Rugang Wang , Ke Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multilayer broadband radar absorber optimization problem (MBRAOP) is characterized as a mixed-variable multimodal multiobjective optimization problem (MVMMOP) in real-world applications. This paper proposes a novel approach called HEDA-DulMVMO to solve the MBRAOP. The method introduces an enhanced dual-population cooperative evolutionary mechanism to balance convergence and diversity in both the discrete decision space and the objective space. Additionally, the histogram-based estimation of distribution (EoD) model is employed to generate high-quality auxiliary evolutionary populations. The performance of the proposed approach is validated on the designed MVMMOP benchmark problems. Final optimization and evaluation are conducted on the multilayer broadband radar absorber (MBRA) for configurations ranging from 2 to 7 layers, with incident angles from 0°to 75°across five critical frequency bands. Experimental results on both the benchmark problems and the MBRA demonstrate the effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156120
Tian-Gui Huang , Sa Yang , Fu-Chang Chen , Kai-Ran Xiang , Ming-Yang Su
This paper presents a novel methodology for designing a two-dimensional (2-D) pattern reconfigurable array. The design integrates a conventional 4 × 4 Butler matrix with a reconfigurable antenna array to achieve two-dimensional beamforming capabilities. Beamforming in one dimension is accomplished via the 4 × 4 Butler matrix, while in the other orthogonal direction, beam steering is achieved through the use of two pairs of metal walls vertically placed on both sides of the driven antenna elements. Each pair of metal walls is loaded with a PIN diode at the center, accompanied by its DC biasing feeding network. By controlling the different states of the switching PIN diodes loaded between the metal walls, the beam steering characteristic can be obtained. An experimental antenna is designed and manufactured to validate this approach. When the antenna is excited from various ports, it yields four distinct radiation orientations within the plane. For each port activation, the antenna exhibits three unique radiation patterns, resulting in three different radiation directions in the plane orthogonal to the plane. This configuration ultimately realizes 2-D beam scanning, encompassing a total of twelve directions.
{"title":"A novel 2-D pattern reconfigurable array using beamforming networks and reconfigurable antenna array","authors":"Tian-Gui Huang , Sa Yang , Fu-Chang Chen , Kai-Ran Xiang , Ming-Yang Su","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel methodology for designing a two-dimensional (2-D) pattern reconfigurable array. The design integrates a conventional 4 × 4 Butler matrix with a reconfigurable antenna array to achieve two-dimensional beamforming capabilities. Beamforming in one dimension is accomplished via the 4 × 4 Butler matrix, while in the other orthogonal direction, beam steering is achieved through the use of two pairs of metal walls vertically placed on both sides of the driven antenna elements. Each pair of metal walls is loaded with a PIN diode at the center, accompanied by its DC biasing feeding network. By controlling the different states of the switching PIN diodes loaded between the metal walls, the beam steering characteristic can be obtained. An experimental antenna is designed and manufactured to validate this approach. When the antenna is excited from various ports, it yields four distinct radiation orientations within the <span><math><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></math></span> plane. For each port activation, the antenna exhibits three unique radiation patterns, resulting in three different radiation directions in the plane orthogonal to the <span><math><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></math></span> plane. This configuration ultimately realizes 2-D beam scanning, encompassing a total of twelve directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156158
Yassmeen M. Afify , Ahmed Allam , Haruichi Kanaya , Adel B. Abdelrahman
This paper investigates the impact of antenna gain on RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sensitivity in a compact, wideband rectenna. We propose an asymmetric-arm I-slot (AAIS) antenna used in two configurations: (1) low-gain standalone, and (2) high-gain with a metallic reflecting surface (MRS) spaced at 0.15λ0 beneath the ground plane. Both configurations use the same single-stage voltage-doubler (VD) rectifier and load, enabling a controlled comparison. The MRS-backed AAIS achieves a peak gain of 9.2 dBi and an 840 MHz (22.2 %) bandwidth (3.36–4.20 GHz) while using a single radiating element. Compared with the low-gain variant, the high-gain rectenna delivers a 20 % absolute PCE improvement (60 % at 2 dBm vs. ∼ 40 % at 4 dBm) and reproduces the low-gain peak PCE at − 11 dBm (15 dB lower). The high-gain design also yields higher and more stable DC output (1.25 V at 0 dBm, 3.6 GHz, ±0.1 V across 3.5–4.0 GHz) and maintains usable DC (>0.5 V) down to − 7.5 dBm. These results demonstrate that a reflector-enhanced, single-element AAIS rectenna achieves simultaneous wideband operation, high efficiency, and improved low-power sensitivity for RF energy harvesting and WPT.
{"title":"Analysis of gain–efficiency relationship in a wideband rectenna for RF-powered IoT devices","authors":"Yassmeen M. Afify , Ahmed Allam , Haruichi Kanaya , Adel B. Abdelrahman","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2025.156158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of antenna gain on RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sensitivity in a compact, wideband rectenna. We propose an asymmetric-arm I-slot (AAIS) antenna used in two configurations: (1) low-gain standalone, and (2) high-gain with a metallic reflecting surface (MRS) spaced at 0.15λ<sub>0</sub> beneath the ground plane. Both configurations use the same single-stage voltage-doubler (VD) rectifier and load, enabling a controlled comparison. The MRS-backed AAIS achieves a peak gain of 9.2 dBi and an 840 MHz (22.2 %) bandwidth (3.36–4.20 GHz) while using a single radiating element. Compared with the low-gain variant, the high-gain rectenna delivers a 20 % absolute PCE improvement (60 % at 2 dBm vs. ∼ 40 % at 4 dBm) and reproduces the low-gain peak PCE at − 11 dBm (15 dB lower). The high-gain design also yields higher and more stable DC output (1.25 V at 0 dBm, 3.6 GHz, ±0.1 V across 3.5–4.0 GHz) and maintains usable DC (>0.5 V) down to − 7.5 dBm. These results demonstrate that a reflector-enhanced, single-element AAIS rectenna achieves simultaneous wideband operation, high efficiency, and improved low-power sensitivity for RF energy harvesting and WPT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"205 ","pages":"Article 156158"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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