Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献_第2页

Energy saving optimization for relay-assistance SWIPT network with nonlinear energy harvesting 具有非线性能量收集功能的中继辅助 SWIPT 网络的节能优化

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155569

Liwen Yue , Zhixin Liu , Xiaoyang Zheng , Na Liu , Yazhou Yuan , Kit Yan Chan

Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) network is a promoting mode which provides continuous energy for the energy limited scenarios. Combining the relay transmitting mode and power–time-splitting mode, the optimization problem of minimizing the energy consumption is formulated. Different from the common consumption that the energy receiver can harvest energy in linear way, the nonlinear SWIPT model is taken into consideration, which is more realistic, and the causality of energy consumption and requirements of transmission rate are included as the constraints. To solve the nonlinear and coupled optimization problem, a decomposed mode in two layers is proposed. In the outer layer, the optimization of EH architecture is performed, in the inner layer, the joint optimization of beamforming vector, time division factor and power division factor are performed. Due to the coupled variables and the existence of nonlinear constraints, solving the inverse function by variable substitution is introduced, and the primary problem is transformed to a linear form. Finally, the Lagrangian function of the transformed optimization problem is solved, and the optimal solution of the problem is obtained by performing several iterations of the projection gradient method and the CVX solver alternatively. The simulations verify that the nonlinear-multi-EH circuits model is effective to improve energy conversion efficiency and reduce the energy consumption of the base station, and the results show that there is at least 26.4% improvement on energy saving compared to the benchmark schemes.

同步无线信息和功率传输（SWIPT）网络是一种为能源有限的场景提供持续能源的推广模式。结合中继传输模式和功率-时间分割模式，提出了能耗最小化的优化问题。与一般的能量接收器可以线性方式获取能量不同，本文考虑了非线性的 SWIPT 模型，将能量消耗的因果关系和传输速率的要求作为约束条件，更加符合实际情况。为解决非线性耦合优化问题，提出了一种分两层的分解模式。在外层，对 EH 架构进行优化；在内层，对波束成形向量、时间分割因子和功率分割因子进行联合优化。由于变量的耦合和非线性约束的存在，引入了通过变量替换求解反函数的方法，并将主问题转化为线性形式。最后，求解转换后优化问题的拉格朗日函数，并通过交替执行投影梯度法和 CVX 求解器的多次迭代，获得问题的最优解。仿真验证了非线性多 EH 电路模型能有效提高能量转换效率，降低基站能耗，结果表明与基准方案相比，节能效果至少提高了 26.4%。

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引用次数: 0

16-nW 0.5-V low-pass filter for bio-signal applications 用于生物信号应用的 16-nW 0.5-V 低通滤波器

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155570

Punnavich Phatsornsiri , Montree Kumngern , Fabian Khateb , Usa Torteanchai , Natapong Wongprommoon , Tomasz Kulej

A low-voltage, ultra-low power fully differential low-pass filter for bio-signal applications using multiple-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA) is presented in this article. The multiple inputs of OTA can be achieved using multiple-input dynamic threshold MOS transistor (MIDT-MOST) technique. The novelty of this work is to exhibit the proposed filter using multiple-input OTAs, which leads to a reduction in the number of active OTAs and power consumption. The fourth-order low-pass filter that is cascaded by two second-order filters has been presented. The fourth-order low-pass filter is designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using the 0.18 μm CMOS technology from TSMC at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The simulation results show that the filter consumes 16 nW of power at a bandwidth of 110 Hz, has a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1 % at 204.96 mV input amplitude, and provides dynamic range of 69.24 dB. These results indicate that the proposed low-pass filter can be applied to bio-signal processing applications.

本文介绍了一种用于生物信号应用的低电压、超低功耗全差分低通滤波器，它采用了多输入全差分运算跨导放大器（OTA）。多输入动态阈值 MOS 晶体管（MIDT-MOST）技术可实现 OTA 的多输入。这项工作的新颖之处在于利用多输入 OTA 展示了所提出的滤波器，从而减少了有源 OTA 的数量和功耗。介绍了由两个二阶滤波器级联而成的四阶低通滤波器。该四阶低通滤波器是在 Cadence 环境下设计和仿真的，采用了台积电的 0.18 μm CMOS 技术，电源电压为 0.5 V。仿真结果表明，该滤波器在 110 Hz 带宽下的功耗为 16 nW，在 204.96 mV 输入振幅下的总谐波失真 (THD) 为 1%，动态范围为 69.24 dB。这些结果表明，所提出的低通滤波器可用于生物信号处理应用。

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引用次数: 0

2-D DOA estimation based on discrete fractional Fourier transform for L-shaped nested array 基于离散分数傅里叶变换的 L 型嵌套阵列 2-D DOA 估计

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155565

Lang Zhou , Kun Ye , Jie Qi , Shaohua Hong , Zihao Feng

Yielding better estimation performance for two-dimensional (2-D) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation at limited snapshots and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) has recently attracted increasing attention. Aiming at this, a 2-D DOA estimation algorithm based on discrete fractional Fourier transform and Taylor expansion approximation (DFRFT-TEA) for the L-shaped nested array (LsNA) is proposed. Specifically, the discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT) method is first introduced to generate the initial estimated angles, then the Taylor expansion approximation (TEA) method is utilized to compensate the angular offsets to obtain the fine estimated angles, and finally the pair-matching of the fine estimated angles is achieved by the permutation matrix. The findings of the numerical simulation show that the DFRFT-TEA algorithm not only has favorable DOA estimation performance under finite snapshots and low SNRs but also can be adapted to DOA estimation for the underdetermined scenario. Furthermore, the proposed DFRFT-TEA algorithm provides superior estimation performance in comparison to the existing algorithms.

在有限的快照和低信噪比（SNR）条件下，二维（2-D）到达方向（DOA）估计能获得更好的估计性能，这一点最近越来越受到关注。为此，我们提出了一种基于离散分数傅里叶变换和泰勒扩展近似（DFRFT-TEA）的 L 形嵌套阵列（LsNA）二维 DOA 估计算法。具体来说，首先引入离散分数傅里叶变换（DFRFT）方法生成初始估计角度，然后利用泰勒展开近似（TEA）方法补偿角度偏移以获得精细估计角度，最后通过置换矩阵实现精细估计角度的成对匹配。数值仿真结果表明，DFRFT-TEA 算法不仅在有限快照和低信噪比条件下具有良好的 DOA 估计性能，而且可适用于未确定场景下的 DOA 估计。此外，与现有算法相比，所提出的 DFRFT-TEA 算法具有更优越的估计性能。

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引用次数: 0

Design and experimental investigation of an origami inspired X-band accordion waveguide 受折纸启发的 X 波段手风琴波导的设计与实验研究

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155567

Fatih Özkan ALKURT

This paper presents design, numerical analysis and experimental investigation of an origami inspired X-band accordion waveguide that is aimed to create a flexible and adaptive solutions. The design process is conducted in a Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based microwave simulation software to model and simulate the proposed waveguide, and that shows structural benefits of origami technique based paper folding. Proposed waveguide model is numerically analyzed under both X and Y bending with 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ and 120˚ bending angle to provide its flexibility. Besides, the electric and magnetic field distributions were also obtained and explained in details to provide working mechanism of the proposed accordion waveguide. The S21 transmission characteristics between ports exhibits a decrease of 0.015 dB in numerical results, which is negligible and acceptable in applications. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed waveguide has effective transmission characteristics within the 8–12 GHz X-band frequency range, with a satisfactory S21 transmission parameter. The numerical and experimental results show that proposed origami inspired accordion waveguide has a huge potential for application in dynamic microwave and satellite components.

本文介绍了一种受折纸启发的 X 波段风琴式波导的设计、数值分析和实验研究，旨在创建一种灵活的自适应解决方案。设计过程通过基于有限集成技术（FIT）的微波仿真软件进行建模和仿真，并展示了基于折纸技术的折纸波导的结构优势。在 30˚、60˚、90˚ 和 120˚ 弯曲角度下，对拟议波导模型进行了 X 和 Y 弯曲数值分析，以提供其灵活性。此外，还获得了电场和磁场分布，并对其进行了详细解释，从而提供了拟议风琴波导的工作机制。数值结果显示，端口间的 S21 传输特性降低了 0.015 dB，这可以忽略不计，在应用中是可以接受的。实验结果表明，所提出的波导在 8-12 GHz X 波段频率范围内具有有效的传输特性，其 S21 传输参数令人满意。数值和实验结果表明，受折纸启发而提出的风琴式波导在动态微波和卫星元件中具有巨大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Performance assessment of SiGe extended four corner source TFET for biosensing applications 用于生物传感应用的锗硅扩展四角源 TFET 性能评估

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155568

Malihe Mahoodi, Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini

In this paper, the performance of a novel SiGe extended four corner source tunneling field–effect transistor (SiGe EFCS TFET) based dielectrically modulated label-free biosensor has been investigated for biosensing applications. Using a combination of heterostructure (SiGe/Si) and extended four corner source (EFCS) lead to increased band–to–band tunneling (BTBT) probability, improved gate control and superior drain current sensitivity for biomolecule conjugation in comparison with a conventional TFET and Si EFCS TFET structures of similar dimensions. The influence of both the charge–neutral and charged biomolecules on the sensitivity performance is investigated using the Silvaco TCAD ATLAS semiconductor device simulator with a calibrated nonlocal BTBT model. Four different kinds of biomolecules such as Streptavidin, Ferro–cytochrome c, Keratin and Gelatin with various charge density values were used for this purpose. In order to model steric hindrance effects in partially filled cavities, in addition to various fill factors, four different step profile patterns have considered such as convex, concave, decreasing and increasing step profiles. Also, the dependence of the nanogap cavity properties on the sensing performance in terms of the length and thickness is investigated. A maximum drain current sensitivity of 1.69 × 10⁵ is achieved in SiGe EFCS TFET for Gelatin biomolecules in a fully filled nanogap cavity at overdrive and drain voltages of 0.5 V.

本文研究了基于介电调制无标记生物传感器的新型硅锗扩展四角源隧穿场效应晶体管（SiGe EFCS TFET）在生物传感应用中的性能。与尺寸相似的传统 TFET 和硅 EFCS TFET 结构相比，使用异质结构（硅锗/硅）和扩展四角源 (EFCS) 的组合提高了带间隧道 (BTBT) 概率，改善了栅极控制，并提高了漏极电流灵敏度，从而实现了生物分子共轭。利用 Silvaco TCAD ATLAS 半导体器件模拟器和校准的非局部 BTBT 模型，研究了电荷中性和带电生物分子对灵敏度性能的影响。为此使用了四种不同的生物大分子，如具有不同电荷密度值的 Streptavidin、Ferro-cytochrome c、Keratin 和 Gelatin。为了模拟部分填充空腔中的立体阻碍效应，除了各种填充因子外，还考虑了四种不同的阶梯剖面模式，如凸、凹、递减和递增阶梯剖面。此外，还研究了纳米隙空腔特性对传感性能在长度和厚度方面的依赖性。在过驱动和 0.5 V 漏极电压下，SiGe EFCS TFET 在完全填充的纳米隙腔中对明胶生物分子的最大漏极电流灵敏度达到 1.69 × 105。

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引用次数: 0

Nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms for FDTD dispersion modeling 用于 FDTD 分散建模的自然启发元搜索优化算法

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155564

Jaesun Park, Jeahoon Cho, Kyung-Young Jung

Optimization algorithms have been employed for a variety of applications such as engineering design optimization, machine learning, control systems, computer science and software engineering. Among various optimization approaches, nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms excel in addressing complex optimization problems by considering various constraints and optimizing a wide array of variables and target functions. In finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods for complex dispersive media, it is crucial to derive accurate dispersion model parameters that satisfy the numerical stability conditions by applying an optimization algorithm. In this work, we apply five representative nature-inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithms to extract accurate and numerically stable dispersion modeling parameters: continuous genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial bee colony, grey wolf optimization, and coyote optimization algorithm. To achieve a comprehensive analysis, this study examines the FDTD dispersion modeling for various materials across different frequency ranges. The numerical examples illustrate that PSO excels at extracting numerically stable and highly accurate parameters for the FDTD dispersion model.

优化算法被广泛应用于工程设计优化、机器学习、控制系统、计算机科学和软件工程等领域。在各种优化方法中，自然启发元启发式优化算法通过考虑各种约束条件、优化一系列变量和目标函数，在解决复杂的优化问题方面表现出色。在复杂色散介质的有限差分时域（FDTD）方法中，通过应用优化算法得出满足数值稳定性条件的精确色散模型参数至关重要。在这项工作中，我们应用了五种具有代表性的自然启发元启发式优化算法来提取精确且数值稳定的频散模型参数：连续遗传算法、粒子群优化（PSO）、人工蜂群、灰狼优化和土狼优化算法。为了实现全面分析，本研究考察了不同频率范围内各种材料的 FDTD 弥散建模。数值实例表明，PSO 擅长为 FDTD 弥散模型提取数值稳定且高度精确的参数。

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引用次数: 0

Secrecy performance intelligent prediction for CRNs: An Self-CondenseNet approach CRN 的保密性能智能预测：自紧密网络方法

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155562

Yanyang Zeng , Dawei Zhang , Bo Chen , Panpan Jia , Jiangfeng Sun

This paper studies the physical layer security (PLS) of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) with Fisher–Snedecor

F

distribution. To resolve the security issues within CRNs, we derived exact expressions of the security outage probability (SOP) and the probability of strict positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) for the first time, where the SOP and SPSC are uniformly given by Meijer’s G-function. The correctness of the theoretical derivations is proved by Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that reducing

m

and increasing the ratio of

(m s, μ_{E})

will reduce SOP and increase SPSC. Moreover, we proposed the Self-CondenseNet model to predict the security performance of the system. By comparing with three deep learning algorithms of Transformer, MLP-Mixer and CondenseNet, the results show that the proposed Self-CondenseNet has the best prediction performance. Compared with the CondenseNet, the proposed Self-CondenseNet has a 78.26% higher accuracy and a 12.86% lower time complexity. Compared with the MLP-Mixer, the proposed Self-CondenseNet has a 85.29% higher accuracy. The comparison results show that the proposed algorithm has high prediction accuracy and low time complexity, and can be widely used in complex and changeable scenarios such as 5G, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and mobile vehicle networking .etc.

本文研究了采用 Fisher-Snedecor F 分布的认知无线电网络（CRN）的物理层安全性（PLS）。为了解决 CRN 中的安全问题，我们首次推导出了安全中断概率（SOP）和严格正保密能力概率（SPSC）的精确表达式，其中 SOP 和 SPSC 由 Meijer 的 G 函数均匀给出。蒙特卡罗模拟证明了理论推导的正确性。结果表明，减小 m 和增大（ms,μE）的比率将减小 SOP 并增大 SPSC。此外，我们还提出了预测系统安全性能的 Self-CondenseNet 模型。通过与 Transformer、MLP-Mixer 和 CondenseNet 三种深度学习算法的比较，结果表明所提出的 Self-CondenseNet 预测性能最佳。与 CondenseNet 相比，Self-CondenseNet 的准确率提高了 78.26%，时间复杂度降低了 12.86%。与 MLP-Mixer 相比，拟议的 Self-CondenseNet 的准确率提高了 85.29%。对比结果表明，所提出的算法预测精度高、时间复杂度低，可广泛应用于 5G、车联网（IoV）、移动车联网等复杂多变的场景。

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引用次数: 0

Design and performance analysis of integrated sensing and communication scheme based on LoRa signals 基于 LoRa 信号的综合传感与通信方案的设计与性能分析

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155559

Qiongdan Huang, Mengyang Zhao, Liang Li, Jiejing Han, Lulu Liu

LoRa (Long Range) has garnered widespread adoption in Internet of Things (IoT) communications due to its extensive transmission range and robust resistance to interference. Furthermore, its capability to linearly discern deviations across both frequency and time domains renders it an ideal signal for sensing applications. Consequently, this article proposes an Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) scheme based on the LoRa signal. On the communication side, while the modulation and demodulation processes of the LoRa signal are currently kept confidential, this article has theoretically derived its principles and further implemented the communication functionality of LoRa through experimental simulations. On the sensing side, through theoretical derivation and experimental simulation, the influence of different modulation information on the peak amplitude and position of pulse compression was analyzed. Two signal processing schemes are proposed to overcome the impact of modulation information, thereby enabling the sensing function. The communication and sensing performance of the proposed ISAC scheme was evaluated. Experimental results demonstrated that, even in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments, the communication function maintained a low bit error rate (BER), while the sensing function achieved a high target detection rate, both of which exhibited excellent performance.

LoRa（长距离）因其广泛的传输范围和强大的抗干扰能力，在物联网（IoT）通信中得到了广泛应用。此外，LoRa 还能线性地辨别频域和时域的偏差，是传感应用的理想信号。因此，本文提出了一种基于 LoRa 信号的集成传感与通信（ISAC）方案。在通信方面，虽然 LoRa 信号的调制和解调过程目前处于保密状态，但本文从理论上推导出了其原理，并通过实验模拟进一步实现了 LoRa 的通信功能。在传感方面，通过理论推导和实验仿真，分析了不同调制信息对脉冲压缩峰值幅度和位置的影响。提出了两种信号处理方案来克服调制信息的影响，从而实现传感功能。对所提出的 ISAC 方案的通信和传感性能进行了评估。实验结果表明，即使在信噪比（SNR）较低的环境中，通信功能也能保持较低的误码率（BER），而传感功能则实现了较高的目标检测率，两者均表现出卓越的性能。

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引用次数: 0

A microwave/millimeter-wave triple-band shared-aperture antenna integrating differentially-fed patch and transmitarray 集成差分馈电贴片和发射阵列的微波/毫米波三频共用孔径天线

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155563

Zi Long Ma, Yang Li Geng, Zhi Han Zhou

This paper presents a microwave (MW)/millimeter-wave (MMW) triple-band shared-aperture antenna. It is implemented by integrating a differentially-fed patch (3.6 GHz) and a dual-band transmitarray (TA) (26 GHz and 39 GHz) through structure reuse. To realize an efficient integration, the patch antenna is evolved from a single-layer structure to a multi-layer one, with an extended ring-shaped patch added in each layer to obtain a proper transmitting surface (TS) size. For the TA, it adopts a unit cell (UC) consisting of two interleaved slots. By adjusting the lengths of the slots, independent dynamic phase shifts covering 360

^{\circ}

can be attained for the 26 GHz and 39 GHz bands, respectively. To achieve an appropriate focal-to-diameter ratio (F/D) for the TA, a frequency selective surface (FSS) is employed to replace the ground plane of the patch antenna. Thanks to the spatial feeding architecture of the TA, the proposed antenna eliminates the need of complicated feeding network and features low feeding loss and high gain in the MMW bands. To validate the design idea, a prototype is fabricated and measured. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna can successfully operate in the three bands with peak gain of 7.6 dBi, 19.3 dBi and 19.5 dBi, respectively. In the 26 GHz and 39 GHz bands, beam scanning ranges of

\pm 2 5^{\circ}

and

\pm 1 3^{\circ}

can be obtained, respectively. The proposed antenna can be a promising candidate for 5G multi-band applications.

本文介绍了一种微波（MW）/毫米波（MMW）三频共用孔径天线。它是通过结构重用将一个差分馈电贴片（3.6 GHz）和一个双频发射阵列（TA）（26 GHz 和 39 GHz）集成在一起实现的。为实现高效集成，贴片天线从单层结构发展为多层结构，并在每层增加一个扩展环形贴片，以获得适当的发射面（TS）尺寸。对于 TA，它采用了由两个交错槽组成的单元单元（UC）。通过调整槽的长度，可分别在 26 GHz 和 39 GHz 波段实现覆盖 360∘ 的独立动态相移。为了使 TA 达到适当的焦径比（F/D），采用了频率选择性表面（FSS）来替代贴片天线的地平面。得益于 TA 的空间馈电结构，拟议的天线无需复杂的馈电网络，在 MMW 波段具有低馈电损耗和高增益的特点。为了验证设计理念，我们制作并测量了一个原型。实验结果表明，拟议的天线能成功地在三个频段内工作，峰值增益分别为 7.6 dBi、19.3 dBi 和 19.5 dBi。在 26 GHz 和 39 GHz 波段，波束扫描范围分别为 ±25∘ 和 ±13∘。所提出的天线有望成为 5G 多频段应用的候选天线。

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引用次数: 0

Miniaturized meandered ring graphene-metal metasurface with wide angle control on the transmitted wave 可对透射波进行广角控制的微型蜿蜒环形石墨烯-金属元表面

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155566

Maryam Mokhayer , Saughar Jarchi , Reza Faraji-Dana

In this paper, a miniaturized transmissive metasurface using graphene-metal in the 3.5 THz frequency range is proposed and designed to control the wavefront of the transmitted wave. The designed unit cell has four identical ultra-thin layers. Each layer contains a meandered ring-shaped slot carved in a metal sheet, which is partially filled with four graphene patches in symmetrical places. By employing the meandered shape slots, the lateral dimensions of the unit cells are reduced to 0.19 of the free space wavelength, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the most miniaturized designed structure among the existing transmissive metasurfaces in the literature. Full wave simulations confirmed that without any physical changes and by just altering the spatial distribution of the chemical potential of the graphene patches, wave-front control is achieved. The achievements include beam steering and beam splitting with numerous discrete angles up to 63° and beam focusing with optional focal lengths. It is envisaged that besides 6G wireless telecommunications, this structure could also be beneficial for THz imaging, nano-photonic and opto-electronic devices.

本文提出并设计了一种在 3.5 太赫兹频率范围内使用石墨烯-金属的小型化透射元表面，用于控制透射波的波前。所设计的单元单元有四个相同的超薄层。每一层都包含一个在金属片上雕刻的蜿蜒环形槽，槽内对称地填充了四个石墨烯贴片。据我们所知，这是现有文献中透射型元表面中最微型化的设计结构。全波模拟证实，无需任何物理变化，只需改变石墨烯贴片化学势的空间分布，就能实现波前控制。所取得的成果包括光束转向、多角度分束（最大可达 63°）以及可选焦距的光束聚焦。据设想，除了 6G 无线通信外，这种结构还可用于太赫兹成像、纳米光子和光电设备。

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引用次数: 0