Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications最新文献_第4页

Error rates of optically pre-amplified PPM wireless systems with coding and arbitrary optical filter response 具有编码和任意光学滤波器响应的光学预放大 PPM 无线系统的错误率

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155546

Konstantinos Yiannopoulos, Nikos C. Sagias, Ioannis Moscholios

We present novel results for the uncoded and coded bit-error probability (BEP) of optically pre-amplified pulse-position modulation (PPM) wireless systems. For uncoded systems, a novel analytic method for the evaluation of the BEP is derived. The method takes into account the non-ideal optical filter response and utilizes a finite Karhunen–Loève series expansion to calculate the BEP. Using the proposed approach, it is possible to accurately evaluate the PPM BEP for arbitrarily shaped filters where the well-established

χ^{2}

method only provides approximate results. Considering a Lorentzian filter response, the discrepancy between the two methods amounts to 0.5 dB in a variety of filter bandwidths and PPM modulation orders. The Lorentzian filter response was chosen as an illustrative practical example whose series can be calculated analytically. The proposed method is also valid for any type of optical filter for which the Karhunen–Loève series expansion can be calculated analytically or numerically. Due to the finite number of terms that are required irrespective of the signal energy level, the proposed method can also be applied without loss of accuracy to assess the system performance under the effects of turbulence and adverse weather conditions. For coded systems with Lorentzian filters, Monte-Carlo simulations are utilized to evaluate the BEP performance of the 5G LDPC codes, and it is demonstrated that they impart an energy gain up to 3.3 dB for 4–PPM and 2.3 dB for 16–PPM at a target BEP of

1 0^{- 5}

. The optimal code rates are also discussed for several combinations of the optical filter bandwidth and PPM modulation order and it is shown that in almost all of the cases the optimal code rate is 11/13. Moreover, the sum-product and min-sum decoders perform within 0.1 dB from each other for the best code rates, which points towards the utilization of the min-sum decoder in all settings, since its operation does not require knowledge of the filter parameters. Finally, the comparison between the coded systems with Lorentzian and ideal passband filters exhibits the same 0.5 dB discrepancy that was observed for uncoded systems.

我们介绍了光学预放大脉冲位置调制（PPM）无线系统的非编码和编码误码概率（BEP）的新结果。对于非编码系统，我们提出了一种评估 BEP 的新型分析方法。该方法考虑了非理想光学滤波器的响应，并利用有限卡尔胡宁-洛埃夫级数展开来计算 BEP。使用所提出的方法，可以精确评估任意形状滤波器的 PPM BEP，而成熟的 χ2 方法只能提供近似结果。考虑到洛伦兹滤波器响应，在各种滤波器带宽和 PPM 调制阶数下，两种方法之间的差异为 0.5 dB。选择洛伦兹滤波器响应作为实际示例，可以对其序列进行分析计算。所提出的方法也适用于任何类型的光学滤波器，其卡尔胡宁-洛埃夫数列展开可以通过分析或数值计算得出。由于无论信号能量水平如何，所需的项数都是有限的，因此所提出的方法也可用于评估湍流和恶劣天气条件影响下的系统性能，而不会降低精度。对于采用洛伦兹滤波器的编码系统，利用蒙特卡洛模拟评估了 5G LDPC 编码的 BEP 性能，结果表明，在目标 BEP 为 10-5 时，4-PPM 编码的能量增益可达 3.3 dB，16-PPM 编码的能量增益可达 2.3 dB。此外，还讨论了光滤波器带宽和 PPM 调制阶数的几种组合的最佳码率，结果表明，几乎在所有情况下，最佳码率都是 11/13。此外，和积解码器和最小和解码器在最佳码率方面的性能相差不超过 0.1 dB，这表明在所有情况下都可以使用最小和解码器，因为它的运行不需要了解滤波器参数。最后，使用洛伦兹滤波器和理想通带滤波器的编码系统之间的比较显示出与未编码系统相同的 0.5 dB 差异。

{"title":"Error rates of optically pre-amplified PPM wireless systems with coding and arbitrary optical filter response","authors":"Konstantinos Yiannopoulos, Nikos C. Sagias, Ioannis Moscholios","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present novel results for the uncoded and coded bit-error probability (BEP) of optically pre-amplified pulse-position modulation (PPM) wireless systems. For uncoded systems, a novel analytic method for the evaluation of the BEP is derived. The method takes into account the non-ideal optical filter response and utilizes a finite Karhunen–Loève series expansion to calculate the BEP. Using the proposed approach, it is possible to accurately evaluate the PPM BEP for arbitrarily shaped filters where the well-established <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>χ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> method only provides approximate results. Considering a Lorentzian filter response, the discrepancy between the two methods amounts to 0.5 dB in a variety of filter bandwidths and PPM modulation orders. The Lorentzian filter response was chosen as an illustrative practical example whose series can be calculated analytically. The proposed method is also valid for any type of optical filter for which the Karhunen–Loève series expansion can be calculated analytically or numerically. Due to the finite number of terms that are required irrespective of the signal energy level, the proposed method can also be applied without loss of accuracy to assess the system performance under the effects of turbulence and adverse weather conditions. For coded systems with Lorentzian filters, Monte-Carlo simulations are utilized to evaluate the BEP performance of the 5G LDPC codes, and it is demonstrated that they impart an energy gain up to 3.3 dB for 4–PPM and 2.3 dB for 16–PPM at a target BEP of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. The optimal code rates are also discussed for several combinations of the optical filter bandwidth and PPM modulation order and it is shown that in almost all of the cases the optimal code rate is 11/13. Moreover, the sum-product and min-sum decoders perform within 0.1 dB from each other for the best code rates, which points towards the utilization of the min-sum decoder in all settings, since its operation does not require knowledge of the filter parameters. Finally, the comparison between the coded systems with Lorentzian and ideal passband filters exhibits the same 0.5 dB discrepancy that was observed for uncoded systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-profile dielectric grooved GRIN lens for broadband millimeter-wave applications 用于宽带毫米波应用的扁平介质沟槽 GRIN 透镜

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155548

Andrzej Dudek, Slawomir Gruszczynski, Krzysztof Wincza

Microwave lenses are utilized at millimeter waves to ensure high-gain and narrow-beamwidth radiation patterns. This paper proposes full-dielectric grooved graded-index (GRIN) lenses with an improved effective permittivity profile of the lens. The proposed grooved GRIN lenses combine changes in the lens geometry with the stepped effective permittivity profile to better approximate the theoretical permittivity profile of the lens. A prototype GRIN lens has been designed, fabricated, and measured. The designed lens has diameter and thickness equal to 72 mm and 19.04 mm (5.3

λ_{0}

, 1.4

λ_{0}

at the center frequency of 22 GHz), respectively. The lens covers the entire K-band (18–26.5 GHz) with aperture efficiency better than 44%. Moreover, it achieves the maximum gain and aperture efficiency of 23 dBi and 64%, respectively.

毫米波利用微波透镜来确保高增益和窄束宽辐射模式。本文提出了改进透镜有效介电常数曲线的全介质沟槽分级指数（GRIN）透镜。所提出的沟槽 GRIN 透镜将透镜几何形状的变化与阶梯式有效介电常数剖面相结合，从而更好地接近透镜的理论介电常数剖面。我们设计、制造并测量了 GRIN 透镜的原型。设计的透镜直径和厚度分别为 72 毫米和 19.04 毫米（中心频率 22 GHz 时分别为 5.3λ0 和 1.4λ0）。该透镜覆盖整个 K 波段（18-26.5 GHz），孔径效率优于 44%。此外，它的最大增益和孔径效率分别达到 23 dBi 和 64%。

引用次数: 0

A tunable 3×5 Nolen matrix for sidelobe-reduced and beamforming applications 用于减少侧边和波束成形应用的可调式 3×5 诺伦矩阵

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155553

Tian-Gui Huang, Fu-Chang Chen, Jia-Zuo Cao, Kai-Ran Xiang, Yun Wang

A methodology of designing a 3×5 Nolen matrix with non-uniform power distribution is proposed in this paper. Several tunable phase shifters are designed to realize the capability of continuous beam steering. Additionally, two power dividers are integrated with a 3×5 Nolen matrix to produce the desired non-uniform power distribution, thereby reducing the sidelobe levels. In order to establish the appropriate power divider ratios, this paper thoroughly examines the correlation between power ratio at each port and different loss scenarios as well as Chebyshev distribution. An experimental Nolen matrix prototype has been designed and fabricated to confirm the efficacy of our proposed approach. The fabricated 3×5 Nolen matrix prototype offers continuous beam steering and achieves sidelobe levels below −22 dB.

本文提出了一种设计具有非均匀功率分布的 3×5 诺伦矩阵的方法。设计了多个可调相移器，以实现连续波束转向的能力。此外，还将两个功率分配器与 3×5 诺伦矩阵集成在一起，以产生所需的非均匀功率分布，从而降低侧叶电平。为了确定合适的功率分配比，本文深入研究了每个端口的功率比与不同损耗情况以及切比雪夫分布之间的相关性。为了证实我们提出的方法的有效性，我们设计并制造了一个诺伦矩阵实验原型。制造的 3×5 诺伦矩阵原型可提供连续的波束转向，并实现低于 -22 dB 的边音水平。

引用次数: 0

A 132–170 GHz high-gain driving amplifier utilizing asymmetric broadside coupled line in 40-nm CMOS 利用 40 纳米 CMOS 非对称宽边耦合线的 132-170 GHz 高增益驱动放大器

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155544

Jiapeng Wan , Yizhu Shen , Yifan Ding , Sanming Hu

This paper presents a driving amplifier (DA) utilizing the proposed asymmetric broadside coupled line. In contrast to conventional coupled line, the balun devised with proposed asymmetric coupled line and enhanced wideband balance compensation technique is utilized, thereby achieving wideband impedance matching and mitigating insertion loss. Additionally, the utilization of the lossy over-neutralization technique substantially enhances the power gain of amplifiers operating in the upper millimeter-wave band (150 GHz–300 GHz). The DA is fabricated utilizing a 40-nm CMOS process without aluminum layers. The fabricated amplifier demonstrates a compact total area of 0.135 mm

^{2}

(0.031

λ^{2}

), with a core area of 0.027 mm

^{2}

(0.0061

λ^{2}

). It achieves a high gain of 19.4 dB, high power of 11.05 dBm, and high power-added efficiency (PAE) of 11.05% at 160 GHz. Moreover, both the 3-dB power gain bandwidth and the 3-dB saturated power bandwidth extend from 132 GHz to 170 GHz, covering a bandwidth of 38 GHz. This configuration underscores the robust performance of the DA in the upper millimeter-wave band.

本文介绍了一种利用拟议的非对称宽边耦合线的驱动放大器（DA）。与传统耦合线不同的是，它采用了利用拟议的非对称耦合线和增强型宽带平衡补偿技术设计的平衡器，从而实现了宽带阻抗匹配并降低了插入损耗。此外，利用有损耗的过中和技术还能大幅提高在毫米波上频段（150 GHz-300 GHz）工作的放大器的功率增益。该放大器采用无铝层的 40 纳米 CMOS 工艺制造。制造出的放大器总面积为 0.135 mm2（0.031 λ2），核心面积为 0.027 mm2（0.0061 λ2）。它在 160 GHz 频率下实现了 19.4 dB 的高增益、11.05 dBm 的高功率和 11.05% 的高功率附加效率（PAE）。此外，3 分贝功率增益带宽和 3 分贝饱和功率带宽均从 132 GHz 扩展到 170 GHz，覆盖了 38 GHz 的带宽。这种配置凸显了 DA 在毫米波高频段的强大性能。

{"title":"A 132–170 GHz high-gain driving amplifier utilizing asymmetric broadside coupled line in 40-nm CMOS","authors":"Jiapeng Wan , Yizhu Shen , Yifan Ding , Sanming Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a driving amplifier (DA) utilizing the proposed asymmetric broadside coupled line. In contrast to conventional coupled line, the balun devised with proposed asymmetric coupled line and enhanced wideband balance compensation technique is utilized, thereby achieving wideband impedance matching and mitigating insertion loss. Additionally, the utilization of the lossy over-neutralization technique substantially enhances the power gain of amplifiers operating in the upper millimeter-wave band (150 GHz–300 GHz). The DA is fabricated utilizing a 40-nm CMOS process without aluminum layers. The fabricated amplifier demonstrates a compact total area of 0.135 mm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (0.031 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>), with a core area of 0.027 mm<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (0.0061 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>). It achieves a high gain of 19.4 dB, high power of 11.05 dBm, and high power-added efficiency (PAE) of 11.05% at 160 GHz. Moreover, both the 3-dB power gain bandwidth and the 3-dB saturated power bandwidth extend from 132 GHz to 170 GHz, covering a bandwidth of 38 GHz. This configuration underscores the robust performance of the DA in the upper millimeter-wave band.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Gain improvement of conformal circularly polarized Fabry-Perot resonator antenna based on metasurface 基于元表面的共形圆极化法布里-珀罗谐振器天线的增益改进

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155552

Peng Xie, Yao Liu, Xiaolin Zhao, Boxin Zhao

Conformal antenna can keep consistent with the shape of the carrier perfectly, which greatly saves the space of the carrier, so it is widely used in military, aerospace and other fields. In this paper, a cylindrical conformal circular polarization Fabry-Perot resonator antenna is designed, and the adverse effect of conformal on antenna gain is overcome by transmission phase compensation. Firstly, a linear to circular polarization conversion metasurface with adjustable transmission phase is designed. The main reason for choosing the metasurface here is to take advantage of its excellent electromagnetic control ability. The metal structures of the metasurface are printed on the ultra-thin dielectric plates, and then attached to the support structure machined by 3D printing, so as to achieve the conformal design of the metasurface. Secondly, the proposed metasurface is used as the superstructure and is combined with a conformal feed to form a cylindrical conformal circularly polarized Fabry Perot resonator antenna. The conformal feed is a patch antenna which is conformal designed in the same way as the metasurface. The conformal feeder is placed under the conformal metasurface to ensure that the electromagnetic wave radiated by the feeder can enter the resonant cavity composed of the feeder and the metasurface. The curvature of the cylindrical conformal of feed and metasurface is the same, which can ensure the high unity of the different positions in the resonator. Next, by adjusting the transmission phase of the unit on the metaurface, the phase compensation of the transmitted electromagnetic wave is realized, so that the electromagnetic wave radiated by the conformal antenna still presents the characteristic of plane wave. Finally, the conformal Fabry-Perot resonator antenna obtains the same high-gain radiation characteristics as the planar resonator antenna. The designed antenna achieves a maximum gain of 13.1dBic at 10 GHz. The size of the antenna is 2.9λ × 2.9λ, so the aperture efficiency is about 19.9 %. The antenna proposed in this paper overcomes the influence of conformal design on the gain of the antenna, so that it can be conformal on the surface of a cylindrical object and obtain better gain characteristics.

共形天线能与载体形状完美保持一致，大大节省了载体空间，因此被广泛应用于军事、航天等领域。本文设计了一种圆柱共形圆极化法布里-珀罗谐振器天线，并通过传输相位补偿克服了共形对天线增益的不利影响。首先，设计了一个传输相位可调的线性到圆极化转换元面。之所以选择元面，主要是为了利用其出色的电磁控制能力。元表面的金属结构被打印在超薄介质板上，然后附着在通过三维打印加工的支撑结构上，从而实现元表面的保形设计。其次，将所提出的元表面作为上层结构，并与共形馈线相结合，形成圆柱形共形圆极化法布里-佩罗谐振器天线。共形馈电是一种贴片天线，其共形设计与元表面相同。共形馈源置于共形元面之下，以确保馈源辐射的电磁波能够进入由馈源和元面组成的谐振腔。馈源和元面的圆柱保形曲率相同，可以确保谐振器中不同位置的高度统一。其次，通过调整元面上单元的传输相位，实现传输电磁波的相位补偿，使共形天线辐射的电磁波仍然呈现平面波的特性。最后，共形法布里-珀罗谐振器天线获得了与平面谐振器天线相同的高增益辐射特性。所设计的天线在 10 GHz 频率下实现了 13.1dBic 的最大增益。天线尺寸为 2.9λ × 2.9λ，因此孔径效率约为 19.9%。本文提出的天线克服了保形设计对天线增益的影响，因此可以在圆柱形物体表面保形，获得更好的增益特性。

{"title":"Gain improvement of conformal circularly polarized Fabry-Perot resonator antenna based on metasurface","authors":"Peng Xie, Yao Liu, Xiaolin Zhao, Boxin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conformal antenna can keep consistent with the shape of the carrier perfectly, which greatly saves the space of the carrier, so it is widely used in military, aerospace and other fields. In this paper, a cylindrical conformal circular polarization Fabry-Perot resonator antenna is designed, and the adverse effect of conformal on antenna gain is overcome by transmission phase compensation. Firstly, a linear to circular polarization conversion metasurface with adjustable transmission phase is designed. The main reason for choosing the metasurface here is to take advantage of its excellent electromagnetic control ability. The metal structures of the metasurface are printed on the ultra-thin dielectric plates, and then attached to the support structure machined by 3D printing, so as to achieve the conformal design of the metasurface. Secondly, the proposed metasurface is used as the superstructure and is combined with a conformal feed to form a cylindrical conformal circularly polarized Fabry Perot resonator antenna. The conformal feed is a patch antenna which is conformal designed in the same way as the metasurface. The conformal feeder is placed under the conformal metasurface to ensure that the electromagnetic wave radiated by the feeder can enter the resonant cavity composed of the feeder and the metasurface. The curvature of the cylindrical conformal of feed and metasurface is the same, which can ensure the high unity of the different positions in the resonator. Next, by adjusting the transmission phase of the unit on the metaurface, the phase compensation of the transmitted electromagnetic wave is realized, so that the electromagnetic wave radiated by the conformal antenna still presents the characteristic of plane wave. Finally, the conformal Fabry-Perot resonator antenna obtains the same high-gain radiation characteristics as the planar resonator antenna. The designed antenna achieves a maximum gain of 13.1dBic at 10 GHz. The size of the antenna is 2.9λ × 2.9λ, so the aperture efficiency is about 19.9 %. The antenna proposed in this paper overcomes the influence of conformal design on the gain of the antenna, so that it can be conformal on the surface of a cylindrical object and obtain better gain characteristics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cubical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for fifth-generation applications 用于第五代应用的紧凑型基底集成波导立方介质谐振器天线

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155551

Nida Nasir , Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin , Nor Hidayu Shahadan , Syed Muzahir Abbas , Hamza Ahmad

A comprehensive analysis of a wideband Cubical Dielectric Resonator Antenna is presented, specifically designed for 5G-NR wireless communication applications, focusing on the N257, and N258 frequency bands. This antenna exhibits symmetrical radiation patterns, a wider bandwidth, improved efficiency, and substantial gain characteristics. The design employs a low-loss substrate-integrated waveguide structure to enhance gain while reducing cross-polarization effects. This is accomplished through an innovative approach of establishing boundary conditions using copper wire stitching for vias, superseding the conventional soldering iron method, which guarantees minimal radiation leakage, compact dimensions, and reduced losses. The perforated dielectric resonator antenna possesses higher mode excitations, and implementing metallic strips on two resonator surfaces facilitates the simultaneous excitation of fundamental and higher-order modes, thereby yielding a broadband response. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 15.29

\times

8.42

\times

3.8

{mm}^{3} (1.3 \times 0.7 \times 0.3) λ_{0}^{3}

, which facilitates a measured impedance bandwidth of 8.2 GHz, spanning from 24.4 to 32.6 GHz (28.7%), accompanied by a high gain of 8.1 dBi and efficiency levels reaching up to 94%. The prototype is constructed utilizing the standard printed circuit board technique, and simulation outcomes are derived using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).

本文全面分析了专为 5G-NR 无线通信应用设计的宽带立方介质谐振器天线，重点关注 N257 和 N258 频段。该天线具有对称的辐射模式、更宽的带宽、更高的效率和可观的增益特性。该设计采用了低损耗基底集成波导结构，在提高增益的同时减少了交叉极化效应。这是通过使用铜线缝合通孔来建立边界条件的创新方法实现的，取代了传统的烙铁方法，从而保证了最小的辐射泄漏、紧凑的尺寸和更低的损耗。穿孔介质谐振器天线具有较高的模式激励，在两个谐振器表面使用金属带有利于同时激励基阶和高阶模式，从而产生宽带响应。天线的总体尺寸为 15.29 × 8.42 × 3.8 mm3（1.3×0.7×0.3）λ03，测量阻抗带宽为 8.2 GHz，频率范围从 24.4 GHz 到 32.6 GHz（28.7%），增益高达 8.1 dBi，效率高达 94%。原型采用标准印刷电路板技术制造，并使用高频结构模拟器（HFSS）得出模拟结果。

{"title":"Compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide Cubical Dielectric Resonator Antenna for fifth-generation applications","authors":"Nida Nasir , Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin , Nor Hidayu Shahadan , Syed Muzahir Abbas , Hamza Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive analysis of a wideband Cubical Dielectric Resonator Antenna is presented, specifically designed for 5G-NR wireless communication applications, focusing on the N257, and N258 frequency bands. This antenna exhibits symmetrical radiation patterns, a wider bandwidth, improved efficiency, and substantial gain characteristics. The design employs a low-loss substrate-integrated waveguide structure to enhance gain while reducing cross-polarization effects. This is accomplished through an innovative approach of establishing boundary conditions using copper wire stitching for vias, superseding the conventional soldering iron method, which guarantees minimal radiation leakage, compact dimensions, and reduced losses. The perforated dielectric resonator antenna possesses higher mode excitations, and implementing metallic strips on two resonator surfaces facilitates the simultaneous excitation of fundamental and higher-order modes, thereby yielding a broadband response. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 15.29 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 8.42 <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 3.8 <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>mm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, which facilitates a measured impedance bandwidth of 8.2 GHz, spanning from 24.4 to 32.6 GHz (28.7%), accompanied by a high gain of 8.1 dBi and efficiency levels reaching up to 94%. The prototype is constructed utilizing the standard printed circuit board technique, and simulation outcomes are derived using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A composite microstrip line and leaky wave antenna structure with self-diplexing characteristic 具有自双工特性的复合微带线和漏波天线结构

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155547

Haoxuan Sheng, Quanyuan Feng

A novel structure is proposed for the dual-band self-diplexing integration of microstrip line and leaky wave antenna (LWA). Through introducing a mode selective transmission line (MSTL) to the antenna, the autonomous transition between transmission modes at varying operating frequencies is thus achieved. At the high-frequency band, such proposed antenna in the quasi-TE₁₀ mode, the periodic slots, and patches are used as LWA. Meanwhile, at the low-frequency band, the baseband signal with quasi-TEM mode can be transmitted effectively. These experimental results demonstrate that this design strategy benefits the realization of transmission with an insertion loss of less than 3 dB below 5.5 GHz. Furthermore, this antenna enables continuous beam scanning of −1 space harmonics from 10.5 to 15.5 GHz, with a beam direction sweeping from −75° to + 54°. This study innovatively employs MSTL structure to solve the problem of radio frequency (RF) and baseband links operating independently in traditional communication systems. It provides a promising solution for multi-functional integrated applications in future wireless communications.

针对微带线和漏波天线（LWA）的双频自双工集成提出了一种新结构。通过在天线中引入模式选择传输线（MSTL），实现了不同工作频率下传输模式之间的自主转换。在高频段，这种拟议的准 TE10 模式天线、周期性槽和贴片被用作 LWA。同时，在低频段，准 TEM 模式的基带信号也能有效传输。这些实验结果表明，这种设计策略有利于在 5.5 GHz 以下实现插入损耗小于 3 dB 的传输。此外，这种天线还能对 10.5 至 15.5 GHz 的 -1 空间谐波进行连续波束扫描，波束方向从 -75° 到 + 54°。这项研究创新性地采用了 MSTL 结构，解决了传统通信系统中射频（RF）和基带链路独立运行的问题。它为未来无线通信中的多功能集成应用提供了一种前景广阔的解决方案。

{"title":"A composite microstrip line and leaky wave antenna structure with self-diplexing characteristic","authors":"Haoxuan Sheng, Quanyuan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel structure is proposed for the dual-band self-diplexing integration of microstrip line and leaky wave antenna (LWA). Through introducing a mode selective transmission line (MSTL) to the antenna, the autonomous transition between transmission modes at varying operating frequencies is thus achieved. At the high-frequency band, such proposed antenna in the quasi-TE<sub>10</sub> mode, the periodic slots, and patches are used as LWA. Meanwhile, at the low-frequency band, the baseband signal with quasi-TEM mode can be transmitted effectively. These experimental results demonstrate that this design strategy benefits the realization of transmission with an insertion loss of less than 3 dB below 5.5 GHz. Furthermore, this antenna enables continuous beam scanning of −1 space harmonics from 10.5 to 15.5 GHz, with a beam direction sweeping from −75° to + 54°. This study innovatively employs MSTL structure to solve the problem of radio frequency (RF) and baseband links operating independently in traditional communication systems. It provides a promising solution for multi-functional integrated applications in future wireless communications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A wideband high-PSR OCL LDO using a gain-relaxed OTA featuring dynamic complex zeros frequency compensation 宽带高PSR OCL LDO，采用增益松弛 OTA，具有动态复零点频率补偿功能

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155537

Ahmad M.K. Almonaier , Adel Barakat , Seham Abd-Elsamee , Nihal F.F. Areed

<div><div>This article proposes an Output-Capacitor-Less (OCL) Low-Dropout (LDO) regulator with an assisted positive feedback loop technique, which mimics a negative resistance, along with a single common-gate stage. Conventional techniques utilize multistage high-gain OTA to achieve a high DC loop gain. However, such an OTA suffers from high power consumption and sophisticated frequency compensation mechanisms. Instead, the use of a single-stage relatively low-gain OTA helps to extend the bandwidth. Then, the overall DC loop gain is maximized by the proposal of a novel negative resistance circuit. To further improve the PSR, a bulk-driven ripple canceling path that is insensitive to process corners is proposed making the LDO suitable for high-PSR applications. Stability is another challenge in the design of OCL LDOs due to its associated complex poles. We propose a new frequency compensation technique by introducing two complex zeros to eliminate these complex poles. Hence, the overall stability is improved. Since these complex poles location vary from light to heavy loads, the proposed zeros dynamically change accordingly. Besides, this suggested mechanism has been analyzed using the generalized time-and-transfer constants (TTCs) circuit analysis technique. Under heavy load conditions, the suggested LDO has attained phase and gain margins of 62.8° and 29 dB, respectively. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations along with process and temperature variations have been investigated to prove the reliability of such a frequency compensation technique. The proposed LDO has been implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology node with a short pass transistor length of <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi></mrow></math></span>. The simulation results reveals that the LDO draws <span><math><mrow><mn>299</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> of quiescent current under light load conditions and <span><math><mrow><mn>296</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> under heavy load conditions (including the bandgap voltage reference). The suggested LDO functions at <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> supply voltage, delivers <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>93</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> output voltage and can handle a load current up to <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>mA</mi></mrow></math></span> with load regulation of <span><math><mrow><mn>17</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>V/mA</mi></mrow></math></span>, line regulation of <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>22</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>mV/V</mi></mrow></math></span>, and PSR of <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>48<

本文提出了一种无输出电容（OCL）低压差（LDO）稳压器，该稳压器采用辅助正反馈环路技术（模拟负阻）和单共栅级。传统技术利用多级高增益 OTA 实现高直流环路增益。然而，这种 OTA 存在功耗高、频率补偿机制复杂等问题。相反，使用单级相对低增益 OTA 有助于扩展带宽。然后，通过采用新型负阻电路，最大限度地提高了整体直流环路增益。为了进一步提高 PSR，还提出了一种对工艺拐角不敏感的批量驱动纹波消除路径，使 LDO 适用于高 PSR 应用。由于相关的复杂极点，稳定性是 OCL LDO 设计中的另一个挑战。我们提出了一种新的频率补偿技术，通过引入两个复零点来消除这些复极点。因此，整体稳定性得到了提高。由于从轻负载到重负载，这些复极点的位置会发生变化，因此建议的零点也会相应地发生动态变化。此外，我们还利用广义时间和转移常数（TTCs）电路分析技术对这一建议机制进行了分析。在重负载条件下，建议的 LDO 的相位和增益裕度分别达到 62.8° 和 29 dB。此外，还对蒙特卡罗模拟以及工艺和温度变化进行了研究，以证明这种频率补偿技术的可靠性。所提出的 LDO 采用 65 纳米 CMOS 技术节点，通过晶体管长度较短，仅为 100 纳米。仿真结果显示，LDO 在轻负载条件下的静态电流为 299.4μA，在重负载条件下为 296.8μA（包括带隙电压基准）。建议的 LDO 在 1.2V 电源电压下工作，输出电压为 0.93V，可处理高达 10mA 的负载电流，负载调节为 17μV/mA，线路调节为 2.22mV/V，低频 PSR 为 -48.7dB。1MHz 时的 PSR 至少为 -32.5dB，优于最新报告的 LDO。

{"title":"A wideband high-PSR OCL LDO using a gain-relaxed OTA featuring dynamic complex zeros frequency compensation","authors":"Ahmad M.K. Almonaier , Adel Barakat , Seham Abd-Elsamee , Nihal F.F. Areed","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article proposes an Output-Capacitor-Less (OCL) Low-Dropout (LDO) regulator with an assisted positive feedback loop technique, which mimics a negative resistance, along with a single common-gate stage. Conventional techniques utilize multistage high-gain OTA to achieve a high DC loop gain. However, such an OTA suffers from high power consumption and sophisticated frequency compensation mechanisms. Instead, the use of a single-stage relatively low-gain OTA helps to extend the bandwidth. Then, the overall DC loop gain is maximized by the proposal of a novel negative resistance circuit. To further improve the PSR, a bulk-driven ripple canceling path that is insensitive to process corners is proposed making the LDO suitable for high-PSR applications. Stability is another challenge in the design of OCL LDOs due to its associated complex poles. We propose a new frequency compensation technique by introducing two complex zeros to eliminate these complex poles. Hence, the overall stability is improved. Since these complex poles location vary from light to heavy loads, the proposed zeros dynamically change accordingly. Besides, this suggested mechanism has been analyzed using the generalized time-and-transfer constants (TTCs) circuit analysis technique. Under heavy load conditions, the suggested LDO has attained phase and gain margins of 62.8° and 29 dB, respectively. Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations along with process and temperature variations have been investigated to prove the reliability of such a frequency compensation technique. The proposed LDO has been implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology node with a short pass transistor length of <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi></mrow></math></span>. The simulation results reveals that the LDO draws <span><math><mrow><mn>299</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> of quiescent current under light load conditions and <span><math><mrow><mn>296</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>8</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></math></span> under heavy load conditions (including the bandgap voltage reference). The suggested LDO functions at <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> supply voltage, delivers <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>93</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>V</mi></mrow></math></span> output voltage and can handle a load current up to <span><math><mrow><mn>10</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>mA</mi></mrow></math></span> with load regulation of <span><math><mrow><mn>17</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>V/mA</mi></mrow></math></span>, line regulation of <span><math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>22</mn><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mspace></mspace><mi>mV/V</mi></mrow></math></span>, and PSR of <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>48<","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155537"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two-layered optimized metamaterial antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for 5G mm-Wave applications 具有高增益和宽带宽的双层优化超材料天线，适用于 5G 毫米波应用

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155545

Ilias Tzouras, Stavros Koulouridis

A two-layered high gain and wide bandwidth metamaterial antenna working at 29 GHz for mm-Wave applications is proposed in this paper. The metamaterial antenna has an overall compact size of 12.5 x 12.5 x 7.28 mm³. It is realized with a Rogers Duroid 5880 dielectric layer 0.78 mm thick used as substrate and a Rogers RO3010 dielectric layer 1.5 mm thick at distance 5 mm above the radiation element. The radiation element is composed of a square-cut-at-the-four-corners, patch antenna with probe pin feeding. In addition, for further antenna performance enhancement, negative refractive index printed metamaterials surround the patch antenna offering bandwidth and gain enhancement. Simulated results show a significantly wide bandwidth of 7.91 GHz ranging from 26.04 GHz to 33.95 GHz and a high peak realized gain of 12.2 dB. These features make the antenna a good candidate for 5G mm-Wave applications.

本文提出了一种工作频率为 29 GHz、适用于毫米波应用的双层高增益、宽带超材料天线。超材料天线的整体尺寸为 12.5 x 12.5 x 7.28 mm3。它采用厚度为 0.78 毫米的罗杰斯 Duroid 5880 介电层作为基板，在辐射元件上方 5 毫米处采用厚度为 1.5 毫米的罗杰斯 RO3010 介电层。辐射元件由带探针馈电的方形四角贴片天线组成。此外，为了进一步提高天线性能，负折射率印刷超材料环绕在贴片天线周围，以提高带宽和增益。仿真结果显示，该天线的带宽高达 7.91 GHz，频率范围为 26.04 GHz 至 33.95 GHz，峰值增益高达 12.2 dB。这些特点使该天线成为 5G 毫米波应用的理想候选天线。

引用次数: 0

A compact and tunable active inductor-based bandpass filter with high quality factor for Wireless LAN applications 适用于无线局域网应用的高品质因数紧凑型可调有源电感器带通滤波器

IF 3 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155540

Zahra Gorjizad, Ashkan Shojaee, Adib Abrishamifar

A fully-differential compact and tunable second-order bandpass filter (BPF) with high quality factor using a novel active inductor (AI) has been proposed for 3.6 GHz WLAN applications. The proposed AI employs a differential amplifier as a feedforward transconductor and a common-source (CS) transistor as a feedback transconductor in a symmetrical configuration. The combination of a cascode scheme and a resistor in the feedback path enhances the quality factor of the AI, thereby increasing the mid-band gain of the BPF. In order to achieve independent tuning of both the center frequency and mid-band gain of the BPF, a varactor capacitor is utilized. The proposed second-order BPF is designed with a center frequency and a bandwidth of 3.675 GHz and 10 MHz, respectively. Post-layout simulation, process corner, and temperature sweep analysis results are conducted with 65 nm CMOS technology at 1.2 V supply voltage. The proposed filter has a tuning range of 3.655–3.695 GHz and attains a mid-band gain of 67.5 dB, a noise figure of 14.5 dB, and a 1-db compression point of −12.39 dBm. Additionally, the BPF consumes a DC power of 1.22 mW and occupies an active area of only 8.85

μ

m

\times

10.3

μ

m.

针对 3.6 GHz WLAN 应用提出了一种采用新型有源电感器 (AI) 的全差分紧凑型可调二阶高品质因数带通滤波器 (BPF)。所提出的有源电感采用了一个差分放大器作为前馈跨导，一个共源（CS）晶体管作为对称配置的反馈跨导。级联方案与反馈路径中的电阻器相结合，提高了人工智能的品质因数，从而增加了 BPF 的中频带增益。为了实现 BPF 中心频率和中频增益的独立调整，使用了变容电容器。所设计的二阶 BPF 的中心频率和带宽分别为 3.675 GHz 和 10 MHz。在 1.2 V 电源电压下采用 65 nm CMOS 技术进行了布局后仿真、工艺转角和温度扫描分析。拟议滤波器的调谐范围为 3.655-3.695 GHz，中频增益为 67.5 dB，噪声系数为 14.5 dB，1 db 压缩点为 -12.39 dBm。此外，BPF 的直流功耗为 1.22 mW，占用的有效面积仅为 8.85 μm × 10.3 μm。

{"title":"A compact and tunable active inductor-based bandpass filter with high quality factor for Wireless LAN applications","authors":"Zahra Gorjizad, Ashkan Shojaee, Adib Abrishamifar","doi":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A fully-differential compact and tunable second-order bandpass filter (BPF) with high quality factor using a novel active inductor (AI) has been proposed for 3.6 GHz WLAN applications. The proposed AI employs a differential amplifier as a feedforward transconductor and a common-source (CS) transistor as a feedback transconductor in a symmetrical configuration. The combination of a cascode scheme and a resistor in the feedback path enhances the quality factor of the AI, thereby increasing the mid-band gain of the BPF. In order to achieve independent tuning of both the center frequency and mid-band gain of the BPF, a varactor capacitor is utilized. The proposed second-order BPF is designed with a center frequency and a bandwidth of 3.675 GHz and 10 MHz, respectively. Post-layout simulation, process corner, and temperature sweep analysis results are conducted with 65 nm CMOS technology at 1.2 V supply voltage. The proposed filter has a tuning range of 3.655–3.695 GHz and attains a mid-band gain of 67.5 dB, a noise figure of 14.5 dB, and a 1-db compression point of −12.39 dBm. Additionally, the BPF consumes a DC power of 1.22 mW and occupies an active area of only 8.85 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m <span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> 10.3 <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span>m.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50844,"journal":{"name":"Aeu-International Journal of Electronics and Communications","volume":"187 ","pages":"Article 155540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0