Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-77-88
L. Stezhenskaya
This article examines the notes of the prominent Russian mongolist of Polish origin Józef Kowalewski (1801–1878) in his “Diary of studies for 1832”, the manuscript of which is kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the Vilnius University Library. This diary entry has been previously published several times in the form of a facsimile. It is an excerpt in English from the annotation on the Chinese book Ming xin bao jian (明心寶鑑, Precious Mirror for the Enlightenment of the Mind) from the Protestant missionary magazine published in Malacca. The article clarifies and significantly supplements the previously published commentary on this entry, defines The Indo-Chinese Gleaner magazine as the source of the English annotation and William Milne (1785–1822) as its author. It is assumed that J. Kowalewski’s acquaintance with W. Milne’s note had determined later choice of Ming xin bao jian as a Chinese language teaching material at The Imperial Kazan University. The very fact of choosing this book by a Protestant missionary to be presented as an important manual on the Chinese language and the traditional worldview of the Chinese is discussed. The conclusion is made that, formally remaining in opposition to the earlier Catholic missionary work, Protestant preachers in assessing Ming xin bao jian were in consent with their predecessors.
{"title":"Kowalewski Apropos the Chinese Book “Ming Xin Bao Jian”: Following up a Diary Entry","authors":"L. Stezhenskaya","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-77-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-77-88","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the notes of the prominent Russian mongolist of Polish origin Józef Kowalewski (1801–1878) in his “Diary of studies for 1832”, the manuscript of which is kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the Vilnius University Library. This diary entry has been previously published several times in the form of a facsimile. It is an excerpt in English from the annotation on the Chinese book Ming xin bao jian (明心寶鑑, Precious Mirror for the Enlightenment of the Mind) from the Protestant missionary magazine published in Malacca. The article clarifies and significantly supplements the previously published commentary on this entry, defines The Indo-Chinese Gleaner magazine as the source of the English annotation and William Milne (1785–1822) as its author. It is assumed that J. Kowalewski’s acquaintance with W. Milne’s note had determined later choice of Ming xin bao jian as a Chinese language teaching material at The Imperial Kazan University. The very fact of choosing this book by a Protestant missionary to be presented as an important manual on the Chinese language and the traditional worldview of the Chinese is discussed. The conclusion is made that, formally remaining in opposition to the earlier Catholic missionary work, Protestant preachers in assessing Ming xin bao jian were in consent with their predecessors.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"41 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139161891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-56-66
A. Shmakova, Е. E. Voytishek
Having originated in ancient China during the Neolithic era, the tradition of using aromatic substances spread to other countries of the Sino-hieroglyphic area. On the Korean Peninsula, under the influence of internal features based on the Chinese version of aromatic culture and the Buddhist religious component, even a special type of maehyang ritual rite was formed, which consisted of burying a piece of wood in the ground in the presence of representatives of the Buddhist community on some important occasion. In this case, it was necessary to record in writing form the fact of burial on a stele, which was installed in memorial of such an event at the burial site of the wood, or on a stone located near the site of the ritual. A whole range of Korean written sources contains information about the use of incense for ritual and medical purposes. To identify the specific features of olfactory practices in the early Korean Middle Ages, this article will analyze “Historical Records of the Three States” (三國史記 Samguk sagi, 1145); “Lives of Eminent Korean Monks” (海東高僧傳 Haedong Goseunjeon, early 13th century) and “The remaining information [about] the three states” (三國遺事 Samguk yusa, late 13th century). An analysis of written sources, the use of folklore and mythological materials make it possible to reveal characteristics of olfactory practices in the context of the development of Buddhism on the territory of the Korean Peninsula. All these sources demonstrate many facts related to the use of incense at the court of the Korean king, in monasteries and temples for ritual and hygienic purposes. Analysis of sources not only allows us to trace the history of the spread of Buddhism across the Korean Peninsula and identify the peculiarities of interaction between cultures of the East Asian region in the chronological period under consideration (1–10th centuries), but also provides rich material about the flora of Korea, Korean ideas about plants and herbs, and as well as methods of their use.
{"title":"The Written Sources of the Goryeo Period about Incense and Buddhist Olfactory Practices on the Korean Peninsula","authors":"A. Shmakova, Е. E. Voytishek","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-56-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-56-66","url":null,"abstract":"Having originated in ancient China during the Neolithic era, the tradition of using aromatic substances spread to other countries of the Sino-hieroglyphic area. On the Korean Peninsula, under the influence of internal features based on the Chinese version of aromatic culture and the Buddhist religious component, even a special type of maehyang ritual rite was formed, which consisted of burying a piece of wood in the ground in the presence of representatives of the Buddhist community on some important occasion. In this case, it was necessary to record in writing form the fact of burial on a stele, which was installed in memorial of such an event at the burial site of the wood, or on a stone located near the site of the ritual. A whole range of Korean written sources contains information about the use of incense for ritual and medical purposes. To identify the specific features of olfactory practices in the early Korean Middle Ages, this article will analyze “Historical Records of the Three States” (三國史記 Samguk sagi, 1145); “Lives of Eminent Korean Monks” (海東高僧傳 Haedong Goseunjeon, early 13th century) and “The remaining information [about] the three states” (三國遺事 Samguk yusa, late 13th century). An analysis of written sources, the use of folklore and mythological materials make it possible to reveal characteristics of olfactory practices in the context of the development of Buddhism on the territory of the Korean Peninsula. All these sources demonstrate many facts related to the use of incense at the court of the Korean king, in monasteries and temples for ritual and hygienic purposes. Analysis of sources not only allows us to trace the history of the spread of Buddhism across the Korean Peninsula and identify the peculiarities of interaction between cultures of the East Asian region in the chronological period under consideration (1–10th centuries), but also provides rich material about the flora of Korea, Korean ideas about plants and herbs, and as well as methods of their use.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"13 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139163005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-122-131
Ngoc Dung Tran
Recently, both China and the United States of America (US) have started focusing more on settling influence in the Lower Mekong region in the general context of global China-US competition. Although they have different connecting approaches, both superpowers focus on establishing and maintaining their influence in the strategic geo-political area in Southeast Asia and Asia. Their activities in the Lower Mekong region are more noticeable since the 2010s when Xi Jinping came to power in China and the US conducted the “Pivot to Asia” and “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” policies. Their competition therefore raises difficult tasks for Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (CLMTV) to keep neutrality, and protect their national sovereignty and the regional sustainable development. As the China-US competition in the Lower Mekong region is remarkable and profoundly influential to the development of regional countries, both academic scholars and policy makers pay attention to this subject. This paper focuses on evaluating the recent competition between China and the US in CLMTV and Vietnam’s adaptations to maintain its sovereignty, security and neutrality in the great-power competition, especially since Vietnam established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with both China (2008) and the US (2023).
{"title":"China-US Strategic Competition in the Lower Mekong Region and Vietnam’s Position","authors":"Ngoc Dung Tran","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-122-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-122-131","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, both China and the United States of America (US) have started focusing more on settling influence in the Lower Mekong region in the general context of global China-US competition. Although they have different connecting approaches, both superpowers focus on establishing and maintaining their influence in the strategic geo-political area in Southeast Asia and Asia. Their activities in the Lower Mekong region are more noticeable since the 2010s when Xi Jinping came to power in China and the US conducted the “Pivot to Asia” and “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” policies. Their competition therefore raises difficult tasks for Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (CLMTV) to keep neutrality, and protect their national sovereignty and the regional sustainable development. As the China-US competition in the Lower Mekong region is remarkable and profoundly influential to the development of regional countries, both academic scholars and policy makers pay attention to this subject. This paper focuses on evaluating the recent competition between China and the US in CLMTV and Vietnam’s adaptations to maintain its sovereignty, security and neutrality in the great-power competition, especially since Vietnam established a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with both China (2008) and the US (2023).","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"28 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139162081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-113-121
Thi Hong Luong
During the wars to gain independence, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) had a wide range of support from socialist countries. Due to the global conflict of the Cold War, the assistance from the socialist bloc not only came from the special relationship between Vietnam and this camp but also reflected complex international relations. This paper draws on documents tapped from collections of the Prime Minister's Office which contains important memorandums exchanged between the Prime Minister's office, the Vice Prime Minister, and the Foreign Trade Ministry. Based on these documents and Vietnam’s position at the centre of the confrontation between the East and the West, this article shows the tremendous economic aid that was received for the national salvation of the Vietnamese people from the Soviet Union and China during the anti-American resistance war. The article also reveals cracks within the communist camp, even though these socialist countries were seen as a solidary bloc and had a shared ideology. In the context of the Cold War with the East-West confrontation, and the fractured relations between countries in the communist bloc, the DRV always received support from both the Soviet Union and China. Perhaps it was rare for two rival countries to jointly provide aid to a third country, like the relationship between Vietnam-China-the Soviet Union during this period.
{"title":"Brotherly Support: Economic Aid to Vietnam during the American War (1954–1975)","authors":"Thi Hong Luong","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-113-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-113-121","url":null,"abstract":"During the wars to gain independence, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) had a wide range of support from socialist countries. Due to the global conflict of the Cold War, the assistance from the socialist bloc not only came from the special relationship between Vietnam and this camp but also reflected complex international relations. This paper draws on documents tapped from collections of the Prime Minister's Office which contains important memorandums exchanged between the Prime Minister's office, the Vice Prime Minister, and the Foreign Trade Ministry. Based on these documents and Vietnam’s position at the centre of the confrontation between the East and the West, this article shows the tremendous economic aid that was received for the national salvation of the Vietnamese people from the Soviet Union and China during the anti-American resistance war. The article also reveals cracks within the communist camp, even though these socialist countries were seen as a solidary bloc and had a shared ideology. In the context of the Cold War with the East-West confrontation, and the fractured relations between countries in the communist bloc, the DRV always received support from both the Soviet Union and China. Perhaps it was rare for two rival countries to jointly provide aid to a third country, like the relationship between Vietnam-China-the Soviet Union during this period.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"18 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139162441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-153-157
A. Varenov
A report on the XII International scientific conference “Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Baikal and Southern Siberia, and Northern China” held in Irkutsk by Irkutsk State University from September 25 to September 30 2023 is presented. Brief descriptions of the papers presented are given.
{"title":"XII International Scientific Conference “Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Baikal and Southern Siberia, and Northern China”","authors":"A. Varenov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-153-157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-153-157","url":null,"abstract":"A report on the XII International scientific conference “Ancient Cultures of Mongolia, Baikal and Southern Siberia, and Northern China” held in Irkutsk by Irkutsk State University from September 25 to September 30 2023 is presented. Brief descriptions of the papers presented are given.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"17 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139161510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-23DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-132-142
Е. А. Desnitskaya
Bhartṛhari’s ontological teaching is usually identified with the concept of linguistic Absolute (Śabda-Brahman) and with the three levels of speech. However, in his main opus the ‘Vākyapadīya’, each of these concepts is mentioned only on a single occasion and in a brief manner. It is not a rare case that in different contexts Bhartṛhari considers language a mental construction, or conceptualization (kalpanā or vikalpa). The latter concept was introduced under the influence of Buddhist philosophy. The Buddhists who criticized ontological concepts of Brahmanic schools were Bhartṛhari’s main opponents, so he could appeal to vikalpa in order to avoid their criticism. The ontological status of the Absolute speech in the ‘Vākyapadīya’ remains unclear. Bhartṛhari does not address this question explicitly, however, the discussions on Śabda-Brahman in early Brahmanic works, as well as Somānanda’s critique of the philosophy of the Grammarians expressed in the ‘Śivadṛṣṭi’ give evidence that he did not straight-forwardly identify Brahman ‘endowed with linguistic nature’ (śabdatattva) with the ultimate Absolute (Parabrahman). On the contrary, in his ontological system the Supreme Speech is considered an ‘intermediate’ form of the Absolute. This view derives from the teaching of the ‘two Brahmans’ in the Early Upaniṣads. For Bhartṛhari, the lower Brahman might be the basis of the phenomena, while the ultimate Brahman is transcendent to the phenomenal world. Word or sound (śabda) understood as the essence of the Vedas and a means of concentration of mind belongs to the ‘lower’ Brahman, whereas the ultimate Brahman is devoid of phonic or linguistic characteristics.
{"title":"Linguistic Absolutism in Bhartṛhari’s “Vākyapadīya”","authors":"Е. А. Desnitskaya","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-132-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-132-142","url":null,"abstract":"Bhartṛhari’s ontological teaching is usually identified with the concept of linguistic Absolute (Śabda-Brahman) and with the three levels of speech. However, in his main opus the ‘Vākyapadīya’, each of these concepts is mentioned only on a single occasion and in a brief manner. It is not a rare case that in different contexts Bhartṛhari considers language a mental construction, or conceptualization (kalpanā or vikalpa). The latter concept was introduced under the influence of Buddhist philosophy. The Buddhists who criticized ontological concepts of Brahmanic schools were Bhartṛhari’s main opponents, so he could appeal to vikalpa in order to avoid their criticism. The ontological status of the Absolute speech in the ‘Vākyapadīya’ remains unclear. Bhartṛhari does not address this question explicitly, however, the discussions on Śabda-Brahman in early Brahmanic works, as well as Somānanda’s critique of the philosophy of the Grammarians expressed in the ‘Śivadṛṣṭi’ give evidence that he did not straight-forwardly identify Brahman ‘endowed with linguistic nature’ (śabdatattva) with the ultimate Absolute (Parabrahman). On the contrary, in his ontological system the Supreme Speech is considered an ‘intermediate’ form of the Absolute. This view derives from the teaching of the ‘two Brahmans’ in the Early Upaniṣads. For Bhartṛhari, the lower Brahman might be the basis of the phenomena, while the ultimate Brahman is transcendent to the phenomenal world. Word or sound (śabda) understood as the essence of the Vedas and a means of concentration of mind belongs to the ‘lower’ Brahman, whereas the ultimate Brahman is devoid of phonic or linguistic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"47 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139161919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-46-55
V. E. Shavkunov
In the 5th century AD, mokhe tribes appeared in the Far East and quickly started playing one of the most important roles in the region. The centre of forming mokhe tribes became the land of Northern Woju called Zhigolou (Megolou), which can be translated as “water city” or “river city”. The population of this land can be called “citizens on the rivers”, “river citizens”. Megolou was supposed to be on the northern bank of the Tumen river, on the south-east of the Chinese province Jilin. The ethnonym “Megolou” on one of the dialects of weimo group should be pronounced as “mulgil”, which sounds as “wuji” in Chinese writing. Later “wuji” began to be read as “mokhe”. The process of consolidation of mokhe took almost two centuries. Initially the territory of the Northern Woju, on which the people of weimo and sushen groups lived, became part of the Eastern Fuyu country. In the 4th century, xianbi descendants moved far away to the East, penetrated Fuyu and Koguryo and became neighbours to Eastern Fuyu. In the early 5th century, the territory of Eastern Fuyu was conquered by kogurenian ruler Kwangetho. In 436, Eastern Yan xianbi country was demolished, and part of its population moved to the northern borders of Koguryo. After that, peoples of the weimo group (citizens of Koguryo, Fuyu, Northern Woju), sushen and xianbi peoples found themselves in close proximity on the North and Northern-East of Koguryo. The mixing of those peoples led to the branching out of different territorial groups, which altogether started to be called wuji (mokhe).
{"title":"The Origin of Mokhe According to Chronicle Sources","authors":"V. E. Shavkunov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-46-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-46-55","url":null,"abstract":"In the 5th century AD, mokhe tribes appeared in the Far East and quickly started playing one of the most important roles in the region. The centre of forming mokhe tribes became the land of Northern Woju called Zhigolou (Megolou), which can be translated as “water city” or “river city”. The population of this land can be called “citizens on the rivers”, “river citizens”. Megolou was supposed to be on the northern bank of the Tumen river, on the south-east of the Chinese province Jilin. The ethnonym “Megolou” on one of the dialects of weimo group should be pronounced as “mulgil”, which sounds as “wuji” in Chinese writing. Later “wuji” began to be read as “mokhe”. The process of consolidation of mokhe took almost two centuries. Initially the territory of the Northern Woju, on which the people of weimo and sushen groups lived, became part of the Eastern Fuyu country. In the 4th century, xianbi descendants moved far away to the East, penetrated Fuyu and Koguryo and became neighbours to Eastern Fuyu. In the early 5th century, the territory of Eastern Fuyu was conquered by kogurenian ruler Kwangetho. In 436, Eastern Yan xianbi country was demolished, and part of its population moved to the northern borders of Koguryo. After that, peoples of the weimo group (citizens of Koguryo, Fuyu, Northern Woju), sushen and xianbi peoples found themselves in close proximity on the North and Northern-East of Koguryo. The mixing of those peoples led to the branching out of different territorial groups, which altogether started to be called wuji (mokhe).","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139164575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-22-33
S. Komissarov, A. I. Solovyev
This article presents data on the search and study of settlement complexes of the Dian Kingdom in the areas around Lake Dianchi in the Yunnan Province. Several relatively large settlements were identified, with small satellite villages adjacent to them. Their inhabitants were used as a labour resource for growing grain, collecting freshwater shellfish, processing metals and other economic activities to serve the elite, which indicate the existence of a social hierarchy in the Dian Kingdom. However, the problem of finding political and cultural centres (capitals) remains, since powerful defensive structures, monumental religious and palace buildings, market areas, and craft districts have not yet been discovered in any of the studied settlements. The Hebosuo site, located only 750 m from the richest necropolis of Shizhaishan with the graves of the wang-rulers, is supposed to be the most likely capital centre, since seals’ clay impressions of major officials of the Dian state were found on its territory. Among the unique discoveries is a cemetery of ossuaries with infant burials, which seems to be a special section of the Shizhaishan necropolis. Another candidate for capital status is the Shangxihe site, also located just 1.5 km from the Shizhaishan necropolis. There, during preliminary excavations, 42 house foundations, several hundred utility pits, among other things, as well as a defensive ditch were discovered. Undoubtedly, this is quite a large urban-type settlement, but it also lacks the characteristics of a political and economic centre listed above. There is also no exact information about its planography and chronology. Therefore, the final question of the capital status of this or that settlement can only be resolved in the course of further large-scale excavations
{"title":"On the Problem of Dian Settlements","authors":"S. Komissarov, A. I. Solovyev","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-22-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-22-33","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents data on the search and study of settlement complexes of the Dian Kingdom in the areas around Lake Dianchi in the Yunnan Province. Several relatively large settlements were identified, with small satellite villages adjacent to them. Their inhabitants were used as a labour resource for growing grain, collecting freshwater shellfish, processing metals and other economic activities to serve the elite, which indicate the existence of a social hierarchy in the Dian Kingdom. However, the problem of finding political and cultural centres (capitals) remains, since powerful defensive structures, monumental religious and palace buildings, market areas, and craft districts have not yet been discovered in any of the studied settlements. The Hebosuo site, located only 750 m from the richest necropolis of Shizhaishan with the graves of the wang-rulers, is supposed to be the most likely capital centre, since seals’ clay impressions of major officials of the Dian state were found on its territory. Among the unique discoveries is a cemetery of ossuaries with infant burials, which seems to be a special section of the Shizhaishan necropolis. Another candidate for capital status is the Shangxihe site, also located just 1.5 km from the Shizhaishan necropolis. There, during preliminary excavations, 42 house foundations, several hundred utility pits, among other things, as well as a defensive ditch were discovered. Undoubtedly, this is quite a large urban-type settlement, but it also lacks the characteristics of a political and economic centre listed above. There is also no exact information about its planography and chronology. Therefore, the final question of the capital status of this or that settlement can only be resolved in the course of further large-scale excavations","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":"152 S306","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139165738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-9-21
V. L. Denisenko
The purpose of the article is to conduct a historiographical analysis of the main approaches to the problem of distribution of petroglyphs made in the animal style on the territory of the Upper Indus valley, as well as their cultural and chronological attribution. For the Early Iron Age of the Upper Indus valley, rock carvings are the main archaeological source, since there are very few studied archaeological sites belonging to this period; mostly stray finds are known. It is the animal-style petroglyphs that are an effective tool for detecting migrations. However, the issues related to the establishment of the cultural identity of the images, their dating and the ways of penetration of Central Asian peoples into the Upper Indus Valley are still unresolved. The main conceptual propositions put forward by K. Jettmar, H. Hauptman, A.-P. Frankfort, as well as their followers – L. Bruno, M. Vernier, J. V. Belezza are considered. On the basis of the published materials, sites are distinguished, on which there are images made in the animal style, their geographical location and the main motives of rock carvings are indicated. The result of the study was the assumption that the appearance of animal-style art in the Upper Indus valley is associated with a series of migration waves, both from the west and northeast (Iran, Pamir, Xinjiang) and from the east (Northern China). In the process of the penetration of a new style of rock art, local peculiarities were manifested in each area.
本文的目的是对上印度河流域境内动物石刻分布问题的主要研究方法及其文化和年代归属进行历史学分析。对于上印度河流域的早期铁器时代来说，岩刻是主要的考古资料来源，因为属于这一时期的考古遗址很少；已知的大多是零星发现。动物风格的岩画是发现迁徙的有效工具。然而，与确定这些图像的文化特征、其年代以及中亚民族进入上印度河流域的方式有关的问题仍未得到解决。K. Jettmar、H. Hauptman、A. -P.Frankfort 以及他们的追随者 L. Bruno、M. Vernier、J. V. Belezza 提出的主要概念主张。在已出版资料的基础上，对有动物雕像的遗址进行了区分，并指出了这些遗址的地理位置和岩石雕刻的主要动机。研究结果认为，上印度河流域动物风格艺术的出现与一系列移民潮有关，这些移民潮既有来自西部和东北部（伊朗、帕米尔、新疆）的，也有来自东部（中国北部）的。在新的岩画风格渗透的过程中，每个地区都表现出当地的特色。
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Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-10-34-45
М. A. Stoyakin
The article presents the formation problem of the early Koguryo state’s capital in the early medieval time. This subject has not been a particularly hot issue in Russian historiography. The main Korean and Chinese written and epigraphic sources were considered to resolve this background about the early capital. It categorically said, that in the 1st century BC, Koguryo developed as an established real state with an obligatory element as the capital. At the same time, information about the localization and structure of the early capital is uninformative and convoluted. Therefore, written sources were supplemented by archaeological data on the Wunu mountain city located in the Liaoning province, since in historiography, this site is correlated with the location of the first Koguryo capital. According to its characteristics, it represents a sparsely populated fortified settlement located in a hard-to-reach mountain valley on top of a high mountain. Different locations of the surrounding area are considered as the location of the valley settlement (including Xiàgǔchéngzi plain city). Several early Koguryo cemeteries were located in the neighbourhood. The Koguryo state system was finally organized only after several centuries, thus, the location indicated in written resources as the early capital, should be attributed as the leaders' military centre of the early Koguryo population group.
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