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Barsova Gora I/23 Settlement of the Beloyarskaya Culture: Technology and Morphology of Ceramics 巴索娃戈拉 I/23 号贝洛亚尔斯卡娅文化定居点:陶瓷的技术和形态
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-74-85
D. V. Selin, Y. Chemyakin
Purpose. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 1st millennium B.C. in the Surgut Ob region, the beloyarskaya culture was formed based on the preceding cultures of the Late Bronze Age – the barsovskaya and atlymskaya cultures, and as a result of their interaction. The technical and technological analysis of Beloyarskaya culture ceramics from the Barsova Gora I/23 settlement, including a fragment of a wall with an anthropomorphic image on it, was carried out.Results. The vessels were created using tin clay of low-sanded clay. The product with an anthropomorphic image is made of another clay selected from the river or floodplain. One recipe is defined for pottery of the beloyarskaya culture – Clay + Chamot + Organic solution. The product with an anthropomorphic image is made according to a different recipe – Clay + Broken stone. The anthropomorphic image on the vessel outer surface was made using a tool with a sharpened edge. It is determined that the anthropomorphic image was made on wet clay, after which the vessel was fired. This confirms the simultaneous creation of the vessel and its decoration with an anthropomorphic image. The stratigraphic and planning data allows us to synchronize the complex of ceramics of the beloyarskaya culture and the vessel with an anthropomorphic image on it, as all the analyzed ceramics was found inside one dwelling 1.Conclusion. The vessel with an anthropomorphic image differs from other ceramics from the Barsova Gora I/23 settlement in its appearance and technology. This indicates that this vessel was made according to the pottery tradition uncharacteristic for the settlement of Barsova Gora I/23. Perhaps this vessel got there in the course of interaction with another population group of the beloyarskaya culture.
目的公元前一千年第二季度初,在苏尔古特鄂毕河地区,贝洛亚尔斯卡娅文化在青铜时代晚期的前一文化--巴索夫斯卡娅文化和阿特里姆斯卡娅文化--的基础上形成,并且是它们相互作用的结果。我们对巴尔索瓦戈拉 I/23 聚居区出土的贝洛亚尔斯卡亚文化陶瓷(包括一块刻有拟人图像的墙壁碎片)进行了技术和工艺分析。这些器皿是用低砂粘土中的锡粘土制作的。带有拟人图像的产品是用从河流或冲积平原上挑选的另一种粘土制作的。贝洛亚尔文化陶器的配方是:粘土 + Chamot + 有机溶液。带有拟人图像的产品则根据不同的配方制作--粘土+碎石。器皿外表面的拟人图像是用边缘磨尖的工具制作的。可以确定,拟人图像是在湿粘土上制作的,然后将器皿烧制。这证实了该器皿的制作与拟人图像的装饰是同时进行的。根据地层和规划数据,我们可以将贝洛亚尔斯卡娅文化的陶器群和带有拟人图像的器皿同步起来,因为所有分析过的陶器都是在一个住所 1.结论中发现的。带有拟人图像的器皿在外观和工艺上都不同于巴尔索瓦戈拉 I/23 聚居区的其他陶器。这表明,这件器皿是按照巴索瓦戈拉 I/23 聚居地特有的制陶传统制作的。也许这个器皿是在与 Beloyarskaya 文化的另一个居民群互动的过程中出现的。
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引用次数: 0
Pre-Turkic Burial in the Northern Altai: Cultural and Chronological Interpretation 北阿尔泰的前突厥人墓葬:文化与年代解读
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-86-97
N. Seregin, A. Tishkin, S. Matrenin, T. Parshikova
Purpose. One of the problems in the archeology of Altai of the Great Migration period remains the chronology of funerary sites. The article concerns the materials of one of representative burials of the Choburak-I necropolis in the Northern Altai, demonstrating the wide possibilities of research in this direction.Methods and Results. A man of 25–30 years old was buried in the grave of barrow № 38. The key features of the object are a small mound with a crepe, the western orientation of the deceased person, as well as the burial of a horse «at the feet» of the man. The accompanying inventory included numerous weapons, tools, equipment for a man and a horse. The analysis of the finds testifies to the period of the construction of mound № 38 not earlier than the middle of the 4th century AD. The results of radiocarbon dating were obtained, which supplement this information and indicate the upper chronological boundary no later than the beginning of the 5th century AD.Conclusion. The correlation of the available data makes it possible to determine the chronology of mound no. 38 with-in the middle – second half of the 4th century AD. The recorded characteristics of the funeral rite indicate that this object belongs to the Dialyan tradition of ritual practice of the Bulan-Koby culture. The set of items found with the de-ceased man testifies to his high status in the nomadic society during his lifetime.
目的。大迁徙时期阿尔泰考古学的问题之一仍然是墓葬遗址的年代学。本文涉及北阿尔泰乔布拉克一世(Choburak-I)墓地的一个代表性墓葬的材料,展示了在这一方向进行研究的广泛可能性。一名 25-30 岁的男子被埋葬在第 38 号墓穴中。该文物的主要特征是一个带有褶皱的小土丘、死者的西方朝向以及埋葬在该男子 "脚下 "的一匹马。随葬品包括大量武器、工具、人和马的装备。对这些发现的分析表明,№38 号土墩的建造年代不早于公元 4 世纪中叶。放射性碳年代测定的结果补充了这一信息,并表明年代上限不晚于公元 5 世纪初。根据现有数据的相关性,可以确定第 38 号土墩的年代为公元中-下半叶。38 号土墩的年代在公元 4 世纪中后期。所记录的葬礼仪式特征表明,该物品属于布兰-科比文化的迪亚兰仪式传统。与死者一起发现的一系列物品证明了他生前在游牧社会中的崇高地位。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of the Aboveground Part of the Tyn Walls of the Fortifications in the Russian State in Siberia and the Far East in Late 16th – Early 17th Century 16 世纪末至 17 世纪初俄罗斯国家在西伯利亚和远东地区修建防御工事城墙的地上部分
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-111-121
S. Gorokhov
Purpose. The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, was to reconstruct the structure of the above-ground part of the tyn walls, to clarify the variability of individual parameters and their relationship with the geographical location of the fortification, its military-administrative status, and other characteristics.Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that modern ideas of the design of the aboveground part of the tyn wall correspond to those of more than 150 years ago. Our research made it possible to correct the current situation and form a generalized idea of the characteristics of the aboveground part of the tyn walls in Siberia and the Far East. In particular, it was found that 1) the tyn construction on and in the rampart was untypical for the Trans-Urals; 2) there was a certain standard for the height of the ostrog walls; 3) the tyn height was its main characteristic, which determined the defense capability of the entire object; 4) the tyn height was determined by the military-administrative status of the fortification and/or the military-political situation at the time of its construction; 5) the tyn thickness was not essential for defense capability, therefore, in particular, walls of half-logs were erected; 6) the tyn thickness in large military-administrative centers was greater than in ordinary ostrogs; 7) there were conditions under which it was advisable to erect a tyn wall of half-logs; 8) weapon ports were made in one tyn and had a vertically elongated shape; 9) there were tyn walls made of logs placed with gaps between them (sparse tyn); 10) the sparse tyn was used on those sections of the walls that did not have a platform, were non-rectilinear, and/or did not have towers.Conclusions. The study established that in late 16th – early 17th centuries there were tyn walls of various designs. The wall structure depended on a large number of anthropogenic, social, and natural factors.
研究目的本文介绍的研究成果旨在重建泰恩城墙地上部分的结构,明确各个参数的变化及其与防御工事地理位置、军事行政地位和其他特征的关系。研究结果表明,泰恩城墙地上部分的现代设计理念与 150 多年前的设计理念是一致的。我们的研究纠正了这一现状,并形成了关于西伯利亚和远东地区泰恩墙地上部分特征的总体概念。特别是,我们发现:1)城墙上和城墙内的土墙建筑在外乌拉尔是不典型的;2)奥斯特罗格城墙的高度有一定的标准;3)土墙高度是其主要特征,它决定了整个物体的防御能力;4)土墙高度由防御工事的军事行政地位和/或建造时的军事政治局势决定;5)土墙厚度对防御能力并不重要,因此,特别是建造了半木头墙;6)大型军事行政中心的土墙厚度大于普通奥斯特罗格的厚度;7)在某些情况下,最好建造半原木土墙;8)武器口用一个土墙建造,呈垂直拉长形状;9)有些土墙是用原木建造的,原木之间留有空隙(稀疏土墙);10)稀疏土墙用于没有平台、非直线和/或没有塔楼的墙体部分。结论研究表明,在 16 世纪末 17 世纪初,有各种设计的 tyn 墙。城墙结构取决于大量人为、社会和自然因素。
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引用次数: 0
About the Settlement of the City of Ufa-II: To the 70th Anniversary of Scientific Research 关于乌法市定居点II:纪念科学研究70周年
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-98-110
A. S. Protsenko, F. Safuanov
Purpose. The settlement of Ufa-II is a reference monument of the early Middle Ages of the Southern Urals. The work introduces the latest materials from the site into academic discourse.Results. The obtained materials complement the picture of the development of the immediate surroundings of the Ufa-II settlement. The thickness of the cultural layer in the study area was more than 1 m, which suggests that the site had been in operation for quite a long time. Data on the archaeozoological collection and the results of a morphological and chemical-analytical study of the soil cover are presented. The osteological material is highly fragmented, it bears traces of cuts and appears to be kitchen remains. The species composition is represented by 4 domestic animal species. The cultural layer in its chemical composition is characterized by an increased content of gross phosphorus, and the content of humus, total nitrogen, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium corresponds to background natural soils. The total thickness of the cultural layer of the monument in this profile is an average of 110 cm. The overlying layers were formed at a later time.Conclusion. The studies made it possible to establish the presence and thickness of the cultural layer. The obtained materials indicate that in the early Middle Ages, the area around the citadel of the settlement was actively developed by the tribes of the Bakhmutin and Turbaslin archaeological culture in the period of the 5th – 7th / 8th centuries.
目的乌法-II 号定居点是南乌拉尔地区中世纪早期的代表性遗迹。该作品将该遗址的最新材料引入学术讨论。所获得的材料补充了乌法二世定居点周边环境的发展情况。研究区域的文化层厚度超过 1 米,这表明该遗址已经存在了相当长的时间。本文介绍了考古动物学采集数据以及土壤覆盖层的形态和化学分析研究结果。骨质材料非常零碎,有切割痕迹,似乎是厨房遗骸。物种构成以 4 种家畜为代表。文化层化学成分的特点是总磷含量增加,腐殖质、全氮、移动形式的磷和钾的含量与背景自然土壤一致。该剖面中纪念碑文化层的总厚度平均为 110 厘米。结论。通过研究可以确定文化层的存在和厚度。获得的材料表明,在中世纪早期,巴赫穆丁和图尔巴斯林考古学文化部落在 5-7/8 世纪期间积极开发了定居点城堡周围地区。
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引用次数: 0
Paleolithic Nguom Culture of Northern Vietnam 越南北部旧石器时代的恩贡文化
Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-62-73
A. Kandyba, Khac Su Nguyen, A. Chekha, Gia Doi Nguyen
Purpose. In North Vietnam, the Nguomian culture has been distinguished, which is characterized by the predominance of flake tools in the techno-typological complex. This industry dates back to the second half of the Upper Pleistocene, preceding the previously identified Sonvian and Hoabinhian. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and typological characteristics of one of the key monuments of the Nguom industry – the Nguom Rockshelter. For this purpose, a technical and typological analysis of the collection of stone products obtained as a result of excavations in 1981–1982 was carried out.Results. In 2023, 4 589 artifacts of the Nguom Rockshelter were processed, of which 2 437 items were medium and small flakes and 1 284 fragments. The primary splitting of archaeological material is dominated by parallel cores (35 specimens), there are variants of unsystematic (12 specimens) and radial (8 specimens) cores, many core-like fragments (121 specimens). The tool set is represented by a large number of side-scrapers made of flakes and pebbles (22 specimens), retouched flakes with ventral undercut (43 specimens), choppers (25 specimens), adze-shaped objects (6 specimens), and fragmented axes (9 specimens), notched tools (5 copies). There are 25 punctures, 9 checks. Notched tools were mentioned earlier, but a group of artifacts (9 specimens) made of medium flakes should be separately distinguished. The number of single side scrapers is 10 pieces. Of interest is the category of rectangular scrapers with retouching on ¾ of the perimeter, numbering six objects. A series of oval scrapers (10 specimens) is close in shape. End and double scrapers have 52 items. The stone industry of the Nguom Rockshelter can be defined as a flake industry with medium and small tools.Conclusion. In the Late Paleolithic in southern China and Vietnam, both pebble and flake industries coexisted. As in Vietnam, flake complexes are sporadic in South China. These sites are characterized by a large number of tools made of small and medium flakes, simple parallel splitting without preliminary preparation, and the predominance of scrapers in the tool set. The manifestation of the Nguom culture can presumably be considered as a result of the mixing of the alien population in the territory of Southern China and Northern Vietnam with the local original culture in the late Pleistocene.
目的在越南北部,人们发现了 Nguomian 文化,其特点是在技术类型复合体中以片状工具为主。这一产业可以追溯到上更新世的后半期,早于之前确定的松湾文化和河边文化。本研究的目的是确定恩古姆工业的主要遗迹之一--恩古姆岩石庇护所--的技术和类型特征。为此,对 1981-1982 年发掘获得的石制品藏品进行了技术和类型分析。2023 年,对恩古姆岩石栖息地的 4 589 件文物进行了处理,其中 2 437 件为中小型石片,1 284 件为碎片。考古材料的主要裂片以平行的陶芯(35 个标本)为主,还有非系统陶芯(12 个标本)和径向陶芯(8 个标本)的变体,以及许多类似陶芯的碎片(121 个标本)。在工具组合方面,有大量由薄片和卵石制成的侧刮器(22 件标本)、带腹部下切的修饰薄片(43 件标本)、砍刀(25 件标本)、锛形器(6 件标本)、碎斧(9 件标本)和带缺口的工具(5 件复制品)。穿孔器 25 件,检查器 9 件。前文提到了有缺口的工具,但由中等薄片制成的一组器物(9 件标本)应单独区分。单面刮削器的数量为 10 件。值得关注的是周长 1/4 处有修饰的长方形刮削器,共有 6 件。椭圆形刮削器系列(10 件标本)在形状上很接近。端刮削器和双刮削器共有 52 件。恩古姆岩石栖息地的石器工业可定义为以中小型工具为主的薄片石器工业。在中国南方和越南的旧石器时代晚期,卵石业和薄片业并存。与越南一样,华南地区也有零星的薄片建筑群。这些遗址的特点是:大量使用中小型薄片制作的工具,简单的平行劈裂,不需要预先准备,工具组合以刮削器为主。恩贡文化的出现可以认为是更新世晚期华南和越南北部地区外来人口与当地原始文化混合的结果。
{"title":"Paleolithic Nguom Culture of Northern Vietnam","authors":"A. Kandyba, Khac Su Nguyen, A. Chekha, Gia Doi Nguyen","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-62-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-62-73","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. In North Vietnam, the Nguomian culture has been distinguished, which is characterized by the predominance of flake tools in the techno-typological complex. This industry dates back to the second half of the Upper Pleistocene, preceding the previously identified Sonvian and Hoabinhian. The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and typological characteristics of one of the key monuments of the Nguom industry – the Nguom Rockshelter. For this purpose, a technical and typological analysis of the collection of stone products obtained as a result of excavations in 1981–1982 was carried out.Results. In 2023, 4 589 artifacts of the Nguom Rockshelter were processed, of which 2 437 items were medium and small flakes and 1 284 fragments. The primary splitting of archaeological material is dominated by parallel cores (35 specimens), there are variants of unsystematic (12 specimens) and radial (8 specimens) cores, many core-like fragments (121 specimens). The tool set is represented by a large number of side-scrapers made of flakes and pebbles (22 specimens), retouched flakes with ventral undercut (43 specimens), choppers (25 specimens), adze-shaped objects (6 specimens), and fragmented axes (9 specimens), notched tools (5 copies). There are 25 punctures, 9 checks. Notched tools were mentioned earlier, but a group of artifacts (9 specimens) made of medium flakes should be separately distinguished. The number of single side scrapers is 10 pieces. Of interest is the category of rectangular scrapers with retouching on ¾ of the perimeter, numbering six objects. A series of oval scrapers (10 specimens) is close in shape. End and double scrapers have 52 items. The stone industry of the Nguom Rockshelter can be defined as a flake industry with medium and small tools.Conclusion. In the Late Paleolithic in southern China and Vietnam, both pebble and flake industries coexisted. As in Vietnam, flake complexes are sporadic in South China. These sites are characterized by a large number of tools made of small and medium flakes, simple parallel splitting without preliminary preparation, and the predominance of scrapers in the tool set. The manifestation of the Nguom culture can presumably be considered as a result of the mixing of the alien population in the territory of Southern China and Northern Vietnam with the local original culture in the late Pleistocene.","PeriodicalId":508489,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
History of the Study of Images on Stones from the Tagar Culture Mounds 塔加尔文化石墩上图像的研究历史
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-34-46
O. O. Shishkinа
The author identified the stages of studying the images on the plates form the Tagar burial mounds in the Minusinsk basin. 1. 18th – mid 19th century: accumulation of the first knowledge about petroglyphs during academic expeditions (D. G. Messerschmidt, G. F. Miller, etc.). 2. 1860s–1950s: study of the Tagar mounds and documentation of images on their constructions (D. A. Klements, I. R. Aspelin, A. V. Adrianov, S. V. Kiselev, etc.). 3. 1960s–1980s: episodic mentions during rescue archaeological excavations (M. P. Gryaznov, M. N. Pshenitsyna, N. A. Bokovenko) and purposeful research (T. V. Nikolayeva, D. G. Savinov). 4. 1990s–2020s: complex analysis of petroglyphs on the stones from the Tagar mounds (E. A. Miklashevich, A. N. Mukhareva, O. S. Sovetova, etc.). Currently, a set of approaches to identifying and documenting petroglyphs on the stones from the Tagar mounds has been developed.
作者确定了研究米努辛斯克盆地塔加尔坟冢石板上图像的几个阶段。1. 18 世纪至 19 世纪中期:在学术考察中积累了有关岩画的初步知识(D. G. Messerschmidt、G. F. Miller 等)。2. 19 世纪 60 年代至 50 年代:对塔加尔土墩进行研究并记录其构造图像(D. A. Klements、I. R. Aspelin、A. V. Adrianov、S. V. Kiselev 等)。3. 20 世纪 60-80 年代:在抢救性考古发掘期间的偶然提及(M. P. Gryaznov、M. N. Pshenitsyna、N. A. Bokovenko)和有目的的研究(T. V. Nikolayeva、D. G. Savinov)。4.20 世纪 90 年代至 20 世纪 20 年代:对塔加尔土墩石头上的岩画进行综合分析(E. A. Miklashevich、A. N. Mukhareva、O. S. Sovetova 等)。目前,已经形成了一套识别和记录塔加尔土墩石上岩画的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Tacheometric Survey and 3D-Model Building of Fortification Objects in the South of Western Siberia 西西伯利亚南部防御工事的测绘与 3D 模型构建
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-9-21
A. Borodovsky, R. Davydov
Purpose. The most objective planigraphy of the earthen fortifications is one of the initial conditions for the reliability of the description of these objects and the subsequent analysis of their defensive capabilities. One of the most common devices for the instrumental surveys in modern archaeological research is a total station. The purpose of the tacheometric survey was to build 3D-models of the earthern fortifications of various types (cape settlements – Chultukov Log-9, ostrogs and redoubts (Umrevinsky, Salt Turn). The work at these objects included two stages – an instrumental survey of the monument and subsequent processing of the survey results with the 3D-models buildings and objects indication.Results. The tacheometric survey was carried out in various landscape zones (the Altai mountains, the northern forest-steppe of the Upper Ob, the steppe zone of the Middle Irtysh) within the river valleys of the Katun, Ob and Irtysh. The wide chronological framework of the sites (the Chultukov Log-9 settlement, the Umrevinsky ostrog, the Salt Turn redoubt) corresponds to the period from the beginning of the 1st millennium AD up to the first quarter of the 18th century and provide an opportunity for the most objective assessment of the tacheometric survey results.Conclusions. The result of the work was the building of the 3D-models of various earthen fortification objects (hillforts, ostrogs, redoubts). Both previously untraceable defensive structures (ditch), and the characteristics of the fenced areas of these structures, previously recorded in written sources, have been identified.
目的。对土质防御工事进行最客观的平面测绘,是可靠描述这些工事以及随后分析其防御能力的初始条件之一。全站仪是现代考古研究中最常用的仪器测量设备之一。全站仪测量的目的是建立各种类型的地面防御工事的三维模型(海角定居点--丘尔图科夫 Log-9、ostrogs 和红碉堡(Umrevinsky,Salt Turn))。在这些地点的工作包括两个阶段--对古迹进行仪器勘测,以及随后根据建筑物和物体指示的 3D 模型对勘测结果进行处理。测量学调查是在卡顿河、鄂毕河和额尔齐斯河流域的不同地貌区(阿尔泰山、上鄂毕河北部森林草原、中额尔齐斯河草原)进行的。这些遗址(Chultukov Log-9 定居点、Umrevinsky ostrog、Salt Turn redoubt)的年代框架宽泛,对应从公元 1 世纪初到 18 世纪第一季度的时期,为最客观地评估测绘结果提供了机会。这项工作的成果是建立了各种土质防御工事(山堡、碉堡、红岗)的三维模型。以前无法追踪的防御结构(壕沟)和这些结构围栏区域的特征(以前曾有文字记载)均已确定。
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引用次数: 0
The Corraded Assemblage of the «Classic» Malta (Based on the Analysis of the Kunstkamera Collections) "经典 "马耳他的拼合(基于对 Kunstkamera 藏品的分析)
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-47-61
A. M. Kuznetsov, D. N. Molchanov
The research revision of materials from the 1932 and 1934 collections of the world-famous geoarchaeological site Malta, stored in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg), was carried out in the spring of 2023. The purpose of the analysis was to identify lithic artifacts with marks of Aeolian corrasion as part of the study of the corraded industries of the Angara-Belsk geoarchaeological district of South Angara. As a results, 3 663 artifacts were examined, among them 71 corraded items were identified. The results present the corraded component of Malta's lithic industry practically does not differ from the «classical» cultural layers by technical, typological and petrographic features. But unique type of the point with ventral base thinning has no analogue in «classic» assemblage. And if previously these artifacts were interpreted in a regional context as cultural markers of the Initial Upper Paleolithic, now it is proposed to consider them as an element of the Gravett (?) technocomplex in Malta and one more proof of European-Siberian cultural link in author's opinion.
2023 年春,对世界著名地质考古遗址马耳他 1932 年和 1934 年收藏的材料进行了研究修订,这些材料保存在 Kunstkamera(圣彼得堡)。分析的目的是鉴定带有埃奥利磨蚀痕迹的石器,作为南安加拉-贝尔茨克地质考古区磨蚀工业研究的一部分。结果,对 3 663 件文物进行了检查,其中 71 件锈蚀文物被鉴定出来。研究结果表明,马耳他石器工业中的钝化部分在技术、类型学和岩石学特征上与 "经典 "文化层几乎没有区别。但腹底变薄的独特类型的点在 "经典 "集合中没有类似的。如果说以前这些文物被解释为地区性的旧石器时代初期上层的文化标志,那么现在则建议将其视为马耳他格拉维特(?)技术复合体的一个元素,作者认为这也是欧洲与西伯利亚文化联系的又一个证明。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Traceological Research on Drilling Solid Minerals 钻探固体矿物的痕迹学实验研究
Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-3-22-33
O. Mitko, K. S. Burashnikova, E. V. Gubenko
Purpose. In archaeological sites of the Early Iron Age and the Hunno-Sarmatian period, there are very similar bead sets, among which carnelian products stand out. Carnelian has a high hardness coefficient and its drilling, even with modern tools, it is extremely technological and time-consuming. The important detail of the drilling process is the configuration of the cutting part of the tool, which leaves specific traces on the stone. In order to reconstruct this main operation, we conducted a series of experimental traceological studies, including the study of traces on the walls of the channels of beads from archaeological sites and on the channels of experimental samples.Results. In one series, six experiments were conducted using six drills made of copper rod. As a result of the research drills with rounded cylindrical and tubular shapes left similar traces fixed on artifacts. It is worth noting that according to written sources, carnelian was drilled using diamond as an abrasive. Experimental work has shown that carnelian can also be processed and drilled with corundum.Conclusion. Each technological operation is associated with the practical experience and knowledge of the properties of the mineral, in particular its crystal structure. The process of making beads from such hard stones as carnelian, agate, quartz, jasper, turquoise is one of the most labor-intensive and time-consuming. The craftsmen had to know the properties of the material they were working with as well as it was necessary for the minimum set of tools, consisting of a drill, reamer, tools for grinding and, polishing and various types of abrasives. Despite the complexity of their production, stone beads were intended for trade and exchange operations belong to the mass production of ancient stone-cutting workshops. Obviously, this was due to the high consumer demand for the jewelry they made.
目的。在早期铁器时代和匈奴-萨尔马特时期的考古遗址中,有一些非常相似的珠子,其中红玉髓制品最为突出。红玉髓的硬度系数很高,即使使用现代工具,其钻孔工作也非常耗费技术和时间。钻孔过程的重要细节是工具切割部分的构造,它会在宝石上留下特定的痕迹。为了重建这一主要操作,我们进行了一系列痕迹学实验研究,包括研究考古遗址中珠子槽壁上的痕迹和实验样本槽壁上的痕迹。在一个系列中,使用 6 个铜棒钻头进行了 6 次实验。研究结果表明,圆柱形和管状钻头在文物上留下了类似的固定痕迹。值得注意的是,根据书面资料,红玉髓是用金刚石作为磨料钻孔的。实验工作表明,红玉髓也可以用刚玉进行加工和钻孔。每项技术操作都与实践经验和对矿物特性的了解有关,特别是其晶体结构。用红玛瑙、玛瑙、石英、碧玉、绿松石等坚硬的石头制作珠子是最耗费人力和时间的工序之一。工匠们必须了解他们所使用的材料的特性,还需要一套最基本的工具,包括钻头、铰刀、打磨和抛光工具以及各种磨料。尽管石珠的制作十分复杂,但它们是用于贸易和交换的,属于古代石雕作坊的大规模生产。很明显,这是由于消费者对他们制作的首饰有很高的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Proper Name in the Context of Precedent Theory 先例理论背景下的专有名称
Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-2-31-38
E. Pozdnyakova
Purpose. The article reviews the proper name from the point of the modern theory of precedent. The usage of precedent phenomena in the creation of ergonyms can be explained by the fact that these units have a large information capacity, often there is a whole text and a corresponding set of associations behind one proper name. Any proper name could potentially have a precedent quality, however the direction of the movement can be different – from the precedent text to a proper name, or from the proper name to a text. The existance of this precedent quality in onyms can be explained by the involvement of the name in the interpretative activity of the addressee. The name acquires in the process of its “real” life stable signs and qualities, which are later assigned to it as components of its meaning.Results. Three main groups of ergonyms based on precedent phenomena were identified in the analyzed material. There are onyms based on precedent names, precedent statements and precedent texts.Conclusion. The analysis showed that the quality of precedent can be manifested in onym in various levels: international, national-cultural, socio-cultural and subjective. The international level is especially important for the functioning of proper names.
目的。本文从现代先例理论的角度对专名进行了评述。使用先例现象来创造二字地名的原因是,这些单位具有很大的信息容量,一个专名背后往往有整个文本和一系列相应的联想。任何专有名词都可能具有先例性,但其运动方向可能不同--从先例文本到专有名词,或从专有名词到文本。这种先例性在本名中的存在可以用本名参与收信人的解释活动来解释。名称在其 "真实 "生活过程中获得了稳定的符号和特质,这些符号和特质后来作为其意义的组成部分被赋予名称。在分析的材料中发现了三大类以先例现象为基础的地名。结论。分析表明,先例的质量可以在不同层面上体现在词语中:国际层面、国家文化层面、社会文化层面和主观层面。国际层面对专名的运作尤为重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology
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