Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004
I. Tanshi, Benneth C. Obitte, A. Monadjem, T. Kingston
Knowledge of Afrotropical bat diversity is hindered by hidden diversity because of inefficient sampling techniques, limited survey effort, and taxonomic description. With 90 bat species recorded, Nigeria supports almost a third of the bat diversity known to occur in Africa, yet the country remains relatively under-sampled. Southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are predicted to be the largest of six bat diversity hotspots in Africa, with the Cameroonian side receiving more sampling effort. This area is also recognized to support hyperdiverse mammalian assemblages and endemic species. Notwithstanding, two major protected areas on the Nigerian part of this bat diversity hotspot were hitherto not sampled, raising the likelihood of discovering new country records in these conservation priority forests. We conducted an intensive survey using harp traps and mist nets in forests of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary and Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division). We also recorded echolocation calls of captured individuals to create the first in-country call library. We captured 36 bat species of which 10 are new country records raising the number of bat species known from Nigeria to 100. Harp trap captures represented 99% of forest understory bats sampled with 15 out of 18 species caught exclusively in traps. Rarefaction curves of captures suggest near-complete sampling with harp traps but incomplete sampling with mist nets. Eight of the 10 new country records were captured exclusively in harp traps, demonstrating the value of contemporary techniques for frequently missed species — here referred to as methodological blind-spot diversity. We report the re-identification of two museum specimens that were previously identified as Rhinolophus hillorum (R. cf. hillorum) and Miniopterus inflatus (M. villiersi) thus, our captures of the true forms confirm the presence of both species in Nigeria for the first time. We also provide noteworthy taxonomic comments on other species. To improve the efficiency of future Afrotropical bat surveys we recommend the deployment of complementary trapping techniques in identified diversity hotspots, especially sites that have been under-sampled.
{"title":"Hidden Afrotropical Bat Diversity in Nigeria: Ten New Country Records from a Biodiversity Hotspot","authors":"I. Tanshi, Benneth C. Obitte, A. Monadjem, T. Kingston","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.004","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge of Afrotropical bat diversity is hindered by hidden diversity because of inefficient sampling techniques, limited survey effort, and taxonomic description. With 90 bat species recorded, Nigeria supports almost a third of the bat diversity known to occur in Africa, yet the country remains relatively under-sampled. Southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are predicted to be the largest of six bat diversity hotspots in Africa, with the Cameroonian side receiving more sampling effort. This area is also recognized to support hyperdiverse mammalian assemblages and endemic species. Notwithstanding, two major protected areas on the Nigerian part of this bat diversity hotspot were hitherto not sampled, raising the likelihood of discovering new country records in these conservation priority forests. We conducted an intensive survey using harp traps and mist nets in forests of Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary and Cross River National Park (Okwangwo Division). We also recorded echolocation calls of captured individuals to create the first in-country call library. We captured 36 bat species of which 10 are new country records raising the number of bat species known from Nigeria to 100. Harp trap captures represented 99% of forest understory bats sampled with 15 out of 18 species caught exclusively in traps. Rarefaction curves of captures suggest near-complete sampling with harp traps but incomplete sampling with mist nets. Eight of the 10 new country records were captured exclusively in harp traps, demonstrating the value of contemporary techniques for frequently missed species — here referred to as methodological blind-spot diversity. We report the re-identification of two museum specimens that were previously identified as Rhinolophus hillorum (R. cf. hillorum) and Miniopterus inflatus (M. villiersi) thus, our captures of the true forms confirm the presence of both species in Nigeria for the first time. We also provide noteworthy taxonomic comments on other species. To improve the efficiency of future Afrotropical bat surveys we recommend the deployment of complementary trapping techniques in identified diversity hotspots, especially sites that have been under-sampled.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"313 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45892075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007
Daniel Ramos-H, Marta Williams, R. Medellín
The western Amazon is characterized by a shortage of available minerals. Chemical analysis of food items and feces of frugivorous bats has shown that they may experience inadequate mineral intake. Assessing the inter-taxon and seasonal variations in mineral loads of wild frugivorous bats may help determine the mineral constraints in their diets. Our sampling was based on bats from the genus Carollia (n = 19 specimens) and the tribe Stenodermatini (n = 20; mainly genera Platyrrhinus and Artibeus) from highland tropical forests in Peru collected during the dry and wet seasons throughout a year. We analyzed the total concentrations of eight minerals in combined samples of liver and spleen for each bat, and compared concentrations between taxa and seasons. Our findings regarding manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were generally consistent with those reported in the literature, while the sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations would be the first reported in bats. We observed higher mineral concentrations in Carollia than in Stenodermatini bats, which may be linked with differences in their dietary preferences and inherent physiological characteristics. Seasonal mineral variations of frugivorous bats reported here were associated with temporal differences in the food items consumed and availability of mineral licks. Given that bats we studied come from a mineral-limited ecosystem, we suggest that Stenodermatini bats may face greater dietary limitations for sodium and potassium, and that frugivorous bats may exhibit seasonal constraints for copper and calcium. Recognition of potentially limited minerals, coupled with future studies on plant products that contain them, would be useful in the restoration programs for highland forests, which is one of the most threatened ecosystems in the Neotropics.
{"title":"Inter-Taxon and Seasonal Variations of Mineral Concentrations in Soft Tissues of Frugivorous Phyllostomid Bats in a Mineral-Limited Ecosystem","authors":"Daniel Ramos-H, Marta Williams, R. Medellín","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.007","url":null,"abstract":"The western Amazon is characterized by a shortage of available minerals. Chemical analysis of food items and feces of frugivorous bats has shown that they may experience inadequate mineral intake. Assessing the inter-taxon and seasonal variations in mineral loads of wild frugivorous bats may help determine the mineral constraints in their diets. Our sampling was based on bats from the genus Carollia (n = 19 specimens) and the tribe Stenodermatini (n = 20; mainly genera Platyrrhinus and Artibeus) from highland tropical forests in Peru collected during the dry and wet seasons throughout a year. We analyzed the total concentrations of eight minerals in combined samples of liver and spleen for each bat, and compared concentrations between taxa and seasons. Our findings regarding manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium concentrations were generally consistent with those reported in the literature, while the sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations would be the first reported in bats. We observed higher mineral concentrations in Carollia than in Stenodermatini bats, which may be linked with differences in their dietary preferences and inherent physiological characteristics. Seasonal mineral variations of frugivorous bats reported here were associated with temporal differences in the food items consumed and availability of mineral licks. Given that bats we studied come from a mineral-limited ecosystem, we suggest that Stenodermatini bats may face greater dietary limitations for sodium and potassium, and that frugivorous bats may exhibit seasonal constraints for copper and calcium. Recognition of potentially limited minerals, coupled with future studies on plant products that contain them, would be useful in the restoration programs for highland forests, which is one of the most threatened ecosystems in the Neotropics.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"377 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41574887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017
G. Appel, U. D. Capaverde, Leonardo Queiroz de Oliveira, Lucas G. do Amaral Pereira, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, A. López‐Baucells, W. Magnusson, F. Baccaro, P. E. Bobrowiec
Mist nets set at ground level is the traditional method of surveying bats and in the Amazon, almost half of the bat surveys used this methodology. The sole use of ground-level mist nets biases surveys because of the lack of records of aerial insectivorous bats, which forage above the canopy or in other open areas. Canopy mist nets, roost searches and acoustic surveys are methods to survey bat assemblages, but their efficiency compared to ground-level mist nets has not been fully evaluated in the Amazon, the world's largest tropical rainforest. Here, we test how the complementarity of sampling methods contributes to the number of species recorded in bat surveys in the Amazonian rainforest. We simultaneously sampled bats using ground mist nets and ultrasonic recorders at the Ducke Reserve (Central Amazon) in Brazil and did a literature review of bat surveys conducted in the Amazon to assess how these methods have been used in field research during the recent decades. Forty-three bat species were identified using ground mist nets, and seventeen species and five acoustic sonotypes were identified using ultrasonic recorders in Ducke Reserve. The combination of ground mist nets and acoustic recorders registered the largest number of bat species. However, for phyllostomid species the sole use of mist nets was efficient in recording the highest number of species, whereas for aerial insectivores acoustic surveys was the most effective. Of the 54 bat surveys made in the Amazon, 27 localities used complementary methods: roost search, canopy mist nets, harp traps and acoustic surveys. The combination of ground and canopy nets, and ground nets with roost search did not record more phyllostomid bat species than the use of ground nets alone. However, the sole use of acoustic surveys recorded more aerial insectivorous species than any other combination of sampling methods. Using mist nets and acoustic surveys simultaneously, as in our study, results in a dramatic increase in species diversity and different guilds than using only mist nets in the Amazon. Canopy nets and roost search did not increase the total number of species or the number of phyllostomid species in bat surveys. By combining different survey methodologies, we can optimize the recorded diversity of bats, especially using both mist nets and acoustic monitoring.
{"title":"Use of Complementary Methods to Sample Bats in the Amazon","authors":"G. Appel, U. D. Capaverde, Leonardo Queiroz de Oliveira, Lucas G. do Amaral Pereira, Valéria da Cunha Tavares, A. López‐Baucells, W. Magnusson, F. Baccaro, P. E. Bobrowiec","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.017","url":null,"abstract":"Mist nets set at ground level is the traditional method of surveying bats and in the Amazon, almost half of the bat surveys used this methodology. The sole use of ground-level mist nets biases surveys because of the lack of records of aerial insectivorous bats, which forage above the canopy or in other open areas. Canopy mist nets, roost searches and acoustic surveys are methods to survey bat assemblages, but their efficiency compared to ground-level mist nets has not been fully evaluated in the Amazon, the world's largest tropical rainforest. Here, we test how the complementarity of sampling methods contributes to the number of species recorded in bat surveys in the Amazonian rainforest. We simultaneously sampled bats using ground mist nets and ultrasonic recorders at the Ducke Reserve (Central Amazon) in Brazil and did a literature review of bat surveys conducted in the Amazon to assess how these methods have been used in field research during the recent decades. Forty-three bat species were identified using ground mist nets, and seventeen species and five acoustic sonotypes were identified using ultrasonic recorders in Ducke Reserve. The combination of ground mist nets and acoustic recorders registered the largest number of bat species. However, for phyllostomid species the sole use of mist nets was efficient in recording the highest number of species, whereas for aerial insectivores acoustic surveys was the most effective. Of the 54 bat surveys made in the Amazon, 27 localities used complementary methods: roost search, canopy mist nets, harp traps and acoustic surveys. The combination of ground and canopy nets, and ground nets with roost search did not record more phyllostomid bat species than the use of ground nets alone. However, the sole use of acoustic surveys recorded more aerial insectivorous species than any other combination of sampling methods. Using mist nets and acoustic surveys simultaneously, as in our study, results in a dramatic increase in species diversity and different guilds than using only mist nets in the Amazon. Canopy nets and roost search did not increase the total number of species or the number of phyllostomid species in bat surveys. By combining different survey methodologies, we can optimize the recorded diversity of bats, especially using both mist nets and acoustic monitoring.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"499 - 511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46274674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018
Jon W. Rolfes, J. A. Encarnação, N. I. Becker
Telemetry is a widely used method for radio-tracking bats. To minimize negative effects of attaching a tag, like bald spots during hibernation and nursery period, narrowing down the timing of the moult of bats is important. In this study, we investigated the moulting of 11 European bat species with a focus on Myotis daubentonii, Myotis myotis and Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Telemetry data were taken from a 20 years data base. For moulting activity bats were caught with mist nests during their activity period in 2019 and 2020. During data acquisition the condition of the hair was categorized using two different methods: visual hair growth and shed hair pulled off the bats' pelage. Both methods revealed the same results. In general, bats moulted once a year in mid-June (first moult: 17.06) until mid-August (last moult: 13.08), with a significant difference between adult males, reproductive females and non-reproductive females. Adult males (n = 197) and non-reproductive females (n = 60) moulted from mid-June (first moult: 17.06) to end of July (last moult: 27.07), while reproductive females (n = 216) moulted from beginning of July (first moult: 02.07) to mid-August (last moult: 17.08). This variance is probably caused by sex-specific energetic processes like pregnancy, lactation and spermatogenesis. When tagged before moulting season bats could regrow fur in the same year. As seen in recaptured bats (n = 31), tagged in or after this period bats stayed bald during hibernation and reproduction period until the following moulting season. Further studies are needed to specifically assess the impact of bald spots on hibernation and reproductive success. A preceding cost-benefit analysis of the expected knowledge gain versus the potential negative impact on individual and colony scale is recommended.
{"title":"Going Bald — The Hairy Affair of Timing in Telemetry Studies: Moulting Activity in European Bat Species","authors":"Jon W. Rolfes, J. A. Encarnação, N. I. Becker","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.018","url":null,"abstract":"Telemetry is a widely used method for radio-tracking bats. To minimize negative effects of attaching a tag, like bald spots during hibernation and nursery period, narrowing down the timing of the moult of bats is important. In this study, we investigated the moulting of 11 European bat species with a focus on Myotis daubentonii, Myotis myotis and Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Telemetry data were taken from a 20 years data base. For moulting activity bats were caught with mist nests during their activity period in 2019 and 2020. During data acquisition the condition of the hair was categorized using two different methods: visual hair growth and shed hair pulled off the bats' pelage. Both methods revealed the same results. In general, bats moulted once a year in mid-June (first moult: 17.06) until mid-August (last moult: 13.08), with a significant difference between adult males, reproductive females and non-reproductive females. Adult males (n = 197) and non-reproductive females (n = 60) moulted from mid-June (first moult: 17.06) to end of July (last moult: 27.07), while reproductive females (n = 216) moulted from beginning of July (first moult: 02.07) to mid-August (last moult: 17.08). This variance is probably caused by sex-specific energetic processes like pregnancy, lactation and spermatogenesis. When tagged before moulting season bats could regrow fur in the same year. As seen in recaptured bats (n = 31), tagged in or after this period bats stayed bald during hibernation and reproduction period until the following moulting season. Further studies are needed to specifically assess the impact of bald spots on hibernation and reproductive success. A preceding cost-benefit analysis of the expected knowledge gain versus the potential negative impact on individual and colony scale is recommended.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"513 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41796506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016
Patricia Pilatti, R. Moratelli, L. M. S. Aguiar, Diego Astúa
Xeronycteris Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 is a rare monotypic genus of Lonchophyllinae bats endemic to Brazil, with Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 as the type and sole species. We updated the geographical distribution of the species, including new records from the Cerrado and the Caatinga. Using traditional and geometric morphometric data obtained from 49 museum specimens, including the type series and those representing new records, we describe and discuss the morphological variation of skull shape found in the most comprehensive sample of X. vieirai to date. We also compare similar species and the geographic distribution of X. vieirai and highlight diagnostic traits useful for field identification. Xeronycteris vieirai is now known to occur in 14 localities confirmed by 54 museum specimens housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Records of this species are sparse, as even 15 years after its discovery the knowledge on this species is based on specimens from only a few localities. Specimens of this species show considerable morphological variation in different regions of the skull, especially for a highly specialized nectar-feeding bat, demonstrating variations in the snout and temporomandibular articulation. We discuss endemism issues related to the different biomes where it occurs (in the South American dry diagonal). We also compare these aspects to other bat species with similar geographic distributions, identifying important elements for future research on this species.
Gregorin和Ditchfield，2005是巴西特有的一个罕见的龙形目蝙蝠单型属，vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield是2005年的模式和唯一物种。我们更新了该物种的地理分布，包括来自塞拉多和卡廷加的新记录。利用从49个博物馆标本中获得的传统和几何形态计量数据，包括模式系列和代表新记录的标本，我们描述和讨论了迄今为止在最全面的vieirai标本中发现的头骨形状的形态变化。我们还比较了类似物种和越南X.vieirai的地理分布，并强调了有助于现场鉴定的诊断特征。据巴西科学收藏的54个博物馆标本证实，vieirai Xeronyteris现在出现在14个地方。该物种的记录很少，因为即使在发现该物种15年后，对该物种的了解也只是基于少数地区的标本。该物种的标本在头骨的不同区域显示出相当大的形态变化，尤其是对于高度专业化的花蜜蝙蝠来说，这表明鼻子和颞下颌关节的变化。我们讨论了与不同生物群落相关的地方病问题（在南美干对角线）。我们还将这些方面与地理分布相似的其他蝙蝠物种进行了比较，为未来对该物种的研究确定了重要因素。
{"title":"Distribution and Morphological Variation of Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)","authors":"Patricia Pilatti, R. Moratelli, L. M. S. Aguiar, Diego Astúa","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.016","url":null,"abstract":"Xeronycteris Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 is a rare monotypic genus of Lonchophyllinae bats endemic to Brazil, with Xeronycteris vieirai Gregorin and Ditchfield, 2005 as the type and sole species. We updated the geographical distribution of the species, including new records from the Cerrado and the Caatinga. Using traditional and geometric morphometric data obtained from 49 museum specimens, including the type series and those representing new records, we describe and discuss the morphological variation of skull shape found in the most comprehensive sample of X. vieirai to date. We also compare similar species and the geographic distribution of X. vieirai and highlight diagnostic traits useful for field identification. Xeronycteris vieirai is now known to occur in 14 localities confirmed by 54 museum specimens housed in Brazilian scientific collections. Records of this species are sparse, as even 15 years after its discovery the knowledge on this species is based on specimens from only a few localities. Specimens of this species show considerable morphological variation in different regions of the skull, especially for a highly specialized nectar-feeding bat, demonstrating variations in the snout and temporomandibular articulation. We discuss endemism issues related to the different biomes where it occurs (in the South American dry diagonal). We also compare these aspects to other bat species with similar geographic distributions, identifying important elements for future research on this species.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"475 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48368256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.013
F. P. da Silva, M. A. Montes, Ana C. Lauer Garcia, E. Fischer, L. G. da Silva
Micronycteris sanborni is an insectivorous bat known from dry phytogeographic domains in South America, although its distribution range is not yet well known. Here, we modelled the distribution of this species based on seven bioclimatic and vegetation predictors associated with its occurrence, using 26 sites where the species was recorded in the Caatinga (16), Cerrado (7), Chiquitano Dry Forest (2) and Pantanal (1). We used four different algorithms to build an ensemble distribution model, to estimate habitat suitability throughout its geographic occurrence and the area of habitat available inside protected areas. Our models showed excellent performance and highlighted the main importance of four environmental variables (other mixed trees, deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, and precipitation of driest quarter), which accounted for more than 80% of the species presence probability. The distribution model indicated the potential occurrence of M. sanborni consistently across the dry diagonal of South America, but adequate habitat areas covered mainly the Caatinga and the northeast of Cerrado rather than the southwest, where suitable habitats were scattered and discontinuous. Less than 10% of the total habitat predicted for M. sanborni corresponded to protected areas. Our results support that M. sanborni mostly depends on woody and less dry environments across the South America dry diagonal, which raises concerns about its vulnerability due to high deforestation in the southwest and because severe dryness is forecast for the coming decades in the Brazilian northeast.
{"title":"Distribution Modelling and Habitat Requirements of Micronycteris sanborni (Phyllostomidae) across the South America Dry Diagonal","authors":"F. P. da Silva, M. A. Montes, Ana C. Lauer Garcia, E. Fischer, L. G. da Silva","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.013","url":null,"abstract":"Micronycteris sanborni is an insectivorous bat known from dry phytogeographic domains in South America, although its distribution range is not yet well known. Here, we modelled the distribution of this species based on seven bioclimatic and vegetation predictors associated with its occurrence, using 26 sites where the species was recorded in the Caatinga (16), Cerrado (7), Chiquitano Dry Forest (2) and Pantanal (1). We used four different algorithms to build an ensemble distribution model, to estimate habitat suitability throughout its geographic occurrence and the area of habitat available inside protected areas. Our models showed excellent performance and highlighted the main importance of four environmental variables (other mixed trees, deciduous broadleaf trees, evergreen broadleaf trees, and precipitation of driest quarter), which accounted for more than 80% of the species presence probability. The distribution model indicated the potential occurrence of M. sanborni consistently across the dry diagonal of South America, but adequate habitat areas covered mainly the Caatinga and the northeast of Cerrado rather than the southwest, where suitable habitats were scattered and discontinuous. Less than 10% of the total habitat predicted for M. sanborni corresponded to protected areas. Our results support that M. sanborni mostly depends on woody and less dry environments across the South America dry diagonal, which raises concerns about its vulnerability due to high deforestation in the southwest and because severe dryness is forecast for the coming decades in the Brazilian northeast.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"433 - 441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42996037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.002
M. Uvizl, P. Benda
Geoffroy's bat, Myotis emarginatus, is the only species of the African clade of the genus Myotis distributed in the south-western part of the Palaearctic. Due to its extensive distribution range, stretching across several ecologic zones from the European and African Mediterranean, Central Europe, through the Levant and Caucasus to West Turkestan and south-eastern Middle East, this bat is traditionally considered to be a variable and polytypic species. While one subspecies was recognized in Europe and North Africa, up to four subspecies were reported from the Asian part of the species range. Nevertheless, the systematic positions of different populations and the validity of particular taxa remained unclear. Our aim was to revise the phylogenetic status of M. emarginatus and, for the first time, genetically analyse samples from the Asian part of its range to provide new insight into its intraspecific variation. We analysed sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers from more than 130 samples from all parts of the species range, together with sequences from other species from the African clade of the genus Myotis. According to the previous morphometric results of body and skull dimensions, M. emarginatus can be divided into two groups of populations: the small-sized and more variable bats of Europe, the Maghreb and Levant; and the large-sized bats of the rest of the Asian range. This division was well supported by mitochondrial genes, which separated two main lineages within the species: the western lineage from Europe, the Maghreb and Levant; and the eastern lineage from the eastern Middle East and West Turkestan. Both mitochondrial lineages were further divided into two sublineages: the western lineage to sublineages from the Holy Land and the rest of the Mediterranean range; and the eastern lineage to sublineages from Oman and southern Iran, and northern Iran and West Turkestan. In contrast, the nuclear genes reconstructed only one lineage through the whole distribution range, suggesting M. emarginatus to be a monophyletic species. Nevertheless, on the basis of previously described geographical variability in morphology and the newly described mitochondrial variation, we recognize two subspecies within M. emarginatus: small-sized M. e. emarginatus distributed in the Mediterranean, western and central Europe and Levant; and large-sized M. e. desertorum in the eastern Middle East, from Oman to West Turkestan.
{"title":"Intraspecific Variation of Myotis emarginatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genetic Markers","authors":"M. Uvizl, P. Benda","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.002","url":null,"abstract":"Geoffroy's bat, Myotis emarginatus, is the only species of the African clade of the genus Myotis distributed in the south-western part of the Palaearctic. Due to its extensive distribution range, stretching across several ecologic zones from the European and African Mediterranean, Central Europe, through the Levant and Caucasus to West Turkestan and south-eastern Middle East, this bat is traditionally considered to be a variable and polytypic species. While one subspecies was recognized in Europe and North Africa, up to four subspecies were reported from the Asian part of the species range. Nevertheless, the systematic positions of different populations and the validity of particular taxa remained unclear. Our aim was to revise the phylogenetic status of M. emarginatus and, for the first time, genetically analyse samples from the Asian part of its range to provide new insight into its intraspecific variation. We analysed sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers from more than 130 samples from all parts of the species range, together with sequences from other species from the African clade of the genus Myotis. According to the previous morphometric results of body and skull dimensions, M. emarginatus can be divided into two groups of populations: the small-sized and more variable bats of Europe, the Maghreb and Levant; and the large-sized bats of the rest of the Asian range. This division was well supported by mitochondrial genes, which separated two main lineages within the species: the western lineage from Europe, the Maghreb and Levant; and the eastern lineage from the eastern Middle East and West Turkestan. Both mitochondrial lineages were further divided into two sublineages: the western lineage to sublineages from the Holy Land and the rest of the Mediterranean range; and the eastern lineage to sublineages from Oman and southern Iran, and northern Iran and West Turkestan. In contrast, the nuclear genes reconstructed only one lineage through the whole distribution range, suggesting M. emarginatus to be a monophyletic species. Nevertheless, on the basis of previously described geographical variability in morphology and the newly described mitochondrial variation, we recognize two subspecies within M. emarginatus: small-sized M. e. emarginatus distributed in the Mediterranean, western and central Europe and Levant; and large-sized M. e. desertorum in the eastern Middle East, from Oman to West Turkestan.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"285 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43951641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010
Brandon J. Klüg-Baerwald, C. Lausen, Bjoern Wissel, R. Brigham
While torpid, small hibernators experience negative water balance due to evaporative water loss. The use of humid hibernacula and ability to drink during periodic arousals allows most hibernators to manage this deficit over the course of a winter. Some populations of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) hibernate in relatively dry rock-crevices that do not contain free standing water. We monitored the winter behaviour and physiology of one such population in the Canadian prairies. Due to the semi-arid climate, we hypothesized that these bats would experience relatively high evaporative water loss and make frequent mid-winter flights to find water. We measured serum ion concentrations and hematocrit to assess level of dehydration in bats captured during winter. We also provided a heated water tank enriched in deuterium (2H) and used stable isotope analysis to test for elevated hydrogen isotope ratios (2H/1H; herein δ2H) in the blood of bats to determine if individuals drank from the tank. We also used passive acoustic monitoring, video surveillance, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to determine if bats visited the heated water tank. We found evidence of hypertonic dehydration (elevated hematocrit and concentrations of some serum ions) in bats as winter progressed. Blood δ2H of bats was similar to that of water on the landscape, and acoustic and video surveillance did not indicate any visits by bats to the water tank. Post-arousal dehydration is not uncommon in hibernators, which agrees with our observation that the water tank did not represent a water resource, despite it being the only open (not frozen) water available. It is unknown whether bats may exploit frozen sources of water (e.g., snow) to supplement metabolic water produced from fat catabolism.
{"title":"Meet You at the Local Watering Hole? No Use of an Artificial Water Resource, and Evidence of Dehydration in Hibernating Bats in the Prairies","authors":"Brandon J. Klüg-Baerwald, C. Lausen, Bjoern Wissel, R. Brigham","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.010","url":null,"abstract":"While torpid, small hibernators experience negative water balance due to evaporative water loss. The use of humid hibernacula and ability to drink during periodic arousals allows most hibernators to manage this deficit over the course of a winter. Some populations of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) hibernate in relatively dry rock-crevices that do not contain free standing water. We monitored the winter behaviour and physiology of one such population in the Canadian prairies. Due to the semi-arid climate, we hypothesized that these bats would experience relatively high evaporative water loss and make frequent mid-winter flights to find water. We measured serum ion concentrations and hematocrit to assess level of dehydration in bats captured during winter. We also provided a heated water tank enriched in deuterium (2H) and used stable isotope analysis to test for elevated hydrogen isotope ratios (2H/1H; herein δ2H) in the blood of bats to determine if individuals drank from the tank. We also used passive acoustic monitoring, video surveillance, and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags to determine if bats visited the heated water tank. We found evidence of hypertonic dehydration (elevated hematocrit and concentrations of some serum ions) in bats as winter progressed. Blood δ2H of bats was similar to that of water on the landscape, and acoustic and video surveillance did not indicate any visits by bats to the water tank. Post-arousal dehydration is not uncommon in hibernators, which agrees with our observation that the water tank did not represent a water resource, despite it being the only open (not frozen) water available. It is unknown whether bats may exploit frozen sources of water (e.g., snow) to supplement metabolic water produced from fat catabolism.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"405 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47671741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-14DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.014
Miguel S. Núñez-Novas, Ricardo Torres, A. Rodríguez‐Durán, Juan M. Zorrilla
Hispaniola shows the highest environmental heterogeneity among the Greater Antilles mainly due to its complex land relief, encompassing a high ecosystemic heterogeineity, and bats as one o the most representative group of vertebrates. However, the island remains the least studied in the greater Antilles. In this work, we present a first comprehensive approach to the distribution of chiropterans of Hispaniola, product of the synthesis of 5,212 unpublished locality records, and bioclimatic and topographic variables, we fitted Habitat Suitability Models (HSM) and projected bat potential distribution maps, using Maxent. Individual distribution maps were overlapped to obtain a chiropteran richness map, which showed an inverse relationship between species and the elevation. Only three out of the 20 species present on the island were found above 1,500 m a.s.l. As a trend, species richness concentrated in humid forests and dry subtropical forests, typical of the low and medium elevation zones.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution of Bat Species on Hispaniola Island, the Greater Antilles","authors":"Miguel S. Núñez-Novas, Ricardo Torres, A. Rodríguez‐Durán, Juan M. Zorrilla","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.2.014","url":null,"abstract":"Hispaniola shows the highest environmental heterogeneity among the Greater Antilles mainly due to its complex land relief, encompassing a high ecosystemic heterogeineity, and bats as one o the most representative group of vertebrates. However, the island remains the least studied in the greater Antilles. In this work, we present a first comprehensive approach to the distribution of chiropterans of Hispaniola, product of the synthesis of 5,212 unpublished locality records, and bioclimatic and topographic variables, we fitted Habitat Suitability Models (HSM) and projected bat potential distribution maps, using Maxent. Individual distribution maps were overlapped to obtain a chiropteran richness map, which showed an inverse relationship between species and the elevation. Only three out of the 20 species present on the island were found above 1,500 m a.s.l. As a trend, species richness concentrated in humid forests and dry subtropical forests, typical of the low and medium elevation zones.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"443 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45345067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.1.011
Michael C True, R. W. Perry, W. Ford
Many terrestrial vertebrate species are exhibiting geographic distribution changes including poleward range limit shifts in response to increases in regional temperature. Bats are a highly mobile taxa capable of rapid responses to changes in abiotic or biotic conditions. In North America, recent extralimital records of the non-hibernating Lasiurus seminolus (Seminole bat) have been attributed to climate change, however such attributions remain speculative and potentially subject to sampling bias in the form of increased recent sampling efforts at latitudes north of the historical range. We used historical occurrence records and simple environmental variables within a Maxent modeling framework to model the historical distribution of suitable areas for this species. We transferred the model using near current environmental conditions and measured the ability of the model to capture the apparent expansion in distribution using recent extralimital occurrence records. Our model transferred well over time concluding that the distribution expansion may be largely attributed to increasing minimum temperatures. We used the model to forecast the expansion in distribution of suitable areas at three 20-year intervals and various climate change scenarios and provide extrapolation risk maps for each scenario. Although increasing temperatures may increase potentially occupiable areas, the species is associated with forests and often roosts in pines (Pinus spp.). This suitable habitat is more limited to the northwest of the species' range, which may constrain the future species expansion despite favorable temperatures. We demonstrated this effect by mapping limiting factors through future climate change scenarios. We discovered a broad shift of effects that constrained the distribution from minimum temperature to an abundance metric of evergreen cover type as time and climate change intensity increased. Although uncertainties exist, we predict further expansion of the Seminole bat widely over the next 60 years across the eastern United States where suitable habitat and climate conditions converge. Our results appear consistent with other bat species showing similar range extensions and in turn provide further evidence that bats may serve as bioindicators of global change.
{"title":"Forecasting the Distribution of a Range-Expanding Bat Reveals Future Response to Climate Change and Habitat","authors":"Michael C True, R. W. Perry, W. Ford","doi":"10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.1.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15081109ACC2021.23.1.011","url":null,"abstract":"Many terrestrial vertebrate species are exhibiting geographic distribution changes including poleward range limit shifts in response to increases in regional temperature. Bats are a highly mobile taxa capable of rapid responses to changes in abiotic or biotic conditions. In North America, recent extralimital records of the non-hibernating Lasiurus seminolus (Seminole bat) have been attributed to climate change, however such attributions remain speculative and potentially subject to sampling bias in the form of increased recent sampling efforts at latitudes north of the historical range. We used historical occurrence records and simple environmental variables within a Maxent modeling framework to model the historical distribution of suitable areas for this species. We transferred the model using near current environmental conditions and measured the ability of the model to capture the apparent expansion in distribution using recent extralimital occurrence records. Our model transferred well over time concluding that the distribution expansion may be largely attributed to increasing minimum temperatures. We used the model to forecast the expansion in distribution of suitable areas at three 20-year intervals and various climate change scenarios and provide extrapolation risk maps for each scenario. Although increasing temperatures may increase potentially occupiable areas, the species is associated with forests and often roosts in pines (Pinus spp.). This suitable habitat is more limited to the northwest of the species' range, which may constrain the future species expansion despite favorable temperatures. We demonstrated this effect by mapping limiting factors through future climate change scenarios. We discovered a broad shift of effects that constrained the distribution from minimum temperature to an abundance metric of evergreen cover type as time and climate change intensity increased. Although uncertainties exist, we predict further expansion of the Seminole bat widely over the next 60 years across the eastern United States where suitable habitat and climate conditions converge. Our results appear consistent with other bat species showing similar range extensions and in turn provide further evidence that bats may serve as bioindicators of global change.","PeriodicalId":50904,"journal":{"name":"Acta Chiropterologica","volume":"23 1","pages":"139 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46401640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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