Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.77
Mariyana Nikolova
The question of whether the climate of Bulgaria is changing and in what direction is not yet fully understood and this gives rise to various hypotheses and analyzes, which are often a reason for heated discussions between scientists with different expertise. However, there is agreement between the scientists that the increase in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and climate extremes and the natural disasters provoked by them are related to climate change. The possible effects of climate and meteorological extreems on the risk of adverse events and natural disasters in Bulgaria have been studied by different authors for different periods of observation. There are also many open access data that we have used for analysis purposes in this paper. The article aims to interpret the results of various studies on the changes in the behavior of major climatic and meteorological elements and extremes in Bulgaria in recent decades in the context of existing scenarios and indicators of climate change in the latter. The results show that there are already changes in the indicators for the territory of our country and that Bulgaria will be significantly affected by the global warming to the end of this century. This impact will in most cases be unfavorable both for the country’s economy and for the people’s health and the state of ecosystems, and will contribute to increasing the risk of natural disasters.
{"title":"Impact of climate change on the extreme weather hazards and natural disasters in Bulgaria","authors":"Mariyana Nikolova","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.77","url":null,"abstract":"The question of whether the climate of Bulgaria is changing and in what direction is not yet fully understood and this gives rise to various hypotheses and analyzes, which are often a reason for heated discussions between scientists with different expertise. However, there is agreement between the scientists that the increase in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and climate extremes and the natural disasters provoked by them are related to climate change. The possible effects of climate and meteorological extreems on the risk of adverse events and natural disasters in Bulgaria have been studied by different authors for different periods of observation. There are also many open access data that we have used for analysis purposes in this paper. The article aims to interpret the results of various studies on the changes in the behavior of major climatic and meteorological elements and extremes in Bulgaria in recent decades in the context of existing scenarios and indicators of climate change in the latter. The results show that there are already changes in the indicators for the territory of our country and that Bulgaria will be significantly affected by the global warming to the end of this century. This impact will in most cases be unfavorable both for the country’s economy and for the people’s health and the state of ecosystems, and will contribute to increasing the risk of natural disasters.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139298893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.63
E. Tarassova, M. Tarassov
The mineral composition and geochemical features of red pigments from paints and plasters used in the color decoration of the Shushmanets, Dolno Lukovo, Maglizh tombs, the eschars from tumulus 21 and 31 from Sboryanovo National Reserve (Bulgaria) and the Documaci Tomb (Romania) are compared. The results show that red ochre pigment (mainly hematite) was applied in the decoration of all objects, and only in the Maglizh Tomb a red cinnabar pigment was used – separately or in a mixture with red ochre. Regardless of the territorial remoteness of the tombs Dolno Lukovo, Maglizh, Documaci and the eschars, the red ochres used in them contain As, Cu, Zn and inclusion of minerals jarosite, plumbojarosite and native gold. Such mineral and geochemical features are characteristic of the oxidation zones of Au-Pb-Zn deposits. The most likely source of the red ochre is the well-developed oxidation zone of Au-Pb-Zn deposits in the Eastern Rhodopes. A characteristic feature of the red ochre from the Shushmanets Tomb is the lack of heavy metals but the hematite of the ochre contains inclusions of magnetite. A probable source for mining of this pigment was non-economic magnetite-hematite ore deposits hosted in the in the neighborly exposed chlorite-sericite schists.
{"title":"Comparative characteristics of ancient red pigments used to decorate Thracian sacred sites (4th–3rd centuries BC)","authors":"E. Tarassova, M. Tarassov","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.63","url":null,"abstract":"The mineral composition and geochemical features of red pigments from paints and plasters used in the color decoration of the Shushmanets, Dolno Lukovo, Maglizh tombs, the eschars from tumulus 21 and 31 from Sboryanovo National Reserve (Bulgaria) and the Documaci Tomb (Romania) are compared. The results show that red ochre pigment (mainly hematite) was applied in the decoration of all objects, and only in the Maglizh Tomb a red cinnabar pigment was used – separately or in a mixture with red ochre. Regardless of the territorial remoteness of the tombs Dolno Lukovo, Maglizh, Documaci and the eschars, the red ochres used in them contain As, Cu, Zn and inclusion of minerals jarosite, plumbojarosite and native gold. Such mineral and geochemical features are characteristic of the oxidation zones of Au-Pb-Zn deposits. The most likely source of the red ochre is the well-developed oxidation zone of Au-Pb-Zn deposits in the Eastern Rhodopes. A characteristic feature of the red ochre from the Shushmanets Tomb is the lack of heavy metals but the hematite of the ochre contains inclusions of magnetite. A probable source for mining of this pigment was non-economic magnetite-hematite ore deposits hosted in the in the neighborly exposed chlorite-sericite schists.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139297952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.25
A. Benderev, Boyka Mihaylova, Konstantin Kostov, E. Damyanova
In June 2022, the Karst Commission of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) initiated, under the auspices of UNESCO, the adoption and implementation of the project „Most Important Karst Aquifer Karst Springs (MIKAS)”. The project is completely implemented on a voluntary basis and is based on the knowledge and professional experience of leading karst scientists from almost all countries of the world. The coordinator of MIKAS is Prof. Zoran Stevanović from the University of Belgrade. Bulgaria is also participating in the implementation of the project. The aim of the present study is a preliminary selection of nationally significant karst springs, based on published information, as well as the experience and knowledge of the Bulgarian karst experts participating in the project. According to the team’s research so far, the karst springs Glava Panega, Andaka near Dryanovo, Iskrets spring, Devnya springs, Toplya spring and the spring from the Musinska Cave have the highest probability of being proposed for inclusion in the Global List.
{"title":"Preliminary selection of the most significant karst springs in Bulgaria","authors":"A. Benderev, Boyka Mihaylova, Konstantin Kostov, E. Damyanova","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.25","url":null,"abstract":"In June 2022, the Karst Commission of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) initiated, under the auspices of UNESCO, the adoption and implementation of the project „Most Important Karst Aquifer Karst Springs (MIKAS)”. The project is completely implemented on a voluntary basis and is based on the knowledge and professional experience of leading karst scientists from almost all countries of the world. The coordinator of MIKAS is Prof. Zoran Stevanović from the University of Belgrade. Bulgaria is also participating in the implementation of the project. The aim of the present study is a preliminary selection of nationally significant karst springs, based on published information, as well as the experience and knowledge of the Bulgarian karst experts participating in the project. According to the team’s research so far, the karst springs Glava Panega, Andaka near Dryanovo, Iskrets spring, Devnya springs, Toplya spring and the spring from the Musinska Cave have the highest probability of being proposed for inclusion in the Global List.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139294086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.37
Kamelia Marinova, R. Kenderova, Georgi Nekhrizov
The article presents results of investigation of plasters (mono-layered, inhomogeneous and irregularly pigmented) and clays found during archaeological excavations in the Gluhite Kamani Site in the Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria. The applicated methods in this study are: optical, physical and experimental. According to the established natural mineral and rock inclusions, the studied plasters show a similar composition. The samples of clay from the central sector of the archaeological site are with different physical features and similar composition. The conducted experimental firing of these clays and the established composition of the plasters, allows us to assume that the same was used for construction of buildings and for plaster, uncovered in parts of the archeological site.
{"title":"Archaeometric and experimental study of clays and fragments of wall plaster from the archaeological site Gluhite Kamani, Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria","authors":"Kamelia Marinova, R. Kenderova, Georgi Nekhrizov","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.37","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents results of investigation of plasters (mono-layered, inhomogeneous and irregularly pigmented) and clays found during archaeological excavations in the Gluhite Kamani Site in the Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria. The applicated methods in this study are: optical, physical and experimental. According to the established natural mineral and rock inclusions, the studied plasters show a similar composition. The samples of clay from the central sector of the archaeological site are with different physical features and similar composition. The conducted experimental firing of these clays and the established composition of the plasters, allows us to assume that the same was used for construction of buildings and for plaster, uncovered in parts of the archeological site.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139297288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.43
M. Stepanović, Dragoljub Bajić, Momčilo Blagojević, Sanja Bajić
As the global population grows, we are witnessing rapid urbanization and the development of industry and agriculture. Novel, largely toxic substances are being used in agriculture to improve yields. All of this has led to the generation of large amounts of pollutants that need to be disposed of and treated. Irresponsible behavior and discharges into nature and river channels not clearly defined by law or sanctioned, certainly have an environmental impact. The Drina River Basin occupies parts of the territories of four countries. It is one of the most important drainage areas in the West Balkans. It calls for international cooperation in many areas, such as public water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, and the like. However, in order to achieve such cooperation, all the countries that “steward” the resource need to commit to water quality conservation and protection. The DPSIR approach proposed by the Water Framework Directive of the European Union is followed to identify major pressures (pollution sources) in the Serbian part of the Drina River Basin. The pressures are grouped into several categories and described in detail.
{"title":"Application of the DPSIR approach to identify pressures on water resources in the Drina river basin","authors":"M. Stepanović, Dragoljub Bajić, Momčilo Blagojević, Sanja Bajić","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.43","url":null,"abstract":"As the global population grows, we are witnessing rapid urbanization and the development of industry and agriculture. Novel, largely toxic substances are being used in agriculture to improve yields. All of this has led to the generation of large amounts of pollutants that need to be disposed of and treated. Irresponsible behavior and discharges into nature and river channels not clearly defined by law or sanctioned, certainly have an environmental impact. The Drina River Basin occupies parts of the territories of four countries. It is one of the most important drainage areas in the West Balkans. It calls for international cooperation in many areas, such as public water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, and the like. However, in order to achieve such cooperation, all the countries that “steward” the resource need to commit to water quality conservation and protection. The DPSIR approach proposed by the Water Framework Directive of the European Union is followed to identify major pressures (pollution sources) in the Serbian part of the Drina River Basin. The pressures are grouped into several categories and described in detail.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139294889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.69
Nadia Petrova, T. Stanimirova, Georgi Markov, G. Kirov
Desorption–sorption processes of clinoptilolite sample from Beli Plast deposit, Bulgaria, were studied in a simultaneous DSC-TG experiment, applying a temperature profile including successive stages of heating up to 300 °C, holding, cooling to 40 °C, holding, and reheating up to 600 °C. Two experiments were provided: in humid static air and dynamic dry air. Thus, in a single experiment, quantitative information was obtained about the behavior of the sample in a complicated temperature profile and specific gas media. The first heating processes took place with almost the same dehydrated amount regardless of air media. In the humid air media, a possible sorbate is H2O molecules, while in the dry air are N2 molecules. In both air media, rapid sorption was observed already with the first steps of cooling, while a corresponding exothermic effect is manifested specifically for both experiments. Different sorption amount of H2O and N2 molecules was explained by their role as dipole or quadrupole and their different way of internal filling into the dehydrated zeolite structure. The desorption of newly sorbed molecules proceeds during the second heating, and after 300 °C the dehydration completes. The presented complicated approach gives information about the behavior of the clinoptilolite at each thermal stage that is of importance for various practical applications.
{"title":"Desorption – sorption – desorption profile of clinoptilolite in different air media: a DSC-TG study","authors":"Nadia Petrova, T. Stanimirova, Georgi Markov, G. Kirov","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.69","url":null,"abstract":"Desorption–sorption processes of clinoptilolite sample from Beli Plast deposit, Bulgaria, were studied in a simultaneous DSC-TG experiment, applying a temperature profile including successive stages of heating up to 300 °C, holding, cooling to 40 °C, holding, and reheating up to 600 °C. Two experiments were provided: in humid static air and dynamic dry air. Thus, in a single experiment, quantitative information was obtained about the behavior of the sample in a complicated temperature profile and specific gas media. The first heating processes took place with almost the same dehydrated amount regardless of air media. In the humid air media, a possible sorbate is H2O molecules, while in the dry air are N2 molecules. In both air media, rapid sorption was observed already with the first steps of cooling, while a corresponding exothermic effect is manifested specifically for both experiments. Different sorption amount of H2O and N2 molecules was explained by their role as dipole or quadrupole and their different way of internal filling into the dehydrated zeolite structure. The desorption of newly sorbed molecules proceeds during the second heating, and after 300 °C the dehydration completes. The presented complicated approach gives information about the behavior of the clinoptilolite at each thermal stage that is of importance for various practical applications.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139304016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.57
Lyubomirka Macheva, P. Machev, Julia Plotkina, Е.V. Salnikova, Maria Stifeeva
The eclogites from Sredna Gora Mts. occur as small isolated bodies enclosed in amphibolites, two-mica schists and migmatized gneisses. They have tholeiitic composition and characteristics of MOR basalts. Three equilibrium mineral associations are distinguished in eclogites: (1) high-pressure (HP) – Grt+CPx(Omp)+Zo+Rt; (2) middle-pressure-high temperature (MP/HT) – Opx+CPx+Pl and middle pressure – middle temperature (MP/MT) presented by Amp+Pl+Qzt+Ep+Ilm+Ttn. The P-T conditions of HP stage reached values of 1.6–2.02 GPa and 650–690 °С. After the HP stage and CPx-Pl symplectite formation, the eclogites underwent a short-lived granulite facies overprint under temperatures similar to those of the HP event. The P-T conditions of the retrograde amphibolite facies overprint are in the range 620–650 °C and 0.6–0.8 GPa. The obtained age of 319±28 Ma by Sm-Nd garnet+whole rock method is interpreted as age of the final retrograde metamorphism under P-T conditions of high temperature amphibolite facies.
{"title":"Sm-Nd age determination of eclogites from Sredna Gora Mountains – HP metamorphic event or final retrogression","authors":"Lyubomirka Macheva, P. Machev, Julia Plotkina, Е.V. Salnikova, Maria Stifeeva","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.57","url":null,"abstract":"The eclogites from Sredna Gora Mts. occur as small isolated bodies enclosed in amphibolites, two-mica schists and migmatized gneisses. They have tholeiitic composition and characteristics of MOR basalts. Three equilibrium mineral associations are distinguished in eclogites: (1) high-pressure (HP) – Grt+CPx(Omp)+Zo+Rt; (2) middle-pressure-high temperature (MP/HT) – Opx+CPx+Pl and middle pressure – middle temperature (MP/MT) presented by Amp+Pl+Qzt+Ep+Ilm+Ttn. The P-T conditions of HP stage reached values of 1.6–2.02 GPa and 650–690 °С. After the HP stage and CPx-Pl symplectite formation, the eclogites underwent a short-lived granulite facies overprint under temperatures similar to those of the HP event. The P-T conditions of the retrograde amphibolite facies overprint are in the range 620–650 °C and 0.6–0.8 GPa. The obtained age of 319±28 Ma by Sm-Nd garnet+whole rock method is interpreted as age of the final retrograde metamorphism under P-T conditions of high temperature amphibolite facies.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139304390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.51
Yana Tzvetanova, E. Tacheva, Louiza T. Dimowa, Liliya Tsvetanova, Aleksandar Nikolov
In this study, we are focusing on the presence and contents of the rare earth and trace elements in the clinoptilolite-rich tuffs of the four large zeolite deposits Beli Plast, Golobradovo, Most and Beliya Bair (Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria). The chemical properties of the tuffs were studied with regard to be used in eco-toxicological experiments as sorbents for detoxification of the experimental animals. The clinoptilolite tuffs are relatively depleted in Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, W, Y, Zr, Ba, Hf, and REE. A relative enrichment is found for the elements Be, S, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Tl, Bi, and Pb. According to the requirements of the European legislation regarding the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic, clinoptilolite, clay minerals and quartz in the zeolitized rocks, the tuffs from Beli Plast and Most deposits could be used as a sorbent for detoxification purposes.
{"title":"Trace elements in the clinoptilolite tuffs from four Bulgarian deposits, Eastern Rhodopes","authors":"Yana Tzvetanova, E. Tacheva, Louiza T. Dimowa, Liliya Tsvetanova, Aleksandar Nikolov","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.51","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we are focusing on the presence and contents of the rare earth and trace elements in the clinoptilolite-rich tuffs of the four large zeolite deposits Beli Plast, Golobradovo, Most and Beliya Bair (Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria). The chemical properties of the tuffs were studied with regard to be used in eco-toxicological experiments as sorbents for detoxification of the experimental animals. The clinoptilolite tuffs are relatively depleted in Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, W, Y, Zr, Ba, Hf, and REE. A relative enrichment is found for the elements Be, S, Ag, In, Sn, Sb, Tl, Bi, and Pb. According to the requirements of the European legislation regarding the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic, clinoptilolite, clay minerals and quartz in the zeolitized rocks, the tuffs from Beli Plast and Most deposits could be used as a sorbent for detoxification purposes.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139304188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.3
D. Sinnyovsky
Fossil deposits are an essential part of the Bulgarian geological heritage. They are among the most attractive geosites in na¬ture parks and geoparks. Several remarkable paleontological sites estimated as geosites of national importance are included in the Register and cadastre of the Bulgarian geological phenomena. However, they were evaluated according to the general methodology for assessment of different classes of geosites: geomorphological, stratigraphical, mineralogical, etc., so their specific characteristics remained underes¬timated. In this article, indicative criteria are proposed for evaluating fossil sites based on their specific characteristics – fossils and their scientific and touristic value. The development of a set of criteria emphasizing specific features of geological fossil sites will contribute to their identification and entry into the Register. Thus, the geoconservation value of the fossil sites will be enhanced beyond the basic level of significance established on the basis of general criteria such as scientific/research/educational value, integrity, rarity, sensitivity, and degree of study. These common criteria are useful, but not comprehensive enough to characterize their true scientific and touristic value. Evaluation of palaeontological sites requires additional criteria closely related to fossil deposits, e.g. presence of in situ museums, presence of fossils in ex situ museums, scientific knowledge, relation to known facies, historical significance for Bulgarian geology or local cultural/historical heritage, public awareness, geo-education in local schools. By combining the general and specific criteria into a single set, a new original expert card for the assessment of fossil deposits is proposed, including fourteen criteria, whose indicators are numerically evaluated depending on their significance. There are at least two reasons to create specific requirements for evaluating fos¬sil geosites: selection of new proposals for the Register and cadastre, and identification of fossil geosites in aspiring geoparks. The new criteria proposed in this article are a necessary addition to the main criteria in the “scientific value“ category and represent a contribution to the theory of Bulgarian geoconservation.
{"title":"Еvaluation of fossil sites for the purposes of geotourism in Bulgaria","authors":"D. Sinnyovsky","doi":"10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52215/rev.bgs.2023.84.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil deposits are an essential part of the Bulgarian geological heritage. They are among the most attractive geosites in na¬ture parks and geoparks. Several remarkable paleontological sites estimated as geosites of national importance are included in the Register and cadastre of the Bulgarian geological phenomena. However, they were evaluated according to the general methodology for assessment of different classes of geosites: geomorphological, stratigraphical, mineralogical, etc., so their specific characteristics remained underes¬timated. In this article, indicative criteria are proposed for evaluating fossil sites based on their specific characteristics – fossils and their scientific and touristic value. The development of a set of criteria emphasizing specific features of geological fossil sites will contribute to their identification and entry into the Register. Thus, the geoconservation value of the fossil sites will be enhanced beyond the basic level of significance established on the basis of general criteria such as scientific/research/educational value, integrity, rarity, sensitivity, and degree of study. These common criteria are useful, but not comprehensive enough to characterize their true scientific and touristic value. Evaluation of palaeontological sites requires additional criteria closely related to fossil deposits, e.g. presence of in situ museums, presence of fossils in ex situ museums, scientific knowledge, relation to known facies, historical significance for Bulgarian geology or local cultural/historical heritage, public awareness, geo-education in local schools. By combining the general and specific criteria into a single set, a new original expert card for the assessment of fossil deposits is proposed, including fourteen criteria, whose indicators are numerically evaluated depending on their significance. There are at least two reasons to create specific requirements for evaluating fos¬sil geosites: selection of new proposals for the Register and cadastre, and identification of fossil geosites in aspiring geoparks. The new criteria proposed in this article are a necessary addition to the main criteria in the “scientific value“ category and represent a contribution to the theory of Bulgarian geoconservation.","PeriodicalId":509487,"journal":{"name":"Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139343444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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