Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献_第10页

The prefemoral fat pad of the knee: A large and underrecognized structure with potential clinical relevance 膝关节股前脂肪垫：一个巨大且未被充分认识的结构，具有潜在的临床意义

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152748

Pierre Hepp , Christoph Hellmund , Leon Weigelt , Jeanette Henkelmann , Hanno Steinke

Purpose

The prefemoral fat pad (PFP) is a widely known but in comparison to the suprapatellar and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) a drastically underreported anatomical structure in the ventral knee. Although it is mentioned in the context of osteoarthritis and as a source of ventral knee pain, there are no reports on its anatomical characteristics and relationships.

Methods

We investigated the PFP radiologically and via dissection in 10 fresh frozen cadaveric knees. Thereby we focused on its size, anatomical relationship to neighboring structures and blood and nerve supply and compared our findings to the IFP. Samples of the PFP were also evaluated histologically and through epoxy resin plastination. Additionally, we compared its size to the size of the IFP and the extracted descriptive data of the cadavers.

Results

We found the PFP in all knees with a mean size of 24,79 cm³, whereas the mean size of the IFP was 20,06 cm³. The PFP was directly adjacent to the femur, the articularis genus muscle and suprapatellar bursa, as well as the medial and lateral intermuscular septum and the trochlear cartilage. We found blood vessels and nerves inserting into the PFP in all cases. The size of the PFP significantly correlated with the size of the IFP and the weight of the body donor. Additionally, the PFP was larger in males than in females.

Conclusion

In our study the PFP was the largest of the three fat pads in the anterior knee. It always exists with a describable anatomy. The anatomical similarities between the PFP and the IFP may imply that characteristics and properties of the PFP may be similar to those of the IFP. Ultimately, the PFP's anatomical existence suggests a potential role in patellar stability and tracking.

目的：股骨前脂肪垫（PFP）是众所周知的，但与髌上和髌下脂肪垫（IFP）相比，这是一个严重被低估的腹侧膝关节解剖结构。虽然它在骨关节炎的背景下被提及，并作为腹侧膝关节疼痛的来源，但没有关于其解剖学特征和关系的报道。方法对10例新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节的PFP进行影像学和解剖研究。因此，我们将重点放在其大小，与邻近结构的解剖关系以及血液和神经供应上，并将我们的发现与IFP进行比较。PFP样品也通过组织学和环氧树脂塑化进行评估。此外，我们将其大小与IFP的大小以及提取的尸体描述性数据进行了比较。结果所有膝关节PFP的平均大小为2479 cm3，而IFP的平均大小为2006 cm3。PFP直接毗邻股骨、关节属肌和髌上滑囊，以及内侧和外侧肌间隔和滑车软骨。我们在所有病例中都发现血管和神经插入PFP。PFP的大小与IFP的大小和供体体重显著相关。此外，男性的PFP比女性大。结论在我们的研究中，PFP是膝关节前三个脂肪垫中最大的。它总是以可描述的解剖结构存在。PFP和IFP之间的解剖相似性可能意味着PFP的特征和性质可能与IFP相似。最终，PFP在解剖学上的存在表明其在髌骨稳定性和追踪方面的潜在作用。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence, symmetry and characterization of radicular concavities in human upper premolars 人类上前磨牙根状凹的普遍性、对称性和特征。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152746

Lisann Mäder , James Deschner , Philipp Mildenberger , Pablo Cores Ziskoven , Jens Weusmann

Background

Radicular concavities, particularly in the maxillary premolar region, represent anatomical features that may significantly affect periodontal health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, dimensions and distribution patterns of radicular grooves in the maxillary premolar region using CBCT.

Methods

In total, 3492 CBCT image datasets from patients treated in all dentistry departments of the University Hospital of Mainz were screened. After applying strict inclusion criteria, a cohort of 836 patients with 1678 maxillary premolars could be included in this study. Horizontal depth, vertical extent, angulation, dentine wall thickness, and the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the groove origin were analyzed.

Results

Patients with concavities in at least one premolar were identified in 637 of 836 cases (76.2 %). The analyzed first premolars exhibited one or more concavities in 83.7 % (right) and 80.7 % (left) of teeth; second premolars were affected in 37.4 % (right) and 30.0 % (left). Mesial concavities were the most prevalent (≈ 60 %), followed by distal (≈ 35 %) and buccal (≈ 4 %). Mean mesial depth reached 1.09 ± 0.39 mm and vertical extension frequently exceeded 6 mm. Three concavities in one premolar increased the risk ratio for the contralateral homologue up to 33.33 (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The present study provides a detailed morphological characterization of radicular concavities in maxillary premolars using three‑dimensional imaging. These anatomical structures should be considered in clinical decision‑making, especially in patients with a predisposition to periodontal disease.

背景：根状凹，特别是上颌前磨牙区域的根状凹，是影响牙周健康的解剖学特征。因此，本研究的目的是利用CBCT评估上颌前磨牙区根状沟的患病率、大小和分布模式。方法：筛选美因茨大学医院所有牙科科室的3492例患者的CBCT图像数据集。经过严格的纳入标准，本研究纳入了836例患者，共1678颗上颌前磨牙。分析水平深度、垂直范围、角度、牙本质壁厚度、牙骨质-牙釉质交界处到沟原点的距离。结果：836例患者中637例（76.2%）发现至少一颗前磨牙有凹陷。83.7%（右）和80.7%（左）的第一前磨牙有一个或多个凹陷；右前磨牙占37.4%，左前磨牙占30.0%。中端凹陷最为常见（≈ 60%），其次是远端（≈ 35%）和颊部（≈ 4%）。平均中位深度达到1.09 ± 0.39mm，垂直延伸频繁超过6mm。结论：本研究利用三维成像技术对上颌前磨牙根状凹陷进行了详细的形态学表征。在临床决策时应考虑这些解剖结构，特别是对牙周病易感性的患者。

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引用次数: 0

Peer-assisted uniform learning in musculoskeletal anatomy: Enhancing performance across cognitive domains in objective structured practical examination 肌肉骨骼解剖学的同侪协助统一学习：在客观结构化实践考试中提高跨认知领域的表现。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152744

Sadia Qazi , Shahid Akhtar Akhund , Muhammad Atif Mazhar , Aftab Ahmed Shaikh , Eshal Atif , Samir Odeh , Mohammed Alged Elsheikh Musa , Hassan Shaibah , Paul Ganguly , Ahmed Yaqinuddin

Background

Peer-assisted learning enhances conceptual understanding in anatomy education; however, its impact on structured cognitive outcomes remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of the Peer-Assisted Uniform Learning (PAUL) program on musculoskeletal (MSK) anatomy objective structured practical examination (OSPE) performance.

Methods

We used a cross-sectional, controlled, observational design to analyse the OSPE scores of 304 students. Seventy-nine students who attended at least two PAUL sessions formed the exposure group, while 225 served as the control group. The PAUL participants alternated between tutor and tutee roles during the sessions. The OSPE items were divided into Cluster 1 (identification/recall) and Cluster 2 (application/analysis). A validated survey was used to assess the participants perceived learning outcomes and satisfaction.

Results

PAUL participants outperformed non-participants in Cluster 1 (78.4 vs. 73.7, p = 0.01) and Cluster 2 (87.2 vs. 82.8, p = 0.02). The relative gain was greater for application-based items (interaction effect: F = 8.37, p = 0.004), supporting the program’s effect on higher-order reasoning. Survey responses (91 % response rate) showed high satisfaction (mean 4.3 ± 0.6) and perceived learning gains (mean 4.1 ± 0.7); 85 % of students reported improved understanding of the subject.

Conclusion

The PAUL program, grounded in social constructivist principles and supported by faculty oversight, improved performance in both recall and application of MSK anatomy OSPE items, with the strongest impact on application-based learning.

背景：同伴辅助学习增强解剖学教育中的概念理解；然而，它对结构化认知结果的影响尚不清楚。我们评估了同伴辅助统一学习（PAUL）计划对肌肉骨骼（MSK）解剖客观结构化实践考试（OSPE）成绩的影响。方法：采用横断面、对照、观察设计对304名学生的OSPE成绩进行分析。79名参加了至少两次PAUL课程的学生组成了暴露组，而225名作为对照组。PAUL参与者在会议期间交替担任导师和学生的角色。OSPE项目分为第1类（识别/召回）和第2类（应用/分析）。采用一项有效的调查来评估参与者的学习成果和满意度。结果：PAUL参与者在第1组（78.4 vs. 73.7, p = 0.01）和第2组（87.2 vs. 82.8, p = 0.02）中的表现优于非参与者。基于应用程序的项目的相对增益更大（交互效应：F = 8.37, p = 0.004），支持程序对高阶推理的影响。调查反应（91%的回复率）显示满意度高（平均4.3±0.6）和感知学习收益（平均4.1±0.7）；85%的学生表示对这门学科的理解有所提高。结论：以社会建构主义原则为基础，在教师监督的支持下，PAUL计划提高了学生在MSK解剖OSPE项目的记忆和应用方面的表现，对基于应用的学习影响最大。

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引用次数: 0

Canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves revisited: Anatomical and radiological study outlining their topography for clinical practice 锁骨上神经的管槽重述：解剖和放射学研究概述了它们的地形用于临床实践。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152742

Anhelina Khadanovich , Judita Kamlerova , Sarlota Havlikova , Michal Benes , Petr Fulin , David Kachlik , Vojtech Kunc

Objectives

Supraclavicular nerves cross the clavicle to provide sensory innervation to the skin over the clavicle, ventromedial shoulder region and upper part of the thorax. Although rare, they may variably perforate the clavicle throughout their course. Since the current literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of the resultant canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves, this study aimed to provide detailed morphometric and topographical data for clinical practice.

Materials and Methods

In total, 524 dry clavicles and 200 CT images were assessed for the presence of canals or grooves for the supraclavicular nerves. Morphometric parameters were digitally measured, and correlated between dry bones and supraclavicular nerves’ course in ten formaldehyde-preserved neck regions. Radiological observations were assessed for their suitability in preoperative planning.

Results

Twenty-two out of 524 dry clavicles (4.2 %) featured a canal for the supraclavicular nerve, and a groove was present in 6 cases (1.1 %). The average distances from the sternal and acromial ends to the closest margin of the canal or groove corresponded to the course of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. A canal was detected in eight out of 200 CTs (4 %) while a groove was not identified at all.

Conclusion

Although both variations are rare, canals for the supraclavicular nerves appear more frequently. Both canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves are indentations of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. These data can be implicated in the management of clavicular fractures and surgical decompression of the neural entrapment within the canal or the groove.

目的：锁骨上神经横过锁骨，为锁骨皮肤、肩腹内侧区及胸部上部提供感觉神经支配。虽然罕见，但在整个过程中可能会有不同的锁骨穿孔。由于目前的文献缺乏对锁骨上神经形成的管槽的全面分析，本研究旨在为临床实践提供详细的形态学和地形数据。材料和方法：总共524个干锁骨和200个CT图像评估锁骨上神经是否存在管或沟。形态学参数是数字测量的，并在10个甲醛保存的颈部区域的干骨和锁骨上神经的过程之间进行相关性。评估放射观察在术前计划中的适用性。结果：524例干锁骨中22例（4.2%）有锁骨上神经管，6例（1.1%）有锁骨上神经沟。从胸骨和肩峰末端到管或沟最近边缘的平均距离对应于中间锁骨上神经的走行。200个ct中有8个（4%）检测到管状，而沟槽根本没有被发现。结论：虽然这两种变异都很少见，但锁骨上神经的管状病变更为常见。锁骨上神经的管和沟都是中间锁骨上神经的凹痕。这些数据可用于锁骨骨折的治疗和椎管或沟内神经压迫的手术减压。

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引用次数: 0

Biomechanical mapping of porcine dentin and branches with Brillouin confocal VIPA-based microscopy 基于布里渊共聚焦vipa显微镜的猪牙本质和分支的生物力学制图。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152743

Richard Younes , Frédéric Cuisinier , Benoit Rufflé , Rémy Vialla , Shahid Ali Shah , Pierre-Yves Collart-Dutilleul , Alban Desoutter

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the mechanical properties of porcine dentin using Brillouin confocal microscopy, focusing on its tubules and canaliculi. By mapping the Brillouin shift, we aimed to gain deeper insight into dentin biomechanics and assess how porcine dentin compares to human dentin as a model for dental research.

Design

Porcine molars were prepared by dehydration, precision cutting and polishing. A Brillouin microscope with a dual-VIPA configuration was used for spectral acquisition at 0.3 µm steps. Brillouin frequency shift, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and intensity were analyzed.

Results

Brillouin microscopy identified three distinct zones in porcine dentin: tubules, intertubular regions and branching areas, similar to human dentin. The Brillouin shifts ranged from 17 to 21.5 GHz, with an average around 19 GHz, lower than the 20–25 GHz typically found in human dentin. Mapping revealed branching tubules resembling tree trunks, with intricate branch-like structures in the intertubular regions. Peritubular areas exhibited higher frequency shifts, reaching around 21 GHz, distinguishing them from the more uniform intertubular zones. The dense branch networks surrounded by harder material provided insights into dentin’s microstructure. However, challenges in refractive index and density measurements hindered direct conversion of frequency shifts to precise elastic longitudinal modulus values.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that Brillouin VIPA-based microscopy can effectively map the mechanical properties of porcine dentin. The results show its potential for non-contact, high-resolution mechanical histology in biological tissues, offering promise for studying healthy and diseased mineralized tissues. Further optimization is needed to adapt the technique for human samples, considering differences in optical and mechanical properties.

目的：利用布里渊共聚焦显微镜研究猪牙本质的力学特性，重点观察其小管和小管。通过绘制布里渊位移，我们旨在更深入地了解牙本质生物力学，并评估猪牙本质与人类牙本质的比较，作为牙科研究的模型。设计：猪磨牙经脱水、精密切割、抛光加工而成。采用双vipa结构的布里渊显微镜在0.3µm步长处进行光谱采集。分析了布里渊频移、半峰全宽和强度。结果：布里渊显微镜在猪牙本质中发现了三个不同的区域：小管、管间区和分支区，与人类牙本质相似。布里渊频移的范围从17 ghz到21.5GHz，平均约为19GHz，低于人类牙本质中通常发现的20-25GHz。地图显示了类似树干的分枝小管，在管间区域具有复杂的枝状结构。管周区域表现出更高的频率偏移，达到21GHz左右，与更均匀的管间区域区分开来。被较硬材料包围的密集分支网络提供了对牙本质微观结构的深入了解。然而，折射率和密度测量方面的挑战阻碍了频移直接转换为精确的弹性纵向模量值。结论：基于布里渊vipa的显微技术可以有效地绘制猪牙本质的力学性质。结果表明，该方法具有在生物组织中进行非接触、高分辨率机械组织学研究的潜力，为研究健康和患病的矿化组织提供了希望。考虑到光学和机械性能的差异，需要进一步优化以适应人类样品的技术。

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引用次数: 0

Hormones and growth factors involved in supplying offspring: Insights from fish to mammals 与提供后代有关的激素和生长因子：从鱼类到哺乳动物的见解。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152745

Elisabeth Eppler , Alessandro Bilella , Karl Link , Helena D'Cotta , Jean-François Baroiller

A plethora of analogies to support energy provision and offspring nourishment have been posited between mammals and teleosts. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate interactions between hormones and growth factors ranging from early egg development to feeding the newborn in mammals. The discussion encompasses hormones and growth factors in sexual development of male and female bony fish and then focuses on factors relevant during ovarian development and egg and yolk formation in female teleosts. The next chapter focuses on mechanisms to ensure calcium supply for embryo skeletal growth across vertebrate species and the respective maternal calcium mobilisation. Marine and freshwater fish possess divergent strategies for the acquisition of calcium, i.e., mineral homeostasis and osmoregulation. This review will focus primarily on actions of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-system, the parathyroid hormone family, and other signalling factors and hormones. Prolactin is in the literature proposed as an evolutionary link between maternal nutrient supply in mammals, particularly calcium through lactation, and its ancestral role in regulating electrolyte and calcium uptake from the surrounding water in fish. The following section will present some hormones and growth factors in parental care in fish followed by signals in skeletal formation, lactation and calcium homeostasis in soil-egg-laying vertebrates, calcium metabolism in oviparous mammals and during embryonic and postnatal bone formation in placental mammals. Finally, hormones and factors relevant for the development of the mammalian breast are described.

在哺乳动物和硬骨鱼之间，有大量的类比来支持能量供应和后代的营养。这篇综述提供了从哺乳动物早期卵子发育到喂养新生儿的激素和生长因子之间复杂的相互作用的全面概述。讨论了雄性和雌性硬骨鱼性发育中的激素和生长因子，然后重点讨论了雌性硬骨鱼卵巢发育和卵黄形成的相关因素。下一章的重点是机制，以确保钙供应的胚胎骨骼生长跨脊椎动物物种和各自的母体钙动员。海洋鱼类和淡水鱼具有不同的钙获取策略，即矿物质稳态和渗透调节。本文将重点介绍生长激素-胰岛素样生长因子系统、甲状旁腺激素家族以及其他信号因子和激素的作用。在文献中，催乳素被认为是哺乳动物母体营养供应（特别是通过哺乳提供的钙）与调节鱼类从周围水中吸收电解质和钙的祖先作用之间的进化联系。下一节将介绍鱼类亲代抚育过程中的一些激素和生长因子，随后是土壤产蛋脊椎动物骨骼形成、哺乳和钙稳态中的信号，卵生哺乳动物的钙代谢以及胎盘哺乳动物的胚胎和出生后骨形成过程中的信号。最后，描述了哺乳动物乳房发育的相关激素和因素。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomy and harvesting of the medial cubital flap in fresh pig cadavers infused with lard 猪油灌注鲜猪尸体肘内侧皮瓣的解剖与收获

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152741

Yanhai Zuo

Background

Flap training can be technically demanding with a steep learning curve. Pigs has long been employed as an animal model for flap training. This cadaveric study was designed to (1) investigate the anatomy of pig medial cubital flap (MCF) and how it could be utilized surgically, (2) compare human medial arm flap (MAF) and pig MCF, and (3) investigate the feasibility of using the lard-based vascular injection technique in cadaveric preparations for flap training.

Methods

The vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the MCF were conducted in fifteen (n = 15) and five lard-infused pig cadavers (n = 5), respectively. The primary parameters were the outer diameter and length of the pedicle of the MCF, in other words, the collateral ulnar artery (CUA). A comparison was made between the pig MCF and its human counterpart.

Results

Lard-infused samples exhibited satisfactory elasticity, and the perforator arteries could be successfully infused with lard and clearly observed. The CUA was evident in all 15 samples and exhibited several muscular branches and a skin perforator. The diameter and length of CUA were 1.41 ± 0.30 mm and 2.07 ± 0.35 cm, respectively. Pig MCFs were designed as an oval area on the medial side of the elbow joint and could be harvested on a proximal pedicle or as chimeric flaps containing muscle, MCAN and skin.

Conclusion

MCFs and MAFs exhibited notable similarities in terms of anatomical locations, pedicles, and surgical procedures, clearly demonstrating the feasibility of using pigs as an animal model for the generation of MAFs and the potential use of such models in clinical implications: surgical training and anatomical research. The lard-based vascular injection technique makes cadaveric preparation easy and safe for subsequent cadaver surgical training and is worthy of further application.

背景皮瓣训练可以在技术上要求与陡峭的学习曲线。长期以来，猪一直被用作皮瓣训练的动物模型。本尸体研究的目的是：(1)研究猪肘内侧皮瓣（MCF）的解剖结构及其在外科手术中的应用；(2)比较人臂内侧皮瓣（MAF）和猪肘内侧皮瓣（MCF）；(3)探讨猪油血管注射技术在尸体皮瓣训练准备中的可行性。方法对15具猪尸体（n = 15）和5具猪尸体（n = 5）分别进行MCF血管解剖和手术。主要参数是MCF的外径和蒂的长度，即侧尺动脉（CUA）。对猪的MCF和人的MCF进行了比较。结果猪油灌注后的样品具有良好的弹性，穿支动脉灌注成功，观察清晰。在所有15个样本中，CUA都很明显，并表现出几个肌肉分支和一个皮肤穿支。CUA直径为1.41 ± 0.30 mm，长度为2.07 ± 0.35 cm。猪mcf被设计成肘关节内侧的椭圆形区域，可以在近端蒂上收获，也可以作为含有肌肉、MCAN和皮肤的嵌合皮瓣。结论mcf和maf在解剖位置、椎弓根和手术方式方面具有显著的相似性，这清楚地证明了将猪作为maf生成的动物模型的可行性，以及该模型在外科训练和解剖学研究方面的临床应用潜力。猪油基血管注射技术为后续的尸体外科训练提供了简便、安全的尸体制备技术，值得进一步推广应用。

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引用次数: 0

Quantitative Study of the Interosseous Tuberosity of the Radius 桡骨间粗隆的定量研究。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152739

Sarka Salavova , Carl V.L. Olson , Azzat Al-Redouan , Miroslav Belbl , Nikola Jilkova , David Vala , Theodor Adla , David Kachlik

Introduction

The interosseous tuberosity of the radius (ITR) has recently been described on radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, and in fresh cadavers (Rougereau et al., 2020). However, its morphology on dry bones remains insufficiently documented. An investigation of dry radii was undertaken to complement existing findings.

Materials and methods

The research was divided into three components: osteometric, cadaveric, and radiological. In the osteometric component, 1,125 European radii were evaluated using digital Vernier calipers. Six embalmed forearms were dissected in the cadaveric component. And in the radiological component, four dry radii were scanned using Neoatom Alpha CT scanner.

Results

The ITR was present in 100% of the analysed bones, with distinct anterior and posterior parts. The mean length of the anterior part was 51.98 mm (22.4% of the bone length), whereas the posterior part was 45.58 mm (19.6%). In the dissected forearms, the ITR was also observed in all cases. The origin of the flexor pollicis longus was identified on the anterior part, and the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the posterior part. Attachment of the interosseous membrane of the forearm was provided by both parts.

Conclusion

The ITR was confirmed to be constantly present on bone specimens, and new morphometric data have been provided from a large Central European sample. These findings help lay the groundwork for further research into the clinical relevance of this structure.

简介：桡骨间结节（ITR）最近在x线片、计算机断层扫描（CT）和新鲜尸体中被描述（Rougereau et al., 2020）。然而，它在干骨上的形态仍然没有充分的记录。对干半径进行了调查，以补充现有的调查结果。材料和方法：研究分为三个组成部分：骨测量，尸体和放射学。在骨测量部分，使用数字游标卡尺评估1125个欧洲半径。尸体部分解剖了六只防腐的前臂。在放射学部分，使用Neoatom Alpha CT扫描仪扫描四个干半径。结果：所分析的骨骼中100%存在ITR，具有明显的前后部分。前段平均长度为51.98mm（占骨长22.4%），后段平均长度为45.58mm（占骨长19.6%）。在解剖的前臂中，所有病例也观察到ITR。在前面确定了拇长屈肌的起源，在后面确定了拇长外展肌和拇短伸肌。前臂骨间膜的附着由两部分提供。结论：证实ITR在骨标本上持续存在，并从中欧大量样本中提供了新的形态测量数据。这些发现有助于为进一步研究该结构的临床相关性奠定基础。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the effect of olfactory bulbectomy on vagal circuits and the pancreas: A new hypothesis 嗅球切除对迷走神经回路和胰腺影响的研究：一个新的假说

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152740

Burhan Yarar , Cengiz Öztürk , Erdem Karadeniz , Remzi Arslan , Ufuk Temtek , Mete Zeynal , Mehmet Dumlu Aydın , Osman Nuri Keleş

Background

It is well known how the olfactory nerves regulate the pancreas via the vagal nerves. However, there is no clear information explaining the actual neuropathological mechanism of how olfactory pathway damage destroys pancreatic beta cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the dorsal vagal nucleus and pancreas are histologically affected in olfactory bulb lesions.

Methods

This study was conducted on twenty-six male rats. Group-I was the control group (n: 5), group-II was the SHAM group (n: 5) and group-III was the olfactory bulbectomy group (n: 16). All animals were observed for ten weeks and then decapitated. Olfactory bulb volume and degenerated neuron densities of the dorsal vagal motor nucleus and degenerated pancreatic beta cells per cubic millimeter were determined stereologically.

Results

The mean olfactory bulb volume, degenerated dorsal vagal motor nucleus and degenerated pancreatic beta cells were measured as 4.31 ± 0.25 mm³, 4 ± 1/mm³, 2 ± 1/mm³ in the control group (Group-I); 3.92 ± 0.38 mm³, 9 ± 3/mm³, 7 ± 3/mm³ in the SHAM group (Group-II) and 2.97 ± 0.41 mm³, 29 ± 5/ mm³, 43 ± 9/ mm³ in the olfactory bulbectomy group (Group-III). Main p value for all data: p < 0.005 between Group-I and Group-II, p < 0.0005 between Group-II and Group-III; p < 0.0001 between Group-I and Group-III

Conclusions

It can be suggested that olfactory bulb lesion causes denervation injury in intrapancreatic ganglia and beta cells due to decreased effect of vagal efferents, which stimulate intrapancreatic neuro-beta cell communication by decreasing olfactory signals stimulating vagal nerve nuclei. This study may help clinicians to investigate etiological factors in cases of impaired insulin and glucose metabolism.

背景嗅觉神经是如何通过迷走神经调节胰腺的，这是众所周知的。然而，嗅觉通路损伤如何破坏胰腺细胞的实际神经病理机制还没有明确的解释。本研究的目的是探讨在嗅球病变中迷走神经背核和胰腺是否受到组织学影响。方法选用雄性大鼠26只。第一组为对照组（n: 5），第二组为SHAM组（n: 5），第三组为嗅球切除术组（n: 16）。所有动物观察10周，然后斩首。用体视学方法测定每立方毫米迷走背运动核的嗅球体积、退行性神经元密度和退行性胰腺细胞密度。结果对照组（ⅰ组）平均嗅球体积、退行性迷走背运动核和胰腺β细胞分别为4.31 ± 0.25 mm3、4 ± 1/mm3、2 ± 1/mm3； 3.92±0.38  mm3 9 ± 3 / mm3 7 ± 3 / mm3虚假的组(第二组)和2.97 ±0.41  mm3, 29日 ± 5 / mm3 43 ± 9 / mm3嗅觉bulbectomy组(3组)。所有数据的主p值：组i与组ii之间p <； 0.005，组ii与组iii之间p <； 0.0005；p <； 0.0001组与组间差异分析结论：嗅球病变引起胰内神经节和β细胞去神经支配损伤，可能是由于迷走神经传出神经的作用减弱，迷走神经传出神经通过减少刺激迷走神经核的嗅觉信号来刺激胰腺内神经- β细胞的通讯。本研究可能有助于临床医生调查胰岛素和葡萄糖代谢受损病例的病因。

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引用次数: 0

Histological methods to quantify changes of white and brown adipose tissue in response to a high content fat diet in mice 用组织学方法量化小鼠高脂肪饮食后白色和棕色脂肪组织的变化

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152738

Giulia Lazzarini , Lorenzo Flori , Andrea Pirone , Elisabetta Giannessi , Lara Testai , Vincenzo Calderone , Vincenzo Miragliotta

Background

Obesity is a major global health challenge associated with increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. White (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are highly dynamic tissues, capable of morphological and functional adaptation in response to nutritional and metabolic changes.

Methods

This study investigated histological alterations in WAT and BAT of Balb/c mice subjected to either a standard diet (STD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. Adipocyte density, lipid vacuole size, macrophage infiltration and their immunophenotype were measured in WAT and BAT, while UCP1 expression was measured in BAT only. Four-µm thick sections obtained from FFPE samples were H&E stained or immunostained with anti-UCP1, anti-Iba1 and anti-CD163.

Results

In WAT from HFD-fed mice, a significant increase in adipocyte size and a decrease in cell density were observed, indicating hypertrophy without evident hyperplasia. BAT exhibited larger and more dispersed lipid droplets, reduced cell density, and decreased UCP1 immunoreactivity, consistent with a whitening process and impaired thermogenic function. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed changes in macrophage distribution in WAT, with a reduction in anti-inflammatory CD163 + cells and clustering of Iba1 + macrophages, suggesting a shift in macrophage polarization.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the histological adaptability of adipose tissue under different dietary conditions and reinforce the importance of morphological analysis in understanding obesity-related tissue remodeling.

背景：肥胖是一项主要的全球健康挑战，与代谢性、心血管和炎症性疾病的风险增加有关。白色脂肪组织（WAT）和棕色脂肪组织（BAT）是高度动态的组织，能够根据营养和代谢变化进行形态和功能适应。方法观察Balb/c小鼠标准饮食（STD）和高脂饮食（HFD） 10周后WAT和BAT的组织学变化。在WAT和BAT中检测脂肪细胞密度、脂质液泡大小、巨噬细胞浸润及其免疫表型，而仅在BAT中检测UCP1的表达。从FFPE样品中获得4µm厚的切片，进行H&；E染色或抗ucp1、抗iba1和抗cd163免疫染色。结果hfd喂养小鼠WAT脂肪细胞大小明显增加，细胞密度明显降低，呈肥大，但未见明显增生。BAT表现出更大、更分散的脂滴，细胞密度降低，UCP1免疫反应性降低，与增白过程一致，产热功能受损。此外，免疫组织化学分析显示WAT中巨噬细胞分布发生变化，抗炎CD163 + 细胞减少，Iba1 + 巨噬细胞聚集，提示巨噬细胞极化发生改变。结论这些发现突出了脂肪组织在不同饮食条件下的组织学适应性，并加强了形态学分析在理解肥胖相关组织重塑中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0