Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152800
Tomáš Herma , Anhelina Khadanovich , Ondřej Volný , Radek Kaiser , David Kachlík
Background
The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) innervates skin of dorsoradial aspect of hand, thumb, index finger and a half of middle finger. While the anatomical variations are of clinical relevance, several studies aimed to describe different branching types over the radial foveola. The aim of this study was to describe branching pattern as well as anatomical variations of the SBRN in a large sample of body donors’ limbs.
Material and methods
Two hundred and four formaldehyde fixed body donors’ upper limbs of Central European origin were dissected. The branching of the SBRN and adjacent structures was measured in relationship to the styloid process of the radius. Four branching types based on the number of SBRN branches and their course were described, the number of secondary and tertiary branches and the main branching points were measured.
Results
We have identified four types of the proximal SBRN branching. While there exists a high variability in the nerve branching, over 90 % of dissected limbs had one of the two most common patterns of branching (while 88 % had the most common branching type). We have observed connection with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in 19/204 cases (9.3 %).
Conclusion
Despite the high variability in the location of SBRN branching and number of secondary branches, the majority of cases represents a single type of proximal branching. With the sample exceeding 200 limbs, we were able to observe rare variations. The branching classification is easily understandable and could be further expanded by subsequent research.
{"title":"Variations and proximal branching types of the superficial branch of the radial nerve: A dissectional study","authors":"Tomáš Herma , Anhelina Khadanovich , Ondřej Volný , Radek Kaiser , David Kachlík","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) innervates skin of dorsoradial aspect of hand, thumb, index finger and a half of middle finger. While the anatomical variations are of clinical relevance, several studies aimed to describe different branching types over the radial foveola. The aim of this study was to describe branching pattern as well as anatomical variations of the SBRN in a large sample of body donors’ limbs.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>Two hundred and four formaldehyde fixed body donors’ upper limbs of Central European origin were dissected. The branching of the SBRN and adjacent structures was measured in relationship to the styloid process of the radius. Four branching types based on the number of SBRN branches and their course were described, the number of secondary and tertiary branches and the main branching points were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We have identified four types of the proximal SBRN branching. While there exists a high variability in the nerve branching, over 90 % of dissected limbs had one of the two most common patterns of branching (while 88 % had the most common branching type). We have observed connection with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve in 19/204 cases (9.3 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Despite the high variability in the location of SBRN branching and number of secondary branches, the majority of cases represents a single type of proximal branching. With the sample exceeding 200 limbs, we were able to observe rare variations. The branching classification is easily understandable and could be further expanded by subsequent research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152800"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152796
Rekha Khandia , Somya Rajput , Pankaj Gurjar
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Animal anatomy is revolutionised by use of digital techniques where it is implicated in research, education, and diagnostics. Modern computational tools assist in analysis and mimic human logic and reasoning to solve a problem. Digital technology might assist in handling various issues related to academics and research which encompass ethical issues, unavailability of specimens, and high costs linked with the manual laboratories.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review encompasses the application of machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) in veterinary anatomical science with focus on computer vision and 3D modelling. ML algorithms are routinely employed to automate medical imaging tasks such as detection, segmentation and classification of structures from images, in a time-efficient and consistent manner compared to traditional methods. The range of applications for modern imaging and visualization tools spans from brain segmentation in preclinical studies to the minor importance of the assessment of highly complex anatomical traits across species. For instance, using micro-computed tomography and sophisticated image processing, researchers are already conducting evolutionary and comparative studies using quick and reliable analysis techniques. In the teaching environment, virtual environments and 3D interactive platforms or models have become useful aids, as students learn better when presented with more engaging and spatially contextualised content. Furthermore, it also addresses the issues and limitations of using cadavers in teaching.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed animal anatomy by improved imaging accuracy, analysis and diagnosis using various algorithms that helped decreasing human error and time. Deep learning-powered augmented reality tools and 3D modelling platforms, such as the Anatomage Table, which enable hands-on training on a digital cadaver, enhance learning with unlimited attempts. Moreover, educational AI models such as <em>Esp</em>INA and ZeBraInspector support volumetric analysis, anatomical reconstruction, and evolutionary research. The diagnosis of liver malignancies, tracheal collapse, and other veterinary conditions has also become more efficient, rapid, and accurate. However, challenges remain, including data scarcity, inconsistencies across species, and limited standardised veterinary datasets comparable to human dataset and frameworks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>AI-driven technologies have revolutionized animal anatomy across various areas including education, research, and diagnosis. They have played a pivotal role in enhancing efficiency, precision, and accessibility while bypassing many ethical hurdles and resource limitations. The combination of machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, virtual modelling, and language models has significantly improved anatomical visualization. Despite these benefits, c
{"title":"Artificial intelligence in animal anatomy: Exploring the technologies, applications, benefits, and challenges","authors":"Rekha Khandia , Somya Rajput , Pankaj Gurjar","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Animal anatomy is revolutionised by use of digital techniques where it is implicated in research, education, and diagnostics. Modern computational tools assist in analysis and mimic human logic and reasoning to solve a problem. Digital technology might assist in handling various issues related to academics and research which encompass ethical issues, unavailability of specimens, and high costs linked with the manual laboratories.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This review encompasses the application of machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL) in veterinary anatomical science with focus on computer vision and 3D modelling. ML algorithms are routinely employed to automate medical imaging tasks such as detection, segmentation and classification of structures from images, in a time-efficient and consistent manner compared to traditional methods. The range of applications for modern imaging and visualization tools spans from brain segmentation in preclinical studies to the minor importance of the assessment of highly complex anatomical traits across species. For instance, using micro-computed tomography and sophisticated image processing, researchers are already conducting evolutionary and comparative studies using quick and reliable analysis techniques. In the teaching environment, virtual environments and 3D interactive platforms or models have become useful aids, as students learn better when presented with more engaging and spatially contextualised content. Furthermore, it also addresses the issues and limitations of using cadavers in teaching.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed animal anatomy by improved imaging accuracy, analysis and diagnosis using various algorithms that helped decreasing human error and time. Deep learning-powered augmented reality tools and 3D modelling platforms, such as the Anatomage Table, which enable hands-on training on a digital cadaver, enhance learning with unlimited attempts. Moreover, educational AI models such as <em>Esp</em>INA and ZeBraInspector support volumetric analysis, anatomical reconstruction, and evolutionary research. The diagnosis of liver malignancies, tracheal collapse, and other veterinary conditions has also become more efficient, rapid, and accurate. However, challenges remain, including data scarcity, inconsistencies across species, and limited standardised veterinary datasets comparable to human dataset and frameworks.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>AI-driven technologies have revolutionized animal anatomy across various areas including education, research, and diagnosis. They have played a pivotal role in enhancing efficiency, precision, and accessibility while bypassing many ethical hurdles and resource limitations. The combination of machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, virtual modelling, and language models has significantly improved anatomical visualization. Despite these benefits, c","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152796"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152794
Michael Kohr , Carla L. Janko , Anne-Marie Schmidt , Armin A. Weber , Markus R. Meyer , Stefan Wagenpfeil , Carola Meier , Thomas Tschernig
In anatomical preservation, low formaldehyde concentrations are recommended because of the carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde. However, in big basins with a varying number of bodies inside it may be difficult to estimate the formaldehyde concentration. Here, a feasible titration method, i.e. iodometry, was described to measure formaldehyde concentrations in anatomical preservation tanks. This method was compared to head-space mass spectrometry-. Results of triplet measurements of the iodometry were coherent and fitted to nominal formaldehyde concentrations. The formaldehyde concentrations in the preservation tanks were found to be in the anticipated ranges between 2 % and 4 %. Therefore, an estimation of the formaldehyde concentration in preservation tanks is possible using the described quick and cost-effective method.
{"title":"Iodometry: A straightforward “tank side-test” to determine formaldehyde concentrations in anatomical tanks","authors":"Michael Kohr , Carla L. Janko , Anne-Marie Schmidt , Armin A. Weber , Markus R. Meyer , Stefan Wagenpfeil , Carola Meier , Thomas Tschernig","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In anatomical preservation, low formaldehyde concentrations are recommended because of the carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde. However, in big basins with a varying number of bodies inside it may be difficult to estimate the formaldehyde concentration. Here, a feasible titration method, i.e. iodometry, was described to measure formaldehyde concentrations in anatomical preservation tanks. This method was compared to head-space mass spectrometry-. Results of triplet measurements of the iodometry were coherent and fitted to nominal formaldehyde concentrations. The formaldehyde concentrations in the preservation tanks were found to be in the anticipated ranges between 2 % and 4 %. Therefore, an estimation of the formaldehyde concentration in preservation tanks is possible using the described quick and cost-effective method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152794"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feathers have long held a profound symbolic meaning for humanity across cultures and throughout history. Today, the growing scientific interest in feathers highlights their relevance in diverse fields, including avian biology, evolution and biomimetic applications. The development of new methods that can simplify and improve research on feathers is therefore of great importance. This study introduces a simple and effective pipeline for three-dimensional imaging of the internal and external structure of entire bird feathers. We report the clearing of feathers, rendering them entirely transparent — a process that, to the best of our knowledge, has never been achieved before. Our approach makes it possible to image the feather’s 3-D architecture on a standard confocal microscope available in most research labs or imaging core facilities. What is more, we performed label-free imaging by autofluorescence detection. Our technique permits high-resolution visualization of micro-structures with minimal preparation and no destructive processing.
{"title":"Light as a feather: A novel approach for whole- feather microstructure imaging through tissue clearing and autofluorescence imaging","authors":"Marwa Moulzir, Doriane Hazart, Brigitte Delhomme, Martin Oheim , Clément Ricard","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feathers have long held a profound symbolic meaning for humanity across cultures and throughout history. Today, the growing scientific interest in feathers highlights their relevance in diverse fields, including avian biology, evolution and biomimetic applications. The development of new methods that can simplify and improve research on feathers is therefore of great importance. This study introduces a simple and effective pipeline for three-dimensional imaging of the internal and external structure of entire bird feathers. We report the clearing of feathers, rendering them entirely transparent — a process that, to the best of our knowledge, has never been achieved before. Our approach makes it possible to image the feather’s 3-D architecture on a standard confocal microscope available in most research labs or imaging core facilities. What is more, we performed label-free imaging by autofluorescence detection. Our technique permits high-resolution visualization of micro-structures with minimal preparation and no destructive processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152781"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152795
Zygmunt Domagala , Bartosz Ros , Katarzyna Siekaniec , Katarzyna Siwek , Emilia Kielczynska , Emiliya Abukhovich , Patrycja Tabaka , Mateusz Mazurek , Slawomir Wozniak
Background
Anatomical atlases remain a core resource in anatomy education, yet their visual content has long been criticised for imbalanced representation of female and male bodies. While numerous studies have analysed the content of atlases and textbooks, far less is known about how such representations are perceived by medical students themselves.
Material and methods
An anonymous survey was conducted among first- and second-year medical students from two academic centres in Poland. A structured, exploratory questionnaire included demographic items and eight Likert-scale statements addressing the educational role of anatomical atlases and perceptions of sex representation in anatomical imagery. A composite sex-representation awareness score was calculated from items Q2–Q8. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, non-parametric item-level comparisons, and model-based regression analysis to examine the association between students’ perceptions and sex, academic centre, and year of study.
Results
A total of 257 students participated in the study. No significant differences in the composite awareness score were observed between academic centres or years of study. In contrast, students’ sex emerged as a significant predictor: female students demonstrated higher awareness of insufficient female body representation in anatomical atlases compared with male students. Item-level analyses showed that female students more frequently recognised the predominance of male depictions and associated the lack of female representation with potential educational consequences, whereas male students more often accepted the existing visual dominance of male figures.
Conclusions
Medical students are aware of sex imbalance in anatomical atlases, with female students showing greater sensitivity to this issue. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating students’ perspectives into discussions of anatomical education and support the need for more balanced and inclusive visual representations in teaching materials.
{"title":"Invisible women in anatomy: Medical students’ perceptions of sex representation in anatomical atlases","authors":"Zygmunt Domagala , Bartosz Ros , Katarzyna Siekaniec , Katarzyna Siwek , Emilia Kielczynska , Emiliya Abukhovich , Patrycja Tabaka , Mateusz Mazurek , Slawomir Wozniak","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anatomical atlases remain a core resource in anatomy education, yet their visual content has long been criticised for imbalanced representation of female and male bodies. While numerous studies have analysed the content of atlases and textbooks, far less is known about how such representations are perceived by medical students themselves.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>An anonymous survey was conducted among first- and second-year medical students from two academic centres in Poland. A structured, exploratory questionnaire included demographic items and eight Likert-scale statements addressing the educational role of anatomical atlases and perceptions of sex representation in anatomical imagery. A composite sex-representation awareness score was calculated from items Q2–Q8. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, non-parametric item-level comparisons, and model-based regression analysis to examine the association between students’ perceptions and sex, academic centre, and year of study.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 257 students participated in the study. No significant differences in the composite awareness score were observed between academic centres or years of study. In contrast, students’ sex emerged as a significant predictor: female students demonstrated higher awareness of insufficient female body representation in anatomical atlases compared with male students. Item-level analyses showed that female students more frequently recognised the predominance of male depictions and associated the lack of female representation with potential educational consequences, whereas male students more often accepted the existing visual dominance of male figures.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Medical students are aware of sex imbalance in anatomical atlases, with female students showing greater sensitivity to this issue. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating students’ perspectives into discussions of anatomical education and support the need for more balanced and inclusive visual representations in teaching materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152795"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152793
Dustin Bauer , Michael L. Pretterklieber , Bettina Pretterklieber
Background
Contradictory information concerning the formation of the azygos and hemiazygos veins and their relation to the diaphragm is given in anatomical textbooks. Often, they are described to be a direct continuation of the right resp. left ascending lumbar veins. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate their caudal commencement and course. We hypothesize that both veins originate from several tributaries and are not a direct continuation of the ascending lumbar veins.
Methods
20 formalin-embalmed human anatomic specimens were dissected. Caudal commencement and relation to the diaphragm of the azygos and hemiazygos veins were examined.
Results
The azygos (100 %) and hemiazygos veins (90 %) were mostly formed by dorsal and ventral roots within the thorax. The dorsal root was almost always formed by the confluence of the ascending lumbar and subcostal veins and coursed dorsal to the psoas major muscle, thus far dorsally to the diaphragm. The ventral root was formed variably from the upper lumbar veins or from the inferior vena cava for the azygos vein, and from the left renal or upper lumbar veins for the hemiazygos vein. It passed the diaphragm variably either through the aortic hiatus or through its crura.
Conclusion
The azygos and hemiazygos veins stem almost exclusively from the confluence of a dorsal and ventral root uniting ventrolaterally to the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra cranial to the diaphragm. Due to their position, only the ventral root passes the diaphragm whereas the dorsal root has no contact to the diaphragm.
{"title":"The caudal commencement of the azygos and hemiazygos veins revisited: They are not a direct continuation of the ascending lumbar veins","authors":"Dustin Bauer , Michael L. Pretterklieber , Bettina Pretterklieber","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Contradictory information concerning the formation of the azygos and hemiazygos veins and their relation to the diaphragm is given in anatomical textbooks. Often, they are described to be a direct continuation of the right resp. left ascending lumbar veins. The aim of this study was to re-evaluate their caudal commencement and course. We hypothesize that both veins originate from several tributaries and are not a direct continuation of the ascending lumbar veins.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>20 formalin-embalmed human anatomic specimens were dissected. Caudal commencement and relation to the diaphragm of the azygos and hemiazygos veins were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The azygos (100 %) and hemiazygos veins (90 %) were mostly formed by dorsal and ventral roots within the thorax. The dorsal root was almost always formed by the confluence of the ascending lumbar and subcostal veins and coursed dorsal to the psoas major muscle, thus far dorsally to the diaphragm. The ventral root was formed variably from the upper lumbar veins or from the inferior vena cava for the azygos vein, and from the left renal or upper lumbar veins for the hemiazygos vein. It passed the diaphragm variably either through the aortic hiatus or through its crura.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The azygos and hemiazygos veins stem almost exclusively from the confluence of a dorsal and ventral root uniting ventrolaterally to the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra cranial to the diaphragm. Due to their position, only the ventral root passes the diaphragm whereas the dorsal root has no contact to the diaphragm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152793"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review summarises recent findings from the past decade on infraoccluded primary molars, focusing on diagnosis, aetiology, prevalence, associated findings and clinical consequences, and to compare these with earlier literature to support improved clinical management.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, evaluating MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase from 2014 to 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSI), cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies published in English and German were included. Case series, case reports, expert opinions and commentaries were excluded.
Results
Of 2816 publications identified, 30 met the inclusion criteria after screening and full-text review. These studies addressed prevalence (n = 17), retained molars (n = 4), retained molars without successors (n = 5), aetiology (n = 1), diagnosis (n = 1), mandibular growth impact (n = 1), and interventions (n = 1).
Conclusion
Current evidence provides new insights into the aetiology and clinical management of infraoccluded primary molars. Genetic factors, particularly those related to epithelial development and inflammatory signalling pathways, are increasingly recognised. Conservative treatment approaches have gained traction, emphasizing alveolar preservation over orthodontic considerations of craniofacial growth. Most cases are mild and occur unilaterally in mandibular first primary molars. Early-onset infraocclusion is linked to a less favourable prognosis. Root resorption shows age-related variability. However, conflicting evidence exists regarding the association of infraocclusion with root resorption, especially in cases of tooth agenesis, and its correlation with mandibular growth rotation. Additionally, prevalence data remain inconsistent due to heterogenous classification, underscoring the need for further research.
目的：本综述总结了近十年来关于下牙合磨牙的最新发现，重点是诊断、病因、患病率、相关发现和临床后果，并将其与早期文献进行比较，以支持改进临床管理。方法：根据PRISMA指南进行系统文献检索，对2014 - 2025年MEDLINE （PubMed）、Cochrane Library、Web of Science和Embase进行评价。包括随机对照试验（RCT）、非随机干预研究（NRSI）、队列研究、病例对照研究和以英语和德语发表的横断面研究。排除病例系列、病例报告、专家意见和评论。结果：在筛选出的2816篇文献中，经筛选和全文评审后，有30篇符合纳入标准。这些研究涉及患病率（n=17）、保留磨牙（n=4）、保留磨牙无继位（n=5）、病因（n=1）、诊断（n=1）、下颌生长影响（n=1）和干预（n=1）。结论：目前的证据为下牙合磨牙的病因和临床治疗提供了新的见解。遗传因素，特别是那些与上皮发育和炎症信号通路相关的遗传因素，越来越被认识到。保守的治疗方法已经获得了关注，强调牙槽保存而不是颅面生长的正畸考虑。大多数病例是轻微的，单侧发生在下颌第一磨牙。早发性下闭塞与预后较差有关。牙根吸收表现出年龄相关的变异性。然而，关于下牙合与牙根吸收的关系，特别是在牙齿发育不全的情况下，以及与下颌生长旋转的关系，存在相互矛盾的证据。此外，由于分类不均，患病率数据仍然不一致，强调需要进一步研究。
{"title":"Infraoccluded primary molars: New findings from the last 10 years − A systematic review","authors":"Teresa Temming , Susanne Waldmann , Anahita Jablonski-Momeni , Heike Korbmacher-Steiner","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This review summarises recent findings from the past decade on infraoccluded primary molars, focusing on diagnosis, aetiology, prevalence, associated findings and clinical consequences, and to compare these with earlier literature to support improved clinical management.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic literature search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, evaluating MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase from 2014 to 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCT), non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSI), cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies published in English and German were included. Case series, case reports, expert opinions and commentaries were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 2816 publications identified, 30 met the inclusion criteria after screening and full-text review. These studies addressed prevalence (n = 17), retained molars (n = 4), retained molars without successors (n = 5), aetiology (n = 1), diagnosis (n = 1), mandibular growth impact (n = 1), and interventions (n = 1).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Current evidence provides new insights into the aetiology and clinical management of infraoccluded primary molars. Genetic factors, particularly those related to epithelial development and inflammatory signalling pathways, are increasingly recognised. Conservative treatment approaches have gained traction, emphasizing alveolar preservation over orthodontic considerations of craniofacial growth. Most cases are mild and occur unilaterally in mandibular first primary molars. Early-onset infraocclusion is linked to a less favourable prognosis. Root resorption shows age-related variability. However, conflicting evidence exists regarding the association of infraocclusion with root resorption, especially in cases of tooth agenesis, and its correlation with mandibular growth rotation. Additionally, prevalence data remain inconsistent due to heterogenous classification, underscoring the need for further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 152784"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146004525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152783
Lorena Latre-Navarro , Alejandro Quintas-Hijós
Purpose
This study examined neurocognitive outcomes of an innovative teaching approach in undergraduate anatomical education, focusing on executive functions with emphasis on cognitive flexibility. Reinforced representational modelling was implemented to assess its potential to support learning processes.
Methods
A quasi-experimental study involved first-year anatomy students from two universities (n = 116). Each institution delivered a single 30-hour program with different teaching methods: conventional lectures using 3D atlases and standard drawing tasks (control group) versus reinforced representational modelling (experimental group), taught by its regular instructor and aligned with its syllabus. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were assessed using psychometric instruments: the Webexec scale for perceived executive difficulties and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale for cognitive flexibility. Statistical analyses included independent-samples t-tests, repeated-measures factorial ANCOVAs (time × treatment), and effect size estimations (Cohen’s d, partial η²).
Results
Perceived executive difficulties showed a strong time effect across both groups (F(1) = 20.28, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.176), increasing over the course, whereas no treatment effect appeared after controlling for baseline differences. Cognitive flexibility was higher in the experimental group at post-test (p = 0.044, Cohen’s d = 0.36), although this advantage diminished once covariates were controlled.
Conclusions
Reinforced representational modelling may foster flexible learning strategies in anatomy education. Cognitive flexibility showed some responsiveness to the intervention, while increases in perceived executive difficulties likely reflect the cognitive demands of early anatomy learning. Although effects were modest and partly influenced by covariates and baseline differences, findings suggest that executive functioning remains a key neurocognitive determinant in anatomical learning.
{"title":"Neurocognitive outcomes of reinforced representational modelling in anatomical learning: The role of executive functions","authors":"Lorena Latre-Navarro , Alejandro Quintas-Hijós","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examined neurocognitive outcomes of an innovative teaching approach in undergraduate anatomical education, focusing on executive functions with emphasis on cognitive flexibility. Reinforced representational modelling was implemented to assess its potential to support learning processes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A quasi-experimental study involved first-year anatomy students from two universities (n = 116). Each institution delivered a single 30-hour program with different teaching methods: conventional lectures using 3D atlases and standard drawing tasks (control group) versus reinforced representational modelling (experimental group), taught by its regular instructor and aligned with its syllabus. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were assessed using psychometric instruments: the Webexec scale for perceived executive difficulties and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale for cognitive flexibility. Statistical analyses included independent-samples t-tests, repeated-measures factorial ANCOVAs (time × treatment), and effect size estimations (Cohen’s d, partial η²).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Perceived executive difficulties showed a strong time effect across both groups (F(1) = 20.28, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.176), increasing over the course, whereas no treatment effect appeared after controlling for baseline differences. Cognitive flexibility was higher in the experimental group at post-test (p = 0.044, Cohen’s d = 0.36), although this advantage diminished once covariates were controlled.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Reinforced representational modelling may foster flexible learning strategies in anatomy education. Cognitive flexibility showed some responsiveness to the intervention, while increases in perceived executive difficulties likely reflect the cognitive demands of early anatomy learning. Although effects were modest and partly influenced by covariates and baseline differences, findings suggest that executive functioning remains a key neurocognitive determinant in anatomical learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 152783"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152782
Erich Brenner , Ulrike Nachtschatt , Marko Konschake , Elisabeth Pechriggl
Anatomical education is at a critical juncture where traditional paradigms and practices clash with the pressing need for inclusive representation across multiple dimensions of human diversity. Anatomical education remains foundational to medical training, yet it continues to project a narrow representation of the human body, most often a healthy, young, white male. This limited portrayal fails to reflect the diversity of real patients and perpetuates structural biases in medical practice. This position paper critiques the predominant tools and methods in anatomical teaching – textbooks, digital platforms, and models – for their lack of inclusivity across various dimensions, including age, sex, race, skin colour, health status, and physical ability. In contrast, donor-based dissection offers a more authentic and diverse representation of human anatomy. We examine how anatomical education can evolve to align with the medical profession's commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). By mapping the mismatch between current anatomical imagery and real patient populations, we identify actionable strategies to foster inclusive, evidence-based curricula, such as integrating diverse anatomical imagery, developing inclusive teaching materials, and providing targeted faculty training. This paper serves as the conceptual anchor for the present special issue, outlining a roadmap for anatomists, educators, and policymakers to rethink anatomy as an inclusive discipline, ultimately improving clinical competence and patient care for diverse populations. We also highlight areas where further research is needed to evaluate the impact of inclusive anatomical education on learner outcomes and healthcare delivery.
{"title":"Diversity in anatomical education","authors":"Erich Brenner , Ulrike Nachtschatt , Marko Konschake , Elisabeth Pechriggl","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anatomical education is at a critical juncture where traditional paradigms and practices clash with the pressing need for inclusive representation across multiple dimensions of human diversity. Anatomical education remains foundational to medical training, yet it continues to project a narrow representation of the human body, most often a healthy, young, white male. This limited portrayal fails to reflect the diversity of real patients and perpetuates structural biases in medical practice. This position paper critiques the predominant tools and methods in anatomical teaching – textbooks, digital platforms, and models – for their lack of inclusivity across various dimensions, including age, sex, race, skin colour, health status, and physical ability. In contrast, donor-based dissection offers a more authentic and diverse representation of human anatomy. We examine how anatomical education can evolve to align with the medical profession's commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). By mapping the mismatch between current anatomical imagery and real patient populations, we identify actionable strategies to foster inclusive, evidence-based curricula, such as integrating diverse anatomical imagery, developing inclusive teaching materials, and providing targeted faculty training. This paper serves as the conceptual anchor for the present special issue, outlining a roadmap for anatomists, educators, and policymakers to rethink anatomy as an inclusive discipline, ultimately improving clinical competence and patient care for diverse populations. We also highlight areas where further research is needed to evaluate the impact of inclusive anatomical education on learner outcomes and healthcare delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 152782"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152778
Karolina Böllinger , Dina Wiersbicki , Vaclav Klicnik , Andreas Wolfgang Reske , Wolfgang Gruener , Charlotte Kulow , Hanno Steinke
Background
This study investigates the connective tissue structures that enable the sciatic nerve to glide through the deep gluteal and upper limb area. Characterizing the gliding space may improve the understanding of non-discogenic sciatica and support clinical approaches to its treatment.
Methods
Thirty limbs of alcohol- and Thiel-fixed specimens (21 female, 9 male; mean age 85.2 years) were examined using macroscopic dissection. Additional visualization was achieved through methacrylate corrosion casts. Ultrasound examinations were performed on specimens and two healthy volunteers to assess the sciatic nerve and its surrounding connective tissue during movements.
Results
Dissections consistently revealed a C-shaped anatomical space surrounding the sciatic nerve, bordered by distinct connective tissue folds (“arches”) linking the nerve to pelvitrochanteric muscles and the adductor magnus muscle. This Sciatic Gliding Space (SGS) extended from the infrapiriform foramen into the proximal thigh, where it was divided by a sagittal septum. The SGS was identifiable through blunt dissection, injection, and sonography. Sonography demonstrated its dynamic adaptation during hip rotation. In 29 of 30 cases, the SGS appeared unobstructed, while one case showed fibrous structures comparable to fibrovascular tissue described in deep gluteal syndrome.
Conclusion
The SGS represents a structured anatomical space bordered by lamina of connective tissue (telae). It may facilitate vascular supply and tension-free gliding of the sciatic nerve. Recognition of this space may provide an anatomical basis for sciatic pain syndromes and guide endoscopic and sonographic diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.
{"title":"The sciatic gliding space","authors":"Karolina Böllinger , Dina Wiersbicki , Vaclav Klicnik , Andreas Wolfgang Reske , Wolfgang Gruener , Charlotte Kulow , Hanno Steinke","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigates the connective tissue structures that enable the sciatic nerve to glide through the deep gluteal and upper limb area. Characterizing the gliding space may improve the understanding of non-discogenic sciatica and support clinical approaches to its treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty limbs of alcohol- and Thiel-fixed specimens (21 female, 9 male; mean age 85.2 years) were examined using macroscopic dissection. Additional visualization was achieved through methacrylate corrosion casts. Ultrasound examinations were performed on specimens and two healthy volunteers to assess the sciatic nerve and its surrounding connective tissue during movements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dissections consistently revealed a C-shaped anatomical space surrounding the sciatic nerve, bordered by distinct connective tissue folds (“arches”) linking the nerve to pelvitrochanteric muscles and the adductor magnus muscle. This Sciatic Gliding Space (SGS) extended from the infrapiriform foramen into the proximal thigh, where it was divided by a sagittal septum. The SGS was identifiable through blunt dissection, injection, and sonography. Sonography demonstrated its dynamic adaptation during hip rotation. In 29 of 30 cases, the SGS appeared unobstructed, while one case showed fibrous structures comparable to fibrovascular tissue described in deep gluteal syndrome.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The SGS represents a structured anatomical space bordered by lamina of connective tissue (telae). It may facilitate vascular supply and tension-free gliding of the sciatic nerve. Recognition of this space may provide an anatomical basis for sciatic pain syndromes and guide endoscopic and sonographic diagnostic or therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 152778"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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