Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献

CT imaging analysis of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in children aged 0–14 years 0 至 14 岁儿童 C7 骨盆和外侧肿块的 CT 成像分析。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152349

Background and objective

There is currently a lack of anatomical research on the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in children aged 0–14 years, and experience with pediatric lower cervical spine surgeries remains limited. This study aims to investigate the anatomical structure of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in a large pediatric sample to understand their growth patterns, providing imaging and anatomical references for pediatric lower cervical spine surgeries and the design of pediatric C7 screws.

Methods

We measured 12 parameters, including the width, length, height, and angles of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in children aged 0–14 years. The t-test was used to analyze bilateral and gender differences, and least squares regression was applied for curve fitting analysis.

Results

The size parameters of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass generally increased with age, while angular parameters fluctuated within specific ranges. The average values for each parameter between ages 0–14 were as follows: D1: 2.78–5.28 mm, D2: 18.15–30.54 mm, D3: 2.44–6.01 mm, angle A: 38.05–44.48°; D4: 6.81–10.94 mm, D5: 5.37–11.23 mm, D6: 8.07–13.28 mm, D7: 1.94–4.88 mm, D8: 5.67–9.39 mm, angle C: 18.50–28.80°, angle D: 43.23–52.01°, angle E: 33.74–44.96°. Bilateral analysis showed no significant differences for most parameters across most age groups, with differences mainly observed in angle A, angle C, D6, and D8. Gender differences were primarily noted in length parameters across different age groups, especially in the 3–4, 6–7, 9–11, and 13–14 age groups. Regression analysis indicated that most parameters followed cubic function curves, while a few followed power or quadratic function curves.

Conclusion

This study provides detailed CT imaging anatomy of the C7 pedicle and lateral mass in children aged 0–14 years. Preoperative thin-slice CT scans and careful measurements of key parameters are essential for pediatric lower cervical spine surgeries. The findings offer valuable imaging and anatomical references for pediatric posterior cervical fixation surgery and screw design.

背景和目的：目前缺乏对0至14岁儿童C7椎弓根和侧块解剖结构的研究，小儿下颈椎手术经验仍然有限。本研究旨在调查大量儿科样本中C7椎弓根和侧块的解剖结构，了解其生长模式，为儿科下颈椎手术和儿科C7螺钉的设计提供影像学和解剖学参考：我们测量了0至14岁儿童C7椎弓根和侧块的宽度、长度、高度和角度等12个参数。采用t检验分析双侧和性别差异，并应用最小二乘法回归进行曲线拟合分析：结果：C7椎弓根和侧块的尺寸参数一般随年龄增长而增加，而角度参数则在特定范围内波动。0-14 岁期间各参数的平均值如下：D1：2.78-5.28mm，D2：18.15-30.54mm，D3：2.44-6.01mm，角度 A：38.05-44.48°：38.05-44.48°；D4：6.81-10.94mm，D5：5.37-11.23mm，D6：8.07-13.28mm，D7：1.94-4.88mm，D8：5.67-9.39mm，C 角：18.50-28.80°，D 角：43.23-52.01°，E 角：33.74-44.96°。双侧分析表明，大多数年龄组的大多数参数无明显差异，差异主要体现在 A 角、C 角、D6 和 D8。不同年龄组的性别差异主要体现在长度参数上，尤其是 3-4、6-7、9-11 和 13-14 年龄组。回归分析表明，大多数参数遵循三次函数曲线，少数遵循幂函数或二次函数曲线：本研究提供了0至14岁儿童C7椎弓根和侧肿块的详细CT成像解剖结构。术前薄层 CT 扫描和关键参数的仔细测量对小儿下颈椎手术至关重要。研究结果为小儿颈椎后路固定手术和螺钉设计提供了有价值的成像和解剖学参考。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of Scheuermann's kyphosis on rib cage morphology: A skeletal study 谢尔曼氏脊柱侧弯对肋骨形态的影响：骨骼研究。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152348

Background

Evolutionary changes in human rib cage morphology rendered it prone to pathologies like Scheuermann's kyphosis (SK). However, the impact of SK on rib cage morphology is unclear.

Purpose

This study aimed to examine differences in rib cage morphology (e.g., ribs and sternum) between SK patients and a control group.

Methods

Measurements of the vertebral body, transverse process angle, sternum, and rib size were taken from the skeletons of SK patients (76) and a control group (96). Statistical tests were carried out to examine differences between the study and control groups and between the right and left sides. Correlations were obtained to examine the associations between the extent of the kyphosis (kyphosis angle) and rib cage variables.

Results

The SK group yielded significantly longer and flatter ribs than the control group in both sexes. However, males had the largest differences in the 9th rib and females in the upper ribs (5−7). Inconsistency in symmetry results was found between the sexes. In summary, SK patients had a larger anteroposterior diameter in relation to the transverse diameter than the control group.

Discussion and Conclusions

SK affects the morphology of the entire thorax and changes rib proportions similarly in males and females. These changes might have a role in bipedal stability and locomotion efficiency. Moreover, understanding the unique anatomy of SK patients is essential when performing an anterior release and anterior fusion operative approach. Finally, it provides insights into respiratory complications and poor prognosis related to individuals suffering from severe hyperkyphosis.

背景：人类肋骨笼形态的进化变化使其容易发生病变，如舍尔曼氏脊柱侧弯症（SK）。目的：本研究旨在探讨SK患者与对照组之间在肋骨笼形态（如肋骨和胸骨）方面的差异：从 SK 患者（76 例）和对照组（96 例）的骨骼中测量椎体、横突角、胸骨和肋骨的尺寸。对研究组和对照组之间以及左右两侧之间的差异进行了统计检验。对脊柱后凸的程度（后凸角度）和肋骨笼变量之间的相关性进行了检验：结果：SK 组的肋骨明显比对照组的肋骨更长、更平，男女均是如此。然而，男性第 9 肋骨和女性上肋骨的差异最大（5-7）。性别间的对称性结果不一致。总之，与对照组相比，SK 患者的前胸直径相对于横径较大：讨论和结论：SK 会影响整个胸廓的形态，并同样改变男性和女性的肋骨比例。这些变化可能会影响两足的稳定性和运动效率。此外，在采用前路松解和前路融合手术方法时，了解 SK 患者的独特解剖结构至关重要。最后，它还为患有严重脊柱后凸的患者的呼吸系统并发症和不良预后提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Caspase-12 affects chondrogenesis in mice Caspase-12 影响小鼠的软骨形成。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152347

Caspase-12 is a molecule whose functions are still not well understood. Although its expression has been found in various tissues, specific roles have been described in only a few cases. These include the effect of caspase-12 on murine bone cell differentiation during craniofacial development. This work focused on the development of the limbs taking place through endochondral ossification, which precedes the formation of the cartilaginous growth plate. Caspase-12 was described here for the first time in growth plate chondrocytes during physiological development. Using pharmacological inhibition, caspase-12 was found to affect chondrogenesis. Limb-derived micromass cultures showed a significantly increased area of chondrogenic nodules after caspase-12 inhibition and there were changes in gene expression, the most significant of which was the reduction of Mmp9. These data point to potential new functions of caspase-12 in chondrogenesis.

Caspase-12 是一种功能尚不十分明确的分子。虽然在各种组织中都发现了它的表达，但只有少数情况下描述了它的具体作用。其中包括 Caspase-12 在颅面发育过程中对小鼠骨细胞分化的影响。这项工作的重点是在软骨生长板形成之前通过软骨内骨化进行的四肢发育。这里首次描述了生长板软骨细胞在生理发育过程中的 Caspase-12。通过药理抑制，发现Caspase-12会影响软骨形成。在抑制caspase-12后，肢源微量培养物显示软骨形成结节的面积明显增加，基因表达也发生了变化，其中最显著的变化是Mmp9的减少。这些数据表明了caspase-12在软骨形成过程中的潜在新功能。

引用次数: 0

3D digital anatomical measurements for clinical application of minimally invasive lumbar foraminal surgery in adolescents aged 12–21 years 三维数字解剖测量在 12-21 岁青少年腰椎椎间孔微创手术中的临床应用。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152344

Objective

The purpose of this study was to establish an anatomical foundation for minimally invasive lumbar spine surgery in adolescents by assessing the 3D anatomical parameters of the lumbar vertebrae in the age group of 12–21 years.

Methods

We collected CT data from 90 adolescents and performed 3D reconstructions using Mimics 16.0 software. The dimensions assessed included the height and sagittal diameter of the intervertebral foramen, as well as the length and widths of the transverse and spinous processes.

Results

The intervertebral foramen height exhibited variation corresponding to the vertebral level, being smallest at L5/S1 and largest at L3/4. The sagittal diameter of the intervertebral foramen increased with age, reaching a minimum at L1/2 and a maximum at L4/5. Significant gender differences were observed in the 12–14 age group, with females exhibiting larger measurements than males. The length and width of the transverse processes were maximal at L3 and L5, respectively. The spinous process length was greatest at L3 and smallest at L5, with notable gender differences present in the 12–14 and 19–21 age groups.

Conclusion

The study reveals that gender and age are significant factors influencing the anatomy of the adolescent lumbar spine, which is essential for the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Our findings contribute valuable insights for the design and surgical planning of spinal devices tailored to adolescents.

研究目的本研究旨在通过评估 12-21 岁年龄组腰椎的三维解剖参数，为青少年微创腰椎手术奠定解剖学基础：我们收集了 90 名青少年的 CT 数据，并使用 Mimics 16.0 软件进行了三维重建。评估的尺寸包括椎间孔的高度和矢状直径，以及横突和棘突的长度和宽度：椎间孔高度随椎体水平而变化，L5/S1最小，L3/4最大。椎间孔的矢状直径随着年龄的增长而增加，在 L1/2 达到最小值，在 L4/5 达到最大值。在 12-14 岁年龄组中观察到明显的性别差异，女性的测量值大于男性。横突的长度和宽度分别在 L3 和 L5 达到最大值。棘突长度在 L3 最大，在 L5 最小，12-14 岁和 19-21 岁年龄组存在明显的性别差异：研究显示，性别和年龄是影响青少年腰椎解剖的重要因素，这对微创手术技术的发展至关重要。我们的研究结果为设计和手术规划适合青少年的脊柱装置提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Surgical anatomy of the cystic artery: A systematic review with meta-analysis 囊动脉的手术解剖：系统回顾与荟萃分析。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152343

Background

The current evidence-based systematic review with meta-analysis presents a detailed overview of the cystic artery (CA) surgical anatomy, including its origin, number, topography, and morphometry. Moreover, the surgical implications of these variants are further discussed.

Methods

According to the Evidence-Based Anatomy Workgroup and PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the systematic review was performed using four online databases. The Anatomical Quality Assurance Tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed with the R programming software. The pooled prevalence and pooled mean of different CA parameters were calculated.

Results

The CA most commonly originated from the right hepatic artery (a pooled prevalence of 85.75 %). Other described origins (in order of frequency) were the aberrant right hepatic artery, the common hepatic, the left hepatic, the gastroduodenal, the superior mesenteric, and the middle hepatic arteries. The CA was single in 88.59 %, while it can be identified as double, triple, or absent. Most commonly, it was located inside the cystohepatic triangle in 83.83 %. Most commonly, it was superomedially to the cystic duct (77.80 %) and posteriorly to the common hepatic duct (35.08 %). The CA pooled mean length was 21.34 mm, and its diameter was more commonly over 1 mm.

Conclusion

The CA surgical anatomy is paramount when operating on the gallbladder. The CA's altered anatomy and adjacent area could lead to confusion, iatrogenic injury, and prolonged surgical time. The CA depicts high morphological variability; therefore, surgeons should consider the typical anatomy and possible (usual and unusual) variants.

背景：当前的循证系统综述和荟萃分析详细概述了囊状动脉（CA）的手术解剖，包括其起源、数量、地形和形态。此外，还进一步讨论了这些变异的手术意义：根据循证解剖学工作组和 PRISMA 2020 指南，利用四个在线数据库进行了系统性综述。解剖学质量保证工具用于评估偏倚风险。使用 R 编程软件进行元分析。计算了不同CA参数的集合患病率和集合平均值：结果：CA最常见的来源是肝右动脉（合计发生率为85.75%）。其他描述的起源（按频率排序）为异常右肝动脉、肝总动脉、左肝动脉、胃十二指肠动脉、肠系膜上动脉和肝中动脉。88.59% 的患者为单侧 CA，也有可能是双侧、三侧或无 CA。最常见的是，83.83%的 CA 位于膀胱肝三角内。最常见的是位于膀胱导管的上方（77.80%）和肝总管的后方（35.08%）。CA集合平均长度为21.34毫米，直径通常超过1毫米：结论：在对胆囊进行手术时，CA的手术解剖结构至关重要。结论：在对胆囊进行手术时，CA 的解剖结构是最重要的。CA 的解剖结构和邻近区域的改变可能会导致混乱、先天性损伤和手术时间延长。CA 的形态变化很大，因此，外科医生应考虑典型的解剖结构和可能的（常见的和不常见的）变异。

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引用次数: 0

Revisiting the anatomy of the pectoral nerves and nerve loops of the brachial plexus in the goat (Capra hircus) 重新审视山羊（Capra hircus）胸神经和臂丛神经环路的解剖结构。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152340

Background

The anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the two nerve loops on the course of the axillary artery was revisited to complement current general descriptions as well as to argue whether the nerves contributing to the formation of the pectoral loop are the cranial pectoral nerves. Besides, the positional relationship between the scalene muscles and the nerve roots of the brachial plexus, which contribute to the nerves aimed in this study, was also examined at the same time as the dissection.

Methods

Twenty brachial plexuses of 10 domestic adult goats (8 females and 2 males) were examined using gross dissection in this study.

Results

In many dissections (95 %), the last bundle of scalenus ventralis muscle was found to pass between the roots of C7 and C8, dividing the brachial plexus into the cranial (ventral) and caudal (dorsal) parts. Two pectoral nerves were noted to contribute to the formation of the first nerve loop around the axillary artery. The first pectoral nerve arose predominantly from the ventral branches of C6 and C7 in company with the n. musculocutaneus, while the second pectoral nerve arose directly from C8 in 70 % of the dissections or as the first branch of the n. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1) in the remaining 30 %. After the nerve loop, the second pectoral nerve branched off to innervate the superficial surface of the m. pectoralis profundus toward its insertion. The m. subclavius was found to receive its innervation from several sources, including the ventral branches of the brachial plexus. Interestingly, in 4 of the 14 dissections a communication between the n. subclavius and the n. phrenicus heretofore not found in the animal anatomy literature was found. In 16 of the 20 dissections (60 %), the ramus muscularis proximalis of the n. musculocutaneus received the communicating branch(s) from the n. medianus at the site of the second nerve loop, ansa axillaris.

Conclusion

The second pectoral nerve contributing to the pectoral loop would be better described as the caudal pectoral nerve rather than the cranial pectoral nerve. Besides the evolutionary perspectives, understanding the findings of this study would be helpful for teaching veterinary anatomy.

背景：我们重新研究了胸神经和腋动脉上两个神经环路的解剖结构，以补充目前的一般描述，并论证有助于形成胸神经环路的神经是否为头颅胸神经。此外，在解剖的同时，还研究了头皮肌与臂丛神经根之间的位置关系，这也是本研究的目标神经：方法：本研究使用大体解剖法对 10 只家养成年山羊（8 只雌性和 2 只雄性）的 20 条臂丛神经进行了检查：结果：在许多解剖中（95%），发现鳞状腹肌的最后一束穿过 C7 和 C8 的根部之间，将臂丛分为头侧（腹侧）和尾侧（背侧）两部分。在腋动脉周围形成的第一个神经环中有两条胸神经。在70%的解剖中，第一条胸神经主要来自C6和C7的腹侧分支，与胸大肌（n. musculocutaneus）伴生；而在其余30%的解剖中，第二条胸神经直接来自C8，或作为胸侧神经（n. thoracicus lateralis，C8，T1）的第一分支。在神经环路之后，第二胸神经分支支配胸大肌浅表，向其插入处延伸。研究发现，锁骨下神经的神经支配来自多个来源，包括臂丛神经的腹侧分支。有趣的是，在 14 例解剖中的 4 例中，发现了迄今为止在动物解剖学文献中尚未发现的锁骨下肌和膈肌之间的沟通。在 20 例解剖中的 16 例（60%）中，正中肌近侧的横纹肌在第二神经环路腋窝的位置接受了来自正中肌的沟通分支：结论：有助于形成胸肌环的第二胸神经最好称为尾胸神经，而不是颅胸神经。除了从进化角度看问题外，了解这项研究的结果对兽医解剖学教学也有帮助。

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引用次数: 0

Τhe styloid process length and the stylohyoid chain ossification affect its relationship with the carotid arteries Τ styloid process 长度和 stylohyoid chain 骨化程度影响其与颈动脉的关系

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152342

Purpose

The elongated styloid process (SP) is associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection, due to its close relationship with the vessel. However, the relationship with the variable ossified stylohyoid chain (SHC) has been scarcely studied. The current study investigated the relationship between the temporal bone's SP and the external and internal carotid arteries (ECA and ICA). The hypothesis was that the morphological variants of the SP influence this relationship.

Methods

Sixty multidetector computed tomography angiographies (120 heminecks) were randomly selected and retrospectively analyzed. SP elongation and the degree of SHC ossification were assessed. The distances (mm) between the SP and the carotid arteries (CAs) were measured.

Results

Elongated SPs were present in 21 patients (35 %), while 18 patients (30 %) exhibited variable degrees of SHC ossification. The mean distance from the SP tip and ECA was 5.45 ± 3.01 mm from the ECA and 6.16 ± 3.11 mm to the ICA. The minimum distance between SP and ECA was 3.96 ± 2.74 mm, and between SP and ICA was 4.72 ± 2.73 mm. A statistically significant reduction in SP-ICA distance was observed in cases with elongated SP and SHC ossification, while the SP-ECA distance was statistically significantly shorter in cases of SP elongation. Additionally, three novel topographical patterns between the SP and surrounding vascular structures were identified.

Conclusions

SP elongation and variable SHC ossification may impact the spatial relationship between the SP and the ICA/ECA. The proximity of the SP to the carotid arteries, particularly the ICA, holds clinical significance, as a reduced distance may predispose patients to carotid artery dissection, increasing the risk of stroke.

目的由于伸长的花柱（SP）与颈内动脉（ICA）关系密切，因此与颈内动脉夹层有关。然而，有关其与可变骨化的蝶骨链（SHC）之间关系的研究却很少。本研究调查了颞骨 SP 与颈内外动脉（ECA 和 ICA）之间的关系。方法随机选择并回顾性分析了六十例多载体计算机断层扫描血管造影（120 例半月板）。评估了 SP 的伸长和 SHC 的骨化程度。结果21名患者（35%）的SP延长，18名患者（30%）的SHC骨化程度不一。SP顶端与ECA的平均距离为5.45 ± 3.01 mm，与ICA的平均距离为6.16 ± 3.11 mm。SP 与 ECA 之间的最小距离为 3.96 ± 2.74 mm，SP 与 ICA 之间的最小距离为 4.72 ± 2.73 mm。据统计，在SP和SHC骨化伸长的病例中，SP-ICA间距明显缩短，而在SP伸长的病例中，SP-ECA间距明显缩短。此外，还发现了 SP 与周围血管结构之间的三种新的地形模式。SP与颈动脉（尤其是ICA）的距离具有临床意义，因为距离缩短可能使患者容易发生颈动脉夹层，从而增加中风的风险。

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引用次数: 0

B-learning in human anatomy: Comparative analysis of academic achievement between face-to-face and e-learning modalities B-learning in human anatomy：面授和电子学习模式的学业成绩比较分析。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152339

Introduction

In recent years, modern technologies have become established in most educational fields. Thus, e-learning tends to be an integral part of the learner-centered learning process, with the teacher acting as a facilitator. However, the methodologies used to study the impact of e-learning have been varied and imprecise, making comparison and meta-analysis difficult. This study attempts to overcome these obstacles with a large and homogeneous sample to compare (1) the academic outcomes obtained with face-to-face and e-learning in a blended module of human anatomy and (2) the response attempts (response index) of each student in answering questions specific to each learning modality.

Material and methods

The results of the multiple-choice exams under study were collected. All students (n=1160) were from four consecutive academic years following the same teaching program with a b-learning method: 13 topics were presented face to face by the same lecturers, and six via e-learning with the same online resources. Two variables were compared: (1) the academic grade, based on the score for correct answers and the penalty for incorrect ones, and (2) the response index, based on the number of correct and incorrect answers.

Results

(1) 73.45 % of the examinees passed the test. In the sample as a whole, results were better in face-to-face than in e-learning. In the quartiles ordered by overall academic performance, this superiority was limited to the top half of the higher-performing students. In contrast, lower-scoring students performed better in e-learning. However, these differences were modest (≤ 0.54 points). (2) In proportion, the questions on topics learned face-to-face were the most frequently answered. A strong correlation was observed between the variables in the whole sample and the students with the highest academic scores (first quartile) on the global exam and the questions on topics learned in each modality. In the remaining quartiles, the correlation was also strong in the e-learning content.

Conclusions

(1) Both modalities included in b-learning are academically effective. (2) Proportionally, students take more risks when answering content questions learned in face-to-face classes, and there is a strong correlation between response attempts and academic grades, especially, on the brightest exams and e-learning content.

引言近年来，现代技术已在大多数教育领域得到应用。因此，电子学习往往成为以学习者为中心的学习过程中不可或缺的一部分，而教师则扮演着促进者的角色。然而，用于研究电子学习影响的方法多种多样，而且不精确，因此很难进行比较和元分析。本研究试图克服这些障碍，采用大量同质样本，比较(1)在人体解剖学混合模块中通过面授和电子学习获得的学术成果，以及(2)每个学生在回答每种学习方式的特定问题时的反应尝试（反应指数）：收集所研究的选择题考试成绩。所有学生（n=1160）均来自连续四个学年的同一教学计划，并采用 b-learning 方法：13个题目由相同的讲师面授，6个题目通过相同的在线资源进行在线学习。比较了两个变量：(1) 基于正确答案得分和错误答案惩罚的学业成绩；(2) 基于正确和错误答案数量的反应指数。在整个样本中，面授学习的成绩好于网络学习。在按总学业成绩排序的四分位数中，这种优势仅限于成绩较好学生的前半部分。相比之下，分数较低的学生在网络学习中的表现更好。不过，这些差异不大（≤ 0.54 分）。(2) 在比例上，面对面学习的题目是最常回答的。在整个样本中观察到的变量，以及在全球考试中学习成绩最高（第一四分位数）的学生与每种模式下所学题目之间存在很强的相关性。在其余四分位数中，电子学习内容的相关性也很强。结论：(1) b-learning 中的两种模式在学术上都很有效。(2) 从比例上看，学生在回答面授课程所学内容的问题时会冒更大的风险，而且回答尝试次数与学习成绩之间有很强的相关性，尤其是在最亮眼的考试和电子学习内容上。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling proteomic targets in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized and estradiol-treated rats: Insights into menopausal syndrome mechanisms 揭示卵巢切除大鼠和雌二醇处理大鼠下丘脑中的蛋白质组靶点：洞察更年期综合征机制

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152341

Background

Menopausal syndrome profoundly affects the physical and mental health of many women, drawing increasing attention from the medical community. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. These symptoms are primarily driven by hormonal fluctuation. The hypothalamus, a key regulator of hormonal balance, potentially playing a critical role in the manifestation of menopausal syndrome.

Methods

We simulated the low-estrogen menopausal state using ovariectomized rats, confirmed the success of ovariectomy via histological analysis of the uterus and vagina, followed by estrogen treatment. TMT-labeled quantitative proteomics, RTqPCR, targeted proteomics and Western blotting were used to identify differentially expressed proteins and their functions in the hypothalamus under low-estrogen conditions.

Results

One-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) identified 295 differentially expressed proteins across the sham, ovariectomized and estrogen-treated groups. Post-ovariectomy, 103 differentially expressed proteins were upregulated and 93 were downregulated. Among these, 50 proteins were involved in hormones and neurotransmitters, immunity, metabolism and cardiovascular function. Notably, four proteins—Prkcg, Hsp90ab1, Ywhae, and Gad2—were identified as crucial regulators.

Conclusions

This study elucidates the central molecular mechanism of menopausal syndrome through bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the hypothalamus under low-estrogen conditions, providing novel targets for the treatment of related symptoms.

背景更年期综合征严重影响着许多女性的身心健康，日益引起医学界的关注。然而，其发病机制仍不清楚。这些症状主要是由荷尔蒙波动引起的。方法我们用卵巢切除的大鼠模拟低雌激素绝经状态，通过子宫和阴道的组织学分析确认卵巢切除成功，然后进行雌激素治疗。结果单因素方差分析（p <0.05）确定了假体组、卵巢切除组和雌激素处理组中有295种不同表达的蛋白质。卵巢切除术后，103 个差异表达蛋白上调，93 个下调。其中，50 个蛋白质涉及激素和神经递质、免疫、新陈代谢和心血管功能。结论本研究通过对低雌激素条件下下丘脑差异表达蛋白的生物信息学分析，阐明了更年期综合征的核心分子机制，为相关症状的治疗提供了新的靶点。

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引用次数: 0

Stereological study of cerebellar morphology in feline fetuses: Insights from the final gestational stage 猫科胎儿小脑形态的立体学研究：妊娠末期的启示

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152338

This study aimed to conduct a morphoquantitative and stereological evaluation, analyzing the cerebellum of domestic cat fetuses in the latter third of the gestational period. Fetal samples were obtained from a neutering campaign conducted in the municipality of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The procedures and protocols used in this work adhere to the guidelines established by the ethics committee of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), under the number CEUA 1935251121. The five selected fetuses were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde, and their gestational age was determined by Crown Rump (CR) measurements, followed by an assessment of external characteristics. The cerebella were subjected to the evaluation of morphometric parameters and histological processing using stereology techniques. The obtained means for the cerebellar parameters were as follows: length: 1.0-centimeter, width: 0.54 centimeters, thickness: 0.44 centimeters, and weight: 0.84 g. Using stereology, the following parameters were determined: cerebellar volume, averaging 0.847 cm³; volume density of the cortex: 0.496 or 49 % (molecular layer), 0.0314 or 3.14 % (Purkinje cell layer), 0.232 or 23 % (granular layer), and 0.234 or 23 % (medullary white center). Consequently, the average total volume of the cerebellar cortex is 0.419 cm³ for the molecular layer, 0.026 cm³ for the Purkinje cell layer, 0.196 cm³ for the granular layer, and 0.196 cm³ for the medullary white center. The findings presented here have contributed to an in-depth discussion of the neuro-motor development and cerebellum of domestic cats.

本研究旨在对妊娠期后三分之一的家猫胎儿的小脑进行形态定量和立体学评估分析。胎儿样本来自巴西圣保罗瓜鲁柳斯市的一次绝育手术。这项工作中使用的程序和方案符合圣保罗大学兽医和动物科学学院（FMVZ/USP）伦理委员会制定的指导方针，编号为 CEUA 1935251121。所选的五个胎儿被固定在4%的甲醛中，通过测量冠臀围（CR）确定胎龄，然后评估外部特征。对小脑进行形态计量参数评估，并利用立体学技术进行组织学处理。小脑参数的平均值如下：长：1.0 厘米，宽：0.54 厘米，厚：0.44 厘米，重：0.84 克。使用立体学方法确定了以下参数：小脑体积，平均为 0.847 立方厘米；皮层体积密度：0.496 或 49%（分子层），0.0314 或 3.14%（浦肯野细胞层），0.232 或 23%（颗粒层），以及 0.234 或 23%（髓质白中心）。因此，小脑皮质的平均总体积为：分子层 0.419 立方厘米，浦肯野细胞层 0.026 立方厘米，颗粒层 0.196 立方厘米，髓白中心 0.196 立方厘米。本文的研究结果有助于深入探讨家猫的神经运动发育和小脑。

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