Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献

{"title":"Spike protein-related proteinopathies: A focus on the neurological side of spikeopathies","authors":"Andreas Posa","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The spike protein (SP) is an outward-projecting transmembrane glycoprotein on viral surfaces. SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), responsible for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), uses SP to infect cells that express angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on their membrane. Remarkably, SP has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain and cause cerebral damage through various pathomechanisms. To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, novel gene-based products have been used worldwide to induce human body cells to produce SP to stimulate the immune system. This artificial SP also has a harmful effect on the human nervous system.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Narrative review.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This narrative review presents the crucial role of SP in neurological complaints after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also of SP derived from novel gene-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 products (ASP).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Literature searches using broad terms such as \"SARS-CoV-2\", \"spike protein\", \"COVID-19\", \"COVID-19 pandemic\", \"vaccines\", \"COVID-19 vaccines\", \"post-vaccination syndrome\", \"post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome\" and \"proteinopathy\" were performed using PubMed. Google Scholar was used to search for topic-specific full-text keywords.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The toxic properties of SP presented in this review provide a good explanation for many of the neurological symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after injection of SP-producing ASP. Both SP entities (from infection and injection) interfere, among others, with ACE2 and act on different cells, tissues and organs. Both SPs are able to cross the BBB and can trigger acute and chronic neurological complaints. Such SP-associated pathologies (spikeopathies) are further neurological proteinopathies with thrombogenic, neurotoxic, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative potential for the human nervous system, particularly the central nervous system. The potential neurotoxicity of SP from ASP needs to be critically examined, as ASPs have been administered to millions of people worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological characterization and spatial profiling of age-induced tertiary lymphoid structures in mouse lung parenchyma","authors":"R. Ciccimarra ,&nbsp;M. Zoboli ,&nbsp;L. Ragionieri ,&nbsp;A. Cacchioli ,&nbsp;F. Gazza ,&nbsp;R. Saleri ,&nbsp;F.F. Stellari ,&nbsp;F. Ravanetti","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tertiary lymphoid structures are ectopic lymphoid aggregates traditionally associated with inflammation or injury. Their presence in uninjured, aged murine lungs remains unexplored. This study investigates age-induced TLS formation, morphology and cellular composition, comparing these structures to those induced by bleomycin treatment. Lungs from healthy mice aged two, 18, and 24 months were analyzed using histological staining, histomorphometry and high-plex immunofluorescence. TLSs were identified and spatially classified (perivascular, peribronchial, parenchymal).</div><div>We performed a single-cell phenotype analysis that revealed distinctive alterations in the immune repertoire identifying lymphoid neogenesis in healthy elderly lungs. BLM-induced TLSs in young (2-month-old) mice were also examined.</div><div>Age-related TLS formation was evident, with a significant increase in both density and size at 18 and 24 months compared to two months. Peribronchial TLSs were larger and more circular with age, while perivascular TLSs showed higher T cell density. Immunofluorescence revealed diverse immune cell populations, including B cells, T cells and macrophages, organized in location-specific patterns. BLM-induced TLSs were larger and less compact than those in aged lungs, correlating with fibrotic severity (R² = 0,92).</div><div>This study reveals that TLSs develop in murine lungs with age, exhibiting distinct spatial organization and immune cell compositions. Compared to damage-induced TLSs, age-related TLSs are more compact and structured. These findings highlight the role of TLSs in age-related immune surveillance and suggest their potential involvement in inflammaging and chronic lung conditions. It will be crucial to further investigate their role and determine whether their formation is associated with respiratory disease and age-related immune dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152660"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical anatomy of the inferior gluteal nerve - systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Jonasz Tempski ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Fibiger ,&nbsp;Katarzyna Majka ,&nbsp;Jakub Pękala ,&nbsp;Dominik Łazarz ,&nbsp;Konrad Malinowski ,&nbsp;Jerzy A. Walocha ,&nbsp;Przemysław Pękala","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The variations and patterns presented by inferior gluteal nerve (IGN) have been linked to iatrogenic complications, particularly in pelvic operations. The aim of this meta-analysis was to obtain data regarding IGN morphometry, communication and relationship with nervous structures of the gluteal area, course, pattern and muscle innervation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A large-scale search was conducted (PubMed, Embase, Science Direct and Web of Science) with no restrictions on date or language. Included categories involved prevalence, course, patterns, origin and distances from respective anatomical landmarks.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 20 studies (n = 1235 hemipelves) were incorporated into our publication.</div><div>The distance between the main branch of IGN and the greater trochanter was 70.2 mm (95 %CI:37.9–102.5). In the mid-gluteal region, the nerve was 22.6 mm (95 %CI:11.3–33.8) away from the ischial spine.</div><div>Moreover, for this study’s purpose we distinguished seven morphological IGN variants, which presented different courses in regard to the piriformis muscle. The most common was type I, in which IGN went under the piriformis muscle and its prevalence equaled 90.6 % (95 %CI:83.2–98.4;p &lt; 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Clinicians, particularly those performing hip surgeries, should be aware of the potential variations of IGN and their associated challenges, as such knowledge can help mitigate the risk of injury to this structure. The IGN’s close proximity to the greater trochanter plays a crucial role in the posterior approach to the hip, as it could be used as a landmark to help prevent iatrogenic damage during this procedure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intersaphenous veins of the leg: An ultrasonographic study in young population","authors":"Michaela Veselá ,&nbsp;Gabriela Dostálová ,&nbsp;Karel Brabec ,&nbsp;Aleš Linhart ,&nbsp;David Kachlík","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The communicating veins between the great and small saphenous veins, called intersaphenous veins, are often overlooked structures, except for the femoral intersaphenous vein (of Giacomini). The reason for tendency to neglect the crural intersaphenous veins can be their alleged high variability. The aim of the study was to bring reliable anatomical and morphometric data about the crural intersaphenous veins for their potential clinical usage as grafts.</div></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><div>In this ultrasonographic study performed on a young population, we screened 246 lower extremities. The incidence of the femoral intersaphenous vein was 51.2 % (126/246) and the incidence of at least one crural intersaphenous vein was 97.1 % (239/246). Two crural intersaphenous veins were observed in 46.7 % (115/246).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The femoral intersaphenous vein was located exclusively on the thigh, with its average length of 26.35 cm and average calibre of 2.4 mm. The typical area where to find a crural intersaphenous vein is the middle medial part of the calf. Their course can be straight transverse, oblique or they can rarely make a plexus. The majority of intersaphenous veins of the leg do not possess valves, if so, those are parietal valves present in 10.3 % (39/379). An average length of 13.7 cm and an average calibre of 2.13 mm of intersaphenous veins of the leg are appropriate enough for their usage as a venous graft or in reconstruction surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The intersaphenous veins of the leg are not as variable as presented in previous studies. Their anatomical and topographical characteristics are fairly constant. According to their anatomical characteristics, crural intersaphenous veins could be surgically used as a suitable variant to the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein and femoral intersaphenous vein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The innominate tributary of the small saphenous vein: Anatomical considerations","authors":"Adam Sedlák ,&nbsp;David Kachlík","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The innominate tributary of the small saphenous vein can be found medial to the calcaneal tendon, coursing proximally and draining into the trunk of the small saphenous vein in the distal third of the leg. The aim of our scientific paper is to thoroughly describe this innominate tributary, its incidence and relation to surrounding structures through anatomical dissection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Authors thoroughly dissected sixty-one body donor lower limbs. As an adequate point of reference for measurements, the apex/tip of the lateral malleolus was selected. If a venous perforator was present, its position was related to the sole of the foot and to the posterior margin of the medial malleolus. In addition, each fibula was measured as a representation of the length of each limb.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The investigated vein was found among 68.85 % (42/61) of lower limbs. Moreover, twenty-six bodies (83.87 %) evinced the vein in at least one of their legs. The average communication point with the trunk of the small saphenous vein lied 15.04 ± 3.94 cm (male limbs) and 15.05 ± 2.29 cm (female limbs) proximal to the lateral malleolus. On top of that, 82.93 % of veins also showed an interconnection with the posterior tibial perforators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This paper provides detailed anatomical data about the innominate tributary of the small saphenous vein. Our observation may propose new alternatives to traditional venous grafts from saphenous veins. Moreover, a significant relation to the perforators of the leg was found. Lastly, authors propose to denominate this vein as Achillean vein or calcaneal tendon vein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143744630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometric morphometric analysis of body shape and sexual dimorphism in Colossoma macropomum","authors":"İhsan Berat Kiliçli ,&nbsp;Barış Batur ,&nbsp;Hasen Awel Yunus ,&nbsp;Caner Bakici","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study investigates sexual dimorphism in <em>Colossoma macropomum</em> using geometric and linear morphometrics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 26 specimens (14 females, 12 males) were analysed through shape analysis (MorphoJ) and linear measurements (ImageJ). Statistical analysis of both linear and geometric morphometry was performed using the PAST program.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Geometric morphometric analysis identified statistically significant differences in body shape between males and females. Females were characterised by a shorter and narrower body form, while males exhibited a longer and broader morphology. Notably, the caudal fin base's flexion axis, along with the position and length of the anal fin, were highlighted as key anatomical regions for distinguishing between adult males and females. Linear morphometric analysis further revealed significant sex-specific variations, particularly in the head region and anterior body width.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings integrate quantitative data from linear morphometric with visualised results from geometric morphometric analysis, providing a detailed assessment of morphological distinctions. Potential drivers of these differences, including reproductive strategies, feeding behaviours, population density, genetic structure, aquaculture practices, water depth, and ecological niche differentiation, were explored to explain the observed sexual dimorphism. This research provides valuable insights into the morphological variation and evolutionary mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in <em>Colossoma macropomum</em>, with implications for species management and conservation. Moreover, it represents a novel contribution as the first comprehensive study to utilise geometric morphometric techniques to elucidate shape differences between male and female individuals of this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152659"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prone positioning improves surgical access to the thoracolumbar junction – An MRI pilot study","authors":"Mohammed Hasanain ,&nbsp;Colya N. Englisch ,&nbsp;Thomas Tschernig ,&nbsp;Ralf Ketter ,&nbsp;Diana Hell ,&nbsp;Arno Bücker ,&nbsp;Joachim Oertel","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The lateral decubitus position is the standard position for a lateral approach of the thoracolumbar junction, but prone positioning has been observed to increase the distance of abdominal organs from the spine in comparison to lateral decubitus position and gives a safe exposure to the lumbar spine.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To compare distances between the thoracolumbar spine junction and abdominal structures between lateral decubitus and prone position.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted in two positions, lateral decubitus and prone, in six volunteers with no previous spine injury or complaints. Distances of abdominal structures from the spine were measured from Th10 to S1.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In lateral decubitus position, abdominal structures shifted away from the thoracolumbar junction on the left side but became nearer to the spine on the right side. The distance of abdominal structures from the spine was highest in prone position, particularly on the right side.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These anatomical descriptions suggest that prone position can improve surgical access to the thoracolumbar junction in comparison to the standard lateral decubitus position, from the right side as well as from the left side.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster analyses of contemporary embalming protocols in central European anatomy institutions: A collaborative effort to minimize chemical exposure","authors":"Sara Mohebimoushaei ,&nbsp;Veronica Antipova ,&nbsp;Uta Biedermann ,&nbsp;Beate Brand-Saberi ,&nbsp;Lars Bräuer ,&nbsp;Svenja Caspers ,&nbsp;Sara Doll ,&nbsp;Maren Engelhardt ,&nbsp;Timm J. Filler ,&nbsp;Martin Gericke ,&nbsp;Yakup Gümüsalan ,&nbsp;Stefanie Gundlach ,&nbsp;Gregor U. Hayn-Leichsenring ,&nbsp;Stephan Heermann ,&nbsp;Laura Hiepe ,&nbsp;Bernhard Hirt ,&nbsp;Lena Hirtler ,&nbsp;Christoph Kulisch ,&nbsp;Marko Konschake ,&nbsp;Stefanie Kürten ,&nbsp;Niels Hammer","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anatomical embalming forms a mainstay in the provision of teaching materials based on human post-mortem tissues. As a consequence of regulations worldwide to minimize the use of formaldehyde due to its harmful nature, effective measures must be taken to minimize its application in the anatomy laboratory. This study aimed to identify commonalities among embalming protocols used in Austrian, German and Swiss anatomies to reduce formaldehyde usage and provide a foundation for joint accreditation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Survey data on all procedures, technologies and chemicals related to embalming were collected from 28 participating institutions and analyzed using an automated clustering approach. Special attention was given to chemicals, explosion-proof facilities, and air ventilation technology. After conducting principal component analyses, the data was evaluated using an unsupervised K-means learning algorithm.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Six distinct clusters of common chemical usage were identified, namely (1) Thiel embalming with explosion-proof facilities, (2) potassium- and sodium salt-based embalming with downdraft ventilation, (3) ethanol/glycerin/glutaraldehyde/sodium alkyl ether sulphate-based embalming, (4) ethanol-based embalming, (5) formaldehyde-based embalming, and (6) ethanol/phenoxyethanol/alkyl (C12–16) dimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride-based embalming. All clusters included the use of formaldehyde to varying extent. These clusters demonstrated high stability for fixation, combined fixation and conservation, as well as the incorporation of explosion-proof facilities and air ventilation technology. Moreover, a number of institutions used more than one similar protocol, so-called ‘Superclusters’, with Clusters (4) and (1) or Clusters (5) and (1) combined being the most common observation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings provide a basis for optimizing, streamlining and sharing embalming protocols among central European anatomy institutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel perspective on geniculate ganglion fossa: Cone beam computed tomography analysis of pneumatization and dehiscence","authors":"Răzvan Costin Tudose ,&nbsp;Mugurel Constantin Rusu","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and patterns of geniculate ganglion fossa (GGF) pneumatization, as well as the dehiscence and thickness of its tegmen, while evaluating their anatomical correlations. The assessment was conducted using two coronal planes aligned with the histological division of the GGF.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Seventy cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans (140 sides) were analyzed. Two coronal planes through the GGF were used, based on its histology: an anterior plane through the ganglion and a posterior plane through the facial nerve fibers. Pneumatization was assessed by identifying air cells within a 2 mm range of the GGF, examining its superior, lateral, medial, and inferior walls, and classifying the pneumatization patterns. The GGF tegmen dehiscence was evaluated in both planes and categorized as intact, partial, or total. Based on combined findings, five dehiscence types were defined, ranging from type 1 (no dehiscence) to type 5 (complete dehiscence in both coronal planes). The classification reflects the progressive extent of tegmen dehiscence across these planes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Type 1 (intact GGF tegmen) was the most common, observed in 47.1 % of cases, while partial dehiscence (types 2–4) and complete dehiscence (type 5) were found in 39.3 % and 13.6 % of cases, respectively. Pneumatization was predominantly lateral (95 %), corresponding to the epitympanum, while superior pneumatization within the GGF tegmen occurred in 33.6 % of cases. Circumferential pneumatization, involving all GGF walls, was very rare (1 case, left side). Superior pneumatization correlated with a significantly greater mean GGF tegmen thickness compared to non-pneumatized cases (2.6 ± 1.3 mm vs. 1.2 ± 0.7 mm). GGF tegmen dehiscence did not significantly influence tegmen tympani dehiscence (prevalence of 72.9 %), indicating no clear association.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Assessing GGF morphology in anterior and posterior planes, thus correlated with the histological division of its neural content, can enhance preoperative planning and help predict and minimize surgical risks in this complex and delicate region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152402"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biometric analysis applied to three age classes of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in a population of central Italy","authors":"Anna Paniccià ,&nbsp;Andrea Brusaferro ,&nbsp;Cesare Pacioni ,&nbsp;Leonardo Brusaferro ,&nbsp;Paola Scocco ,&nbsp;Elena De Felice","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Roe deer are often used as bioindicators; however, little is known about the potential relationship between biometric parameters and the different phenological developmental phases of males compared to females.</div><div>This study focuses on the analysis of biometric data of three age groups (juveniles, subadults and adults) of the roe deer population, performed on samples collected during the period 2017–2023. The aim is to evaluate the relationship between body/cranial parameters and sex-specific developmental phases, both to create a database and to provide morphological information useful for deepening the knowledge about the roe deer population and for planning management actions, including selective hunting.</div><div>Eight cranial linear distances were measured to the nearest 0.05 mm with calipers on the cranium of the roe deer, and four body linear distances were measured to the nearest 1 cm with flexible measuring devices. Data were analysed using ANOVA. Multivariate size-constrained factorial analysis was applied to investigate both shape changes and the shape morphology of the cranium for each age-sex group.</div><div>Analysis revealed weak sexual dimorphism; significant differences emerged in head-trunk length, height at withers and hock length in adults, while chest circumference remained similar. Cranial measurements showed males develop wider cranium earlier, whereas females exhibit prolonged growth in sensory related structures. Factorial analysis confirmed size as the primary differentiating factor among age classes. Males reach adult morphology faster, while females continue cranial development into the second year.</div><div>Data underline the importance of age and sex in the morphological development of roe deer and highlight that understanding the relationship between body parameters and developmental stages is essential to refine selective hunting criteria and ensure sustainable population management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"260 ","pages":"Article 152401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}