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Anatomical human body donation in South Africa: Inconsistencies of informed consent 南非的人体解剖捐赠:知情同意的不一致。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152292
Keegan O. Meiring , Victoria E. Gibbon , Amanda Alblas

Introduction

Informed consent is critical for maintaining the ethical standards associated with the utilization of human donor bodies by tertiary education institutions. Body donation programs undertake the responsibility for procuring human donor bodies for didactic and research purposes. However, its processes require scrutiny regarding best practice guidelines and the South African National Health Act (SA-NHA) (2013). Moreover, acknowledging and addressing the current perceptions of human body donation are indispensable in bridging the gap between academia and society. This study aimed to compare informed consent documentation and procedures across South African tertiary education institutions and their affiliated human body donation programs (HBDP) in accordance with international guidelines. The findings were used to create a human body donation form template aligned to current international best practices for consideration by the South African HBDP.

Methodology

A review of information and consent forms collected from South Africa’s eight HBDP was conducted. The analyses consisted of a broad evaluation of information provided, ranging from the terms-of-use for human donor bodies to the commitments made by HBDP to body-donors. The results were considered in conjunction with the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and other recent publications on informed consent in HBDP.

Results

Only two of the eight HBDP provided information and consent forms in more than one language. Most allowed donors to select how their bodies will be utilized – education, training and/or research. Some (6/8) made provisions for the next-of-kin to receive the cremains. Only one tertiary educational institution mentioned the occurrence of a memorial service in its documentation. An HBDF template was created aligned to current international best practices for presentation and possible adaption by SA HBDP.

Discussion & conclusions

Human body donation forms (HBDF) requires thorough examination for the promotion and sustainability of HBDP. Effective communication by employing standardized non-technical terminology conveyed in language that is understandable and native to potential donors facilitates the deliverance of informed consent. Inconsistencies regarding the use and management of bodies catalyze the weakening perception of human body donation. Thus, this process of securing informed consent for body donation should be conducted in conjunction with public awareness campaigns and underpinned by the necessary policy and legislative reform.

导言:知情同意对于维持高等教育机构使用人体捐献者遗体的相关道德标准至关重要。遗体捐献计划承担着为教学和研究目的采购人体捐献者遗体的责任。然而,其过程需要根据最佳实践指南和《南非国家卫生法》(SA-NHA)(2013 年)进行严格审查。此外,承认并解决当前对人体捐献的看法对于弥合学术界与社会之间的差距也是不可或缺的。本研究旨在根据国际准则,比较南非高等教育机构及其附属人体捐献项目(HBDP)的知情同意文件和程序。研究结果被用于创建符合当前国际最佳实践的人体捐献表格模板,供南非人体捐献项目考虑:方法:对从南非 8 个 HBDP 收集到的信息和同意书进行了审查。分析包括对所提供信息的广泛评估,从遗体的使用条款到 HBDP 对捐献者的承诺。分析结果与国际解剖学家协会联合会和其他近期出版的有关人体器官捐献者知情同意书的出版物一并考虑:结果:在 8 家人与生物数据中心中,只有 2 家以一种以上的语言提供信息和同意书。大多数都允许捐献者选择其遗体的使用方式--教育、培训和/或研究。一些机构(6/8)规定由近亲接收骨灰。只有一家高等教育机构在其文件中提到了追悼会。根据当前的国际最佳实践,创建了一个人体捐献表格模板,供南澳遗体捐献项目介绍和可能的改编:人体捐献表格(HBDF)需要彻底检查,以促进 HBDP 的发展和可持续性。通过使用标准化的非技术性术语,以潜在捐献者能够理解和使用的语言进行有效沟通,有助于获得知情同意。有关遗体使用和管理的不一致催化了人体捐献观念的弱化。因此,在征得遗体捐献知情同意的过程中,应结合公众宣传活动,并辅之以必要的政策和立法改革。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of orbital floor defect ratio on changes in the inferior rectus muscle and prediction of posttraumatic enophthalmos – A cadaver study 眶底缺损率对下直肌变化的影响以及创伤后眼球突出的预测 - 一项尸体研究。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152294
Ali Modabber , Philipp Winnand , Mark Ooms , Marius Heitzer , Nassim Ayoub , Felix Paulßen von Beck , Stefan Raith , Andreas Prescher , Frank Hölzle , Thomas Mücke

Background

Orbital floor fractures result in critical changes in the shape and inferior rectus muscle (IRM) position. Radiological imaging of IRM changes can be used for surgical decision making or prediction of ocular symptoms. Studies with a systematic consideration of the orbital floor defect ratio in this context are missing in the literature. Accordingly, this study on human cadavers aimed to systematically investigate the impact of the orbital floor defect ratio on changes in the IRM and the prediction of posttraumatic enophthalmos.

Methods

Seventy-two orbital floor defects were placed in cadaver specimens using piezosurgical removal. The orbital defect area (ODA), orbital floor area (OFA), position and IRM shape, and enophthalmos were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans.

Results

The ODA/OFA ratio correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the shape (Spearman’s rho: 0.558) and position (Spearman’s rho: 0.511) of the IRM, and with enophthalmos (Spearman’s rho: 0.673). Increases in the ODA/OFA ratio significantly rounded the shape of the IRM (ß: 0.667; p < 0.001) and made a lower position of the IRM more likely (OR: 1.093; p = 0.003). In addition, increases in the ODA/OFA ratio were significantly associated with the development of relevant enophthalmos (OR: 1.159; p = 0.008), adjusted for the defect localization and shape of the IRM. According to receiver operating characteristics analysis (AUC: 0.876; p < 0.001), a threshold of ODA/OFA ratio ≥ 32.691 for prediction of the risk of development of enophthalmos yielded a sensitivity of 0.809 and a specificity of 0.842.

Conclusion

The ODA/OFA ratio is a relevant parameter in the radiological evaluation of orbital floor fractures, as it increases the risk of relevant enophthalmos, regardless of fracture localization and shape of the IRM. Therefore, changes in the shape and position of the IRM should be considered in surgical treatment planning. A better understanding of the correlates of isolated orbital floor fractures may help to develop diagnostic scores and standardize therapeutic algorithms in the future.

背景:眼眶底骨折会导致眼眶形状和下直肌(IRM)位置发生严重变化。IRM 变化的放射成像可用于手术决策或预测眼部症状。在这种情况下,系统考虑眶底缺损率的研究在文献中尚属空白。因此,本研究以人体尸体为对象,旨在系统研究眶底缺损率对 IRM 变化的影响以及对创伤后眼球突出的预测:方法:使用压电手术切除法在尸体标本上放置了 72 个眶底缺损。使用计算机断层扫描(CT)测量眶缺损面积(ODA)、眶底面积(OFA)、位置和 IRM 形状以及眼球突出情况:ODA/OFA比率与IRM的形状(Spearman's rho:0.558)和位置(Spearman's rho:0.511)以及眼球突出(Spearman's rho:0.673)显著相关(p < 0.001)。ODA/OFA比值的增加会使IRM的形状明显变圆(ß:0.667;p < 0.001),并使IRM的位置更有可能变低(OR:1.093;p = 0.003)。此外,ODA/OFA 比值的增加与相关眼球后凸的发生显著相关(OR:1.159;p = 0.008),并根据缺损位置和 IRM 的形状进行了调整。根据接收器操作特征分析(AUC:0.876;p < 0.001),ODA/OFA 比值≥ 32.691 的阈值用于预测眼球突出的风险,其灵敏度为 0.809,特异性为 0.842:ODA/OFA比值是眼眶底骨折放射学评估中的一个相关参数,因为无论骨折定位和IRM的形状如何,ODA/OFA比值都会增加眼球突出的风险。因此,在制定手术治疗计划时应考虑到 IRM 形状和位置的变化。更好地了解孤立性眶底骨折的相关因素有助于将来制定诊断评分标准和标准化治疗算法。
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引用次数: 0
The human dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) morphology: A multimodal imaging approach 人体真皮白色脂肪组织(dWAT)形态:一种多模态成像方法。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152289
Federico Boschi , Alessandro Negri , Anita Conti , Paolo Bernardi , Salvatore Chirumbolo , Andrea Sbarbati

Background

Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) in humans can be characterized as a relaxed dermal skin compartment consisting of functionally interlinked adipocytes. dWAT is typically discerned both in terms of morphology and function from subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). In particular in human thigh, the dWAT appears as thin extensions from the adipose panniculus to the dermis, and it is primarily associated with pilosebaceous units, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and erector pili muscles. In this work, human fat tissue samples obtained post-mortem from the gluteo-femoral region were analyzed focusing on the thin extensions of dWAT named dermal cones. This anatomical region was chosen to deepen the dWAT morphological features of this site which is interesting both for clinical applications and genetical studies. The purpose of this exploratory methodological study was to gain deeper insights into the morphological features of human dWAT through a multimodal imaging approach.

Methods

Optical microscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), have been employed in this study. The cones’ length and their distances were measured on the acquired images for optical microscopy and SEM. The cone’s apparent regular distribution in MRI images was evaluated using a mathematical criterion, the conformity ratio, which is the ratio of the mean nearest-neighbor distance to its standard deviation.

Results

The imaging techniques revealed white adipocytes forming a layer, referred to as sWAT, with cones measuring nearly 2 mm in size measured on SEM and Optical images (2.1 ± 0.4 mm), with the lower part embedded in the sWAT and the upper part extending into the dermis. The distance between the cones results about 1 mm measured on MRI images and they show an overall semiregular distribution.

Conclusions

MRI images demonstrated an orderly arrangement of cones, and their 3D reconstruction allowed to elucidate the dermal cones’ disposition in the tissue sample and a more general comprehensive visualization of the entire fat structure within the dermis.

背景:人体真皮白色脂肪组织(dWAT)的特征是真皮皮肤松弛,由功能上相互连接的脂肪细胞组成。特别是在人体大腿上,dWAT 表现为脂肪团向真皮的细长延伸,主要与皮脂腺单位、毛囊、皮脂腺和竖韧肌相关。在这项研究中,我们对从臀部-股部死后采集的人体脂肪组织样本进行了分析,重点研究了被称为真皮锥的 dWAT 薄延伸部分。选择这一解剖区域是为了深入研究这一部位的 dWAT 形态特征,这对临床应用和基因研究都很有意义。这项探索性方法研究的目的是通过多模态成像方法深入了解人类 dWAT 的形态特征:方法:本研究采用了光学显微镜、磁共振成像(MRI)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜获取的图像测量锥体的长度和距离。核磁共振成像图像中锥体的明显规则分布是用数学标准--一致性比率来评估的,一致性比率是平均近邻距离与其标准偏差之比:成像技术揭示了白色脂肪细胞形成的一层(称为 sWAT),根据扫描电子显微镜和光学图像测量(2.1 ± 0.4 毫米),锥体大小接近 2 毫米,下部嵌入 sWAT,上部延伸至真皮层。核磁共振成像结果显示,锥体之间的距离约为 1 毫米,总体呈半圆形分布:结论:核磁共振成像图像显示了锥体的有序排列,其三维重建有助于阐明真皮锥体在组织样本中的分布,并更全面地观察真皮层内的整个脂肪结构。
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引用次数: 0
The quadratus femoris muscle anatomy: Do we know everything? 股四头肌解剖图:我们了解一切吗?
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152284
Łukasz Olewnik , Nicol Zielinska , Piotr Karauda , Maria Piagkou , Krzysztof Koptas , Krystian Maślanka , Kacper Ruzik , George Triantafyllou , Adrian Balcerzak , Ewa Klejman , Friedrich Paulsen

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in the quadratus femoris muscle (QF) and to create an anatomical classification that could be used in the planning of surgical procedures in this area, radiological imaging, and rehabilitation.

Materials and methods

Ninety-two lower limbs from 46 cadavers, fixed in 10 % formalin solution, were examined.

Results

The QF muscle was present in all specimens. According to morphology, the QF muscle was classified into three types. The most common type was Type I, characterized by one muscular belly (78.3 %), while the second most common type was Type II, characterized by two bellies, was observed in 17.4 % of cases. The rarest type was Type III. It was characterized by three bellies and was found in 4.3 % of the cases.

Conclusions

The current classification system on quadratus femoris morphological variability is novel. Morphological variants may contribute to clinical issues, such as the ischiofemoral impingement syndrome, that could arise from type I quadratus femoris. Hence, the current study may be applicated to planning surgical procedures, imaging, and rehabilitation.

引言这项研究的目的是描述股四头肌(QF)形态变化的特征,并建立一种解剖学分类,以用于该部位的外科手术规划、放射成像和康复。根据形态,QF 肌肉可分为三种类型。最常见的类型是 I 型,其特征是有一个肌腹(78.3%),第二常见的类型是 II 型,其特征是有两个肌腹,占 17.4%。最罕见的类型是 III 型。结论目前关于股四头肌形态变异的分类系统很新颖。形态变异可能会导致临床问题,如I型股四头肌可能引发的股骨峡部撞击综合征。因此,本研究可应用于外科手术、成像和康复计划。
{"title":"The quadratus femoris muscle anatomy: Do we know everything?","authors":"Łukasz Olewnik ,&nbsp;Nicol Zielinska ,&nbsp;Piotr Karauda ,&nbsp;Maria Piagkou ,&nbsp;Krzysztof Koptas ,&nbsp;Krystian Maślanka ,&nbsp;Kacper Ruzik ,&nbsp;George Triantafyllou ,&nbsp;Adrian Balcerzak ,&nbsp;Ewa Klejman ,&nbsp;Friedrich Paulsen","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphological variations in the quadratus femoris muscle (QF) and to create an anatomical classification that could be used in the planning of surgical procedures in this area, radiological imaging, and rehabilitation.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>Ninety-two lower limbs from 46 cadavers, fixed in 10 % formalin solution, were examined.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The QF muscle was present in all specimens. According to morphology, the QF muscle was classified into three types. The most common type was Type I, characterized by one muscular belly (78.3 %), while the second most common type was Type II, characterized by two bellies, was observed in 17.4 % of cases. The rarest type was Type III. It was characterized by three bellies and was found in 4.3 % of the cases.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The current classification system on quadratus femoris morphological variability is novel. Morphological variants may contribute to clinical issues, such as the ischiofemoral impingement syndrome, that could arise from type I quadratus femoris. Hence, the current study may be applicated to planning surgical procedures, imaging, and rehabilitation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 152284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141232070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anatomy of blood microcirculation in the pig epicardial ganglionated nerve plexus 猪静脉丛血液微循环解剖学》(ANATOMY OF Blood Micro Circulation IN THE PIG EPICARDIAL GANGLIONATED NERVE PLEXUS)。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152285
Dmitrij Kvitka , Dainius H. Pauza

Embolization of coronary arteries and their terminal arterioles causes ischemia of all tissues distributed within a cardiac wall including the intrinsic cardiac ganglionated nerve plexus (ICGP). The disturbed blood supply to the ICGP causes chronic sympathetic activation with succeeding atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. This study analyses the anatomy of microcirculation of epicardial nerves and ganglia using the hearts of 11 domestic pigs. Our findings demonstrate that thicker epicardial nerves are normally supplied with blood via 12 epineural arterioles penetrating the endoneurium regularly along a nerve, and forming an endoneurial capillary network, which drains the blood into the myocardial blood flow. The mean diameter of intraneural capillaries was 7.2 ± 0.2 µm, while the diameters of arterioles were 25.8 ± 0.7 μm and involved 45 endothelial cells accompanied by circular smooth muscle cells. Usually, two or three arterioles with a mean diameter of 28.9 ± 1.7 μm supplied blood to any epicardial ganglion, in which arterioles proceeded into a network of capillaries with a mean diameter of 6.9 ± 0.3 μm. Both the epicardial nerves and the ganglia distributed near the porta venarum of the heart had tiny arterioles that anastomosed blood vessels from the right and the left coronary arteries. The density of blood vessels in the epicardial nerves was significantly lesser compared with the ganglia. Our electron microscopic observations provided evidence that blood vessels of the pig epicardial nerves and ganglia may be considered as either arterioles or capillaries that have quantitative and qualitative differences comparing to the corresponding blood vessels in humans and, therefore, a pig should not be considered as an animal model of the first choice for further heart functional studies seeking to improve the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias via trans-coronary cardiac neuroablation.

Structured abstract

This study details the anatomy of microcirculation of epicardial nerves and ganglia, from which intracardiac nerves and bundles of nerve fibers extend into all layers of the atrial and ventricular walls in the most popular animal model of experimental cardiology and cardiac surgery - the domestic pig. Our findings provided evidence that blood vessels of the pig epicardial nerves and ganglia may be considered as either arterioles or capillaries that have quantitative and qualitative differences comparing to the corresponding blood vessels in humans and, therefore, a pig should not be considered as an animal model of the first choice for further heart functional studies seeking to improve the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias via trans-coronary cardiac neuroablation.

冠状动脉及其末端小动脉栓塞会导致分布在心壁内的所有组织缺血,包括固有的心脏节神经丛(ICGP)。ICGP 的血液供应紊乱会导致交感神经慢性激活,继而引发房性和室性心律失常。本研究利用 11 头家猪的心脏分析了心外膜神经和神经节微循环的解剖结构。我们的研究结果表明,较粗的心外膜神经通常通过 12 条外膜动脉血管沿着神经有规律地穿透内膜,形成内膜毛细血管网,将血液引流到心肌血流中。硬膜内毛细血管的平均直径为 7.2 ± 0.2 μm,而动脉血管的直径为 25.8 ± 0.7 μm,涉及 45 个内皮细胞和环状平滑肌细胞。通常有两到三条平均直径为 28.9 ± 1.7 μm 的动脉向任何一个心外膜神经节供血,其中动脉进入平均直径为 6.9 ± 0.3 μm 的毛细血管网。分布在心脏静脉口附近的心外膜神经和神经节都有细小的动脉血管,与来自左右冠状动脉的血管吻合。心外膜神经的血管密度明显低于神经节。我们的电子显微镜观察结果证明,猪心外膜神经和神经节的血管可被视为动脉血管或毛细血管,与人类的相应血管相比在数量和质量上都存在差异,因此不应将猪作为进一步进行心脏功能研究的首选动物模型,以寻求通过经冠状动脉心脏神经消融术改善心律失常的治疗。结构式摘要:本研究详细描述了心外膜神经和神经节微循环的解剖结构,在实验心脏病学和心脏外科最常用的动物模型--家猪中,心内神经和神经纤维束从心外膜神经和神经节延伸到心房壁和心室壁的各层。我们的研究结果证明,猪心外膜神经和神经节的血管可被视为动脉血管或毛细血管,与人类的相应血管相比,它们在数量和质量上都存在差异,因此不应将猪作为进一步进行心脏功能研究的首选动物模型,以寻求通过经冠状动脉心脏神经消融术改善心律失常的治疗。
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引用次数: 0
The developmental processes of ventricular septal defects with outflow tract malalignment 室间隔缺损伴流出道错位的发育过程。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152293
Xiangyang Liu , Chenxi Li , Jianfeng Wang , Yuxia Jin , Jianjun Zhu , Suping Li , Hongjun Shi

Ventricular septal defects (VSD) with outflow tract (OFT) malalignment are a common group of congenital heart diseases with varying severity. The developmental process of these defects is challenging to understand due to the complex nature of cardiac morphogenesis and the difficulties in visualizing the temporal and spatial changes that occur during pathogenesis. However, recent advancements in imaging techniques, such as high-resolution episcopic microscopy, have provided valuable insights into the normal septation of ventricular chambers and OFT alignment. Building upon this knowledge, we have utilized lightsheet microscopy, another innovative imaging method, to further investigate the developmental processes that lead to abnormal formation of the ventricular septum and the malalignment of arterial roots with the ventricular chambers. Our study highlights endocardial cushion hypoplasia and insufficient rotation of the outflow tract as two interrelated central factors contributing to the pathogenesis of these defects. This finding has the potential to enhance our understanding of the etiology of congenital heart diseases and may contribute to the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the future.

室间隔缺损(VSD)伴流出道(OFT)错位是一组常见的先天性心脏病,其严重程度各不相同。由于心脏形态发生的复杂性和发病过程中发生的时间和空间变化的可视化困难,了解这些缺陷的发育过程具有挑战性。然而,成像技术(如高分辨率外显子显微镜)的最新进展为了解心室腔的正常隔膜和 OFT 排列提供了宝贵的信息。在此基础上,我们利用光片显微镜(另一种创新成像方法)进一步研究了导致室间隔异常形成和动脉根与心室腔错位的发育过程。我们的研究强调,心内膜垫发育不良和流出道旋转不足是导致这些缺陷的两个相互关联的核心因素。这一发现有可能加深我们对先天性心脏病病因的理解,并有助于未来改进诊断和治疗策略。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms and translational applications of regeneration in limbs: From renewable animals to humans 肢体再生的机制和转化应用:从可再生动物到人类。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152288
Lu Huang , Chiakang Ho , Xinran Ye , Ya Gao , Weiming Guo , Julie Chen , Jiaming Sun , Dongsheng Wen , Yangdan Liu , Yuxin Liu , Yifan Zhang , Qingfeng Li

Background

The regenerative capacity of organisms declines throughout evolution, and mammals lack the ability to regenerate limbs after injury. Past approaches to achieving successful restoration through pharmacological intervention, tissue engineering, and cell therapies have faced significant challenges.

Objectives

This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms behind animal limb regeneration and the successful translation of these mechanisms for human tissue regeneration.

Results

Particular attention was paid to the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), the only adult tetrapod capable of limb regeneration. We will explore fundamental questions surrounding limb regeneration, such as how amputation initiates regeneration, how the limb knows when to stop and which parts to regenerate, and how these findings can apply to mammalian systems.

Conclusions

Given the urgent need for regenerative therapies to treat conditions like diabetic foot ulcers and trauma survivors, this review provides valuable insights and ideas for researchers, clinicians, and biomedical engineers seeking to facilitate the regeneration process or elicit full regeneration from partial regeneration events.

背景:生物的再生能力在进化过程中不断下降,哺乳动物在受伤后缺乏肢体再生能力。过去通过药物干预、组织工程和细胞疗法实现成功恢复的方法面临着巨大挑战:本综述旨在概述目前对动物肢体再生机制的理解,以及将这些机制成功应用于人类组织再生的情况:结果:我们特别关注了墨西哥腋龙(Ambystoma mexicanum),它是唯一能够实现肢体再生的成年四足动物。我们将探讨有关肢体再生的基本问题,如截肢如何启动再生、肢体如何知道何时停止再生以及再生哪些部位,以及这些发现如何应用于哺乳动物系统:鉴于治疗糖尿病足溃疡和创伤幸存者等疾病对再生疗法的迫切需求,本综述为寻求促进再生过程或从部分再生事件中激发完全再生的研究人员、临床医生和生物医学工程师提供了宝贵的见解和想法。
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引用次数: 0
In Vivo feature of the regenerative potential of chitosan and alginate based osteoplastic composites doped with calcium phosphates, zinc ions, and vitamin D2 掺入磷酸钙、锌离子和维生素 D2 的壳聚糖和海藻酸骨塑复合材料再生潜力的体内特征
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152290
Olexii Korenkov, Liudmyla Sukhodub , Mariia Kumeda, Leonid Sukhodub

Purpose

In vivo comparison of the regenerative potential of two calcium phosphate-biopolymer osteoplastic composites: а) based on alginate (Alg) and hydroxyapatite (HA) – Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2, b) based on chitosan (CS) and brushite (DCPD) – CS/DCPD/D2.

Materials and methods

36 white male laboratory rats aged six months were used. A defect to the bone marrow canal in the middle of the femur diaphysis was made with a dental bur of 2 mm. The bone defect healed under the blood clot (control) in the different animal groups and was filled with Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2. The regeneration of the bone defect was studied on the 30th, 90th, and 140th days by computer tomography (CT).

Results

On the 30th day, all groups' implantation site optical density (OD) was significantly lower than that of the adjacent maternal bone (MB). Intensity of bone formation for Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 exceeds CS/DCPD/D2. On the 90th day, the bone trauma site OD with Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 (1725.4 ± 86 HU) and CS/DCPD/D2 (1484.9 ± 69 HU) exceeded the OD of the control (942.5 ± 55 HU). On the 140th day, the OD of Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2 implantation sites was higher than Control and MB OD. Visually, the area of the past injury with the Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 could be detected only by the presence of an endosteal bone callus and in the case of CS/DCPD/D2 - by the shadow of the remaining biomaterial in the bone marrow canal.

Conclusions

According to CT data, Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2 contribute to the complete healing of the femoral diaphysis defect in 140 days, but the regenerative potential of Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 from 30 days to 140 days is higher than CS/DCPD/D2 biomaterial.

目的:在体内比较两种磷酸钙-生物聚合物骨塑复合材料的再生潜力:а)基于海藻酸盐(Alg)和羟基磷灰石(HA)的复合材料--Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2;b)基于壳聚糖(CS)和刷状石(DCPD)的复合材料--CS/DCPD/D2。用 2 毫米的牙科锉刀在股骨干骺端中部造成骨髓管缺损。不同动物组的骨缺损在血凝块(对照组)下愈合,并用 Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 和 CS/DCPD/D2 填充。第 30 天、第 90 天和第 140 天,通过计算机断层扫描(CT)研究骨缺损的再生情况:结果:在第 30 天,所有组的植入部位光密度(OD)都明显低于邻近的母体骨(MB)。Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 的骨形成强度超过 CS/DCPD/D2。第 90 天,Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2(1725.4 ± 86 HU)和 CS/DCPD/D2 (1484.9 ± 69 HU)的骨创伤部位 OD 超过对照组(942.5 ± 55 HU)。第 140 天,Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 和 CS/DCPD/D2 植入部位的透光率高于对照组和 MB 的透光率。从外观上看,Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 过去的损伤区域只能通过骨膜内骨胼胝的存在来检测,而 CS/DCPD/D2 的情况则是通过骨髓管中剩余生物材料的阴影来检测:根据 CT 数据,Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 和 CS/DCPD/D2 有助于股骨头干骺端缺损在 140 天内完全愈合,但 Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 在 30 天至 140 天内的再生潜力高于 CS/DCPD/D2 生物材料。
{"title":"In Vivo feature of the regenerative potential of chitosan and alginate based osteoplastic composites doped with calcium phosphates, zinc ions, and vitamin D2","authors":"Olexii Korenkov,&nbsp;Liudmyla Sukhodub ,&nbsp;Mariia Kumeda,&nbsp;Leonid Sukhodub","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p><em>In vivo</em> comparison of the regenerative potential of two calcium phosphate-biopolymer osteoplastic composites: а) based on alginate (Alg) and hydroxyapatite (HA) – Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2, b) based on chitosan (CS) and brushite (DCPD) – CS/DCPD/D2.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>36 white male laboratory rats aged six months were used. A defect to the bone marrow canal in the middle of the femur diaphysis was made with a dental bur of 2 mm. The bone defect healed under the blood clot (control) in the different animal groups and was filled with Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2. The regeneration of the bone defect was studied on the 30th, 90th, and 140th days by computer tomography (CT).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>On the 30th day, all groups' implantation site optical density (OD) was significantly lower than that of the adjacent maternal bone (MB). Intensity of bone formation for Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 exceeds CS/DCPD/D2. On the 90th day, the bone trauma site OD with Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 (1725.4 ± 86 HU) and CS/DCPD/D2 (1484.9 ± 69 HU) exceeded the OD of the control (942.5 ± 55 HU). On the 140th day, the OD of Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2 implantation sites was higher than Control and MB OD. Visually, the area of the past injury with the Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 could be detected only by the presence of an endosteal bone callus and in the case of CS/DCPD/D2 - by the shadow of the remaining biomaterial in the bone marrow canal.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>According to CT data, Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 and CS/DCPD/D2 contribute to the complete healing of the femoral diaphysis defect in 140 days, but the regenerative potential of Alg/HA/CS/Zn/D2 from 30 days to 140 days is higher than CS/DCPD/D2 biomaterial.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 152290"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141184854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The human major sublingual gland and its neuropeptidergic and nitrergic innervations 人类主要舌下腺及其神经肽能和硝酸能支配。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152291
Marianna Boi , Roberto Demontis , Michela Isola , Raffaella Isola , Francesco Loy , Maria Pina Serra , Marcello Trucas , Jörgen Ekström , Marina Quartu

Background

What textbooks usually call the sublingual gland in humans is in reality a tissue mass of two types of salivary glands, the anteriorly located consisting of a cluster of minor sublingual glands and the posteriorly located major sublingual gland with its outlet via Bartholin’s duct. Only recently, the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of the major sublingual gland was reported, while information regarding the neuropeptidergic and nitrergic innervations is still lacking.

Methods

Bioptic and autoptic specimens of the human major sublingual gland were examined by means of immunohistochemistry for the presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene related-peptide (CGRP)-, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-labeled neuronal structures.

Results

As to the neuropeptidergic innervation of secretory cells (here in the form of mucous tubular and seromucous cells), the findings showed many VIP-containing nerves, few NPY- and SP-containing nerves and a lack of CGRP-labeled nerves. As to the neuropeptidergic innervation of vessels, the number of VIP-containing nerves was modest, while, of the other neuropeptide-containing nerves under study, only few (SP and CGRP) to very few (NPY) nerves were observed. As to the nitrergic innervation, nNOS-containing nerves were very few close to secretory cells and even absent around vessels.

Conclusion

The various innervation patterns may suggest potential transmission mechanisms involved in secretory and vascular responses of the major sublingual gland.

背景:教科书通常所说的人类舌下腺实际上是由两类唾液腺组成的组织块,前者由一簇小舌下腺组成,后者则是通过巴氏管出口的大舌下腺。最近才有关于大舌下腺的肾上腺素能和胆碱能支配的报道,而有关神经肽能和硝酸能支配的信息仍然缺乏:方法:通过免疫组化方法检测人主要舌下腺的生物标本和自体标本中是否存在血管活性肠肽(VIP)、神经肽 Y(NPY)、物质 P(SP)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和神经元一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)标记的神经元结构:关于分泌细胞(此处为粘液管细胞和血清粘液细胞)的神经肽能神经支配,研究结果显示有许多含有 VIP 的神经,含有 NPY 和 SP 的神经很少,但缺乏 CGRP 标记的神经。至于血管的神经肽能支配,含 VIP 的神经数量不多,而在研究的其他含神经肽的神经中,只观察到很少(SP 和 CGRP)到极少(NPY)的神经。至于能硝化神经支配,含 nNOS 的神经很少靠近分泌细胞,甚至在血管周围也没有:结论:不同的神经支配模式可能暗示了参与舌下腺分泌和血管反应的潜在传导机制。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring biological mechanisms in orthodontic tooth movement: Bridging the gap between basic research experiments and clinical applications – A comprehensive review 探索正畸牙齿移动中的生物机制:弥合基础研究实验与临床应用之间的差距--全面综述。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152286
Pascal Ubuzima , Eugene Nshimiyimana , Christelle Mukeshimana , Patrick Mazimpaka , Eric Mugabo , Dieudonne Mbyayingabo , Amin S. Mohamed , Janvier Habumugisha

Objectives

The molecular mechanisms behind orthodontic tooth movements (OTM) were investigated by clarifying the role of chemical messengers released by cells.

Methods

Using the Cochrane library, Google scholar, and PubMed databases, a literature search was conducted, and studies published from 1984 to 2024 were considered.

Results

Both bone growth and remodeling may occur when a tooth is subjected to mechanical stress. These chemicals have a significant effect on the stimulation and regulation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes during alveolar bone remodeling. This regulation can take place in pathological conditions, such as periodontal diseases, or during OTM alone. This comprehensive review outlines key molecular mechanisms underlying OTM and explores various clinical assumptions associated with specific molecules and their functional domains during this process. Furthermore, clinical applications of certain molecules such as relaxin, prostaglandin E (PGE), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in accelerating OTM have been reported. Our findings underscore the existing gap between OTM clinical applications and basic research investigations.

Conclusion

A comprehensive understanding of orthodontic treatment is enriched by insights into biological systems. We reported the activation of osteoblasts, osteoclast precursor cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in response to mechanical stress, leading to targeted cellular and molecular interventions and facilitating rapid and regulated alveolar bone remodeling during tooth movement. Despite the shortcomings of clinical studies in accelerating OTM, this review highlights the crucial role of biological agents in this process and advocates for prioritizing high-quality human studies in future research to gain further insights from clinical trials.

目的:通过阐明细胞释放的化学信使的作用,研究牙齿矫正运动(OTM)背后的分子机制:通过明确细胞释放的化学信使的作用,研究正畸牙齿移动(OTM)背后的分子机制:使用 Cochrane 图书馆、Google scholar 和 PubMed 数据库进行文献检索,考虑了 1984-2024 年间发表的研究:当牙齿受到机械应力时,可能会发生骨质增生和重塑。在牙槽骨重塑过程中,这些化学物质对成骨细胞、破骨细胞和骨细胞的刺激和调节有重要影响。这种调节可能发生在牙周病等病理情况下,也可能仅发生在 OTM 过程中。本综述概述了 OTM 的关键分子机制,并探讨了在这一过程中与特定分子及其功能域相关的各种临床假设。此外,某些分子(如松弛素、前列腺素 E(PGE)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β))可加速 OTM 的临床应用也有报道。我们的发现强调了 OTM 临床应用与基础研究调查之间存在的差距:结论:对生物系统的深入了解丰富了对正畸治疗的全面认识。我们报告了成骨细胞、破骨细胞前体细胞、破骨细胞和骨细胞在机械应力作用下的活化,从而导致了有针对性的细胞和分子干预,并促进了牙齿移动过程中牙槽骨快速、有序的重塑。尽管临床研究在加速 OTM 方面存在不足,但这篇综述强调了生物制剂在这一过程中的关键作用,并主张在未来的研究中优先考虑高质量的人体研究,以便从临床试验中获得更多启示。
{"title":"Exploring biological mechanisms in orthodontic tooth movement: Bridging the gap between basic research experiments and clinical applications – A comprehensive review","authors":"Pascal Ubuzima ,&nbsp;Eugene Nshimiyimana ,&nbsp;Christelle Mukeshimana ,&nbsp;Patrick Mazimpaka ,&nbsp;Eric Mugabo ,&nbsp;Dieudonne Mbyayingabo ,&nbsp;Amin S. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Janvier Habumugisha","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The molecular mechanisms behind orthodontic tooth movements (OTM) were investigated by clarifying the role of chemical messengers released by cells.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using the Cochrane library, Google scholar, and PubMed databases, a literature search was conducted, and studies published from 1984 to 2024 were considered.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both bone growth and remodeling may occur when a tooth is subjected to mechanical stress. These chemicals have a significant effect on the stimulation and regulation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes during alveolar bone remodeling. This regulation can take place in pathological conditions, such as periodontal diseases, or during OTM alone. This comprehensive review outlines key molecular mechanisms underlying OTM and explores various clinical assumptions associated with specific molecules and their functional domains during this process. Furthermore, clinical applications of certain molecules such as relaxin, prostaglandin E (PGE), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in accelerating OTM have been reported. Our findings underscore the existing gap between OTM clinical applications and basic research investigations.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A comprehensive understanding of orthodontic treatment is enriched by insights into biological systems. We reported the activation of osteoblasts, osteoclast precursor cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in response to mechanical stress, leading to targeted cellular and molecular interventions and facilitating rapid and regulated alveolar bone remodeling during tooth movement. Despite the shortcomings of clinical studies in accelerating OTM, this review highlights the crucial role of biological agents in this process and advocates for prioritizing high-quality human studies in future research to gain further insights from clinical trials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 152286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141177050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger
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