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Morphological variability of the pectoralis minor muscle. Study in human fetuses 胸小肌的形态变化。人类胎儿研究
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152264
Nicol Zielinska , Janusz Moryś , Friedrich Paulsen , Krzysztof Koptas , George Triantafyllou , Maria Piagkou , Łukasz Olewnik

Background

The pectoralis minor muscle is located in the anterior thoracic wall. Typically, is constituted by a single belly originating from the 3rd to the 5th rib and inserted into the coracoid process near the origins of the biceps brachii shorth head and of the coracobrachialis muscle. The current study, on human fetuses, aims to detect all morphological muscle variants and to create a new classification system.

Material and methods

Classical dissection of the thoracic wall and the upper limb was bilaterally performed on 25 (13 male and 12 female) human formalin-fixed fetuses aged 18–38 weeks of gestation. The spontaneously aborted fetuses were donated after parental consent to the Medical University anatomy program. The pectoralis minor muscle’s morphology, the number of the muscle’s bellies, their origins, and insertions, as well as the morphometric details of each belly of the pectoralis minor, were assessed.

Results

The pectoralis minor was bilaterally found in all fetuses (50 cases). Three types of muscle were identified based on the number of muscle bellies. In type, I (typical anatomy), were classified the cases with a single belly (in 66%). This type was divided into two subtypes (Ia and Ib). In the subtype Ia, the single belly had a typical course, and in Ib, a proximal attachment was characterized by two small bellies connecting together and creating one muscular mass. In type II, two bellies (24%), and in type III, three bellies (10%) were identified.

Conclusions

Pectoralis minor is morphologically variable in the number of its bellies, its course, its origins, its insertions, and the location of its proximal attachments. The most common type (typical anatomy) was the type I represented by one belly. Other identified variants in the number of bellies by the present study may be hypothetically a result of prematurely terminated embryogenesis.

背景胸小肌位于前胸壁。通常,胸小肌由一个单一的腹部构成,起源于第 3 到第 5 根肋骨,插入肱二头肌短头和肱冠状肌起源附近的冠状突。材料与方法对 25 个(13 男 12 女)妊娠 18-38 周的福尔马林固定的人类胎儿进行了胸壁和上肢的经典解剖。这些自然流产的胎儿是在父母同意后捐献给医科大学解剖学专业的。结果所有胎儿(50 例)的胸小肌均为双侧。根据肌腹的数量确定了三种类型的肌肉。I 型(典型解剖型)的病例只有一个肌腹(占 66%)。这一类型又分为两个亚型(Ia 和 Ib)。在 Ia 亚型中,单腹腔具有典型的走向,而在 Ib 型中,近端附件的特点是两个小腹腔连接在一起,形成一个肌肉块。结论小胸肌在其腹部的数量、走向、起源、插入和近端附着位置方面存在形态上的差异。最常见的类型(典型解剖)是以一个腹部为代表的 I 型。本研究发现的其他腹部数量变异可能是胚胎发生过早终止的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Leading the transition to ethical human body sourcing in Africa: The South African experience 引领非洲向道德人体采购过渡:南非的经验
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152263
Brendon K. Billings , Beverley Kramer , Tanya N. Augustine , Desiré Brits , Erin F. Hutchinson , Elena Libhaber , Goran Štrkalj

Background

The use of human bodies for anatomy education and research forms an integral part of the training of health professionals around the world. However, the ethical acquisition of human remains for this purpose has been a challenge in many countries, particularly for those on the African continent. South African institutions have however, been able to progressively transition to a more ethical approach to human body acquisition. The aim of the current study was to investigate the provenance of human bodies and the number used in South African health sciences institutions during the period 2017–2021.

Methods

an online self-administered anonymised questionnaire was circulated to all health sciences institutions in South Africa. Questions were focused on establishing the provenance and the associated number of bodies and body donor programmes.

Results

responses were received from thirteen of the fourteen South African institutions. All thirteen institutions use human bodies for teaching and research, with the majority of the institutions being reliant on bequests (77%) and family donations (62%), and less on unclaimed remains (46%). Most institutions have established body donor programmes. Four institutions were negatively affected by the effects of the pandemic. Memorial services, which continued during the pandemic, were conducted by eight of the thirteen institutions.

Conclusion

South Africa is leading the transition to the ethical acquisition of human remains on the African continent. It is hoped that South African institutions will soon transform to the exclusive sourcing of bodies through willed donation and provide guidance and support for the other countries on the continent.

背景将人体用于解剖学教育和研究是全世界卫生专业人员培训不可或缺的一部分。然而,在许多国家,尤其是非洲大陆的国家,如何合乎道德地获取人体遗骸一直是个难题。不过,南非的机构已经能够逐步过渡到更合乎道德的人体采集方法。本研究的目的是调查 2017-2021 年期间南非健康科学机构使用的遗体来源和数量。方法是向南非所有健康科学机构分发一份在线自填式匿名问卷。问题主要集中在确定遗体的来源和相关数量以及遗体捐献计划。所有 13 家机构都将遗体用于教学和研究,其中大多数机构依赖遗赠(77%)和家庭捐赠(62%),较少依赖无人认领的遗体(46%)。大多数院校都制定了遗体捐献计划。有四家机构受到了大流行病的负面影响。在 13 个机构中,有 8 个机构在大流行期间继续举行追悼仪式。希望南非的机构能尽快转变为通过遗愿捐赠的方式独家获取遗体,并为非洲大陆的其他国家提供指导和支持。
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引用次数: 0
More potential uses of specific perforator flaps in the calf – A cadaveric study on the subdermal vascular structure of the lower leg 小腿特定穿孔器皮瓣的更多潜在用途 - 小腿皮下血管结构的尸体研究
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152262
Xin Wang , Zao-Peng He , Ye Sun , Liang-Chang Li , Yan-Qun Liu , Yi-Ran Yang , Ling-Na Qi , Jing-Han Yang , Yu-Tong Shi , Xiang-Zheng Qin

Background

The perforator flap has garnered significant interest since its inception due to its advantage of not needing a vascular network at the deep fascial level. Perforator flaps are commonly utilized in different flap transplant surgeries, and the thigh flap is presently the most widely used perforator flap. Is it possible for the calf to replace the thigh as a more suitable site for harvesting materials? Currently, there is a lack of relevant anatomical research. This study aims to address this question from an anatomical and imaging perspective.

Methods

This study used cadavers to observe the branches and courses of perforators on the calf and the distribution of skin branches using microdissection techniques, digital X-ray photography, and micro-computed tomography techniques.

Results

The perforators had three main branches: the vertical cutaneous branch, the oblique cutaneous branch, and the superficial fascial branch. The superficial fascial branch traveled in the superficial fascia and connected with the nearby perforators. The vertical and oblique cutaneous branches entered the subdermal layer and connected with each other to create the subdermal vascular network.

Conclusions

We observed an intact calf cutaneous branch chain between the cutaneous nerve and the perforator of the infrapopliteal main artery at the superficial vein site. Utilizing this anatomical structure, the calfskin branch has the potential to serve as a substitute for thigh skin flap transplantation and may be applied to perforator flap transplantation in more locations.

背景穿孔器皮瓣因其无需深筋膜层血管网络的优势,自诞生以来就备受关注。穿孔器皮瓣常用于不同的皮瓣移植手术,而大腿皮瓣是目前使用最广泛的穿孔器皮瓣。小腿是否有可能取代大腿,成为更适合采集材料的部位?目前还缺乏相关的解剖学研究。本研究旨在从解剖学和影像学角度解决这一问题。研究方法本研究使用尸体,通过显微解剖技术、数字 X 光摄影和显微计算机断层扫描技术观察穿孔器在小腿上的分支和走向,以及皮肤分支的分布情况。结果穿孔器有三个主要分支:垂直皮支、斜皮支和浅筋膜支。浅筋膜支在浅筋膜内游走,并与附近的穿孔器相连。结论我们观察到在浅静脉部位的皮神经和膝下主动脉穿孔器之间有一条完整的小腿皮神经分支链。利用这一解剖结构,小腿皮支有可能替代大腿皮瓣移植,并可应用于更多部位的穿孔器皮瓣移植。
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引用次数: 0
Pharmacological effects of methysticin and L-sulforaphane through the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in MLO-Y4 osteocytes: in vitro study 通过 Nrf2/ARE 信号通路在 MLO-Y4 骨细胞中发挥甲基芪和左旋红景天的药理作用:体外研究。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152260
Maja Charlotte Dittmar , Mersedeh Tohidnezhad , Athanassios Fragoulis , Annette Bücker , Matthias Stein , Thomas Pufe , Yusuke Kubo

Background

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many skeletal diseases by inducing osteocyte death. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of various antioxidant gene expressions through antioxidant response element (ARE) against cellular oxidative stress and can be induced by various stimulants, including the phytochemicals methysticin (MET) and L-sulforaphane (SFN). This study aimed to establish an osteocyte in vitro model to investigate the pharmacological effects of MET and SFN on the Nrf2/ARE pathway.

Methods

MLO-Y4 murine osteocytes and the stably transduced MLO-Y4-SIN-lenti-ARE reporter gene cell line were used. MET and SFN were used as Nrf2 inducers. The cytotoxicity of MET, SFN, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was evaluated using the CytoTox-Glo™ Assay. Time- and dose-dependent ARE induction was examined by Monoluciferase Assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 target markers, such as heme-oxygenase 1 (Ho-1), NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1), and thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), were detected by RT-qPCR, Western Blot, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Osteogenesis markers, osteopontin, and osteocalcin were compared with and without treatment by immunofluorescence staining.

Results

The experimental data showed that MET and SFN induced ARE activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner and increased the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant markers compared to vehicle-treated controls. The protein expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin in the samples treated with SFN were significantly higher than without treatment, and the number of cell death treated with SFN was significantly lower than without treatment under H2O2-induced stress conditions.

Conclusions

Nrf2 inducers MET and SFN increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant genes through the Nrf2/ARE pathway in osteocytes. Notably, SFN increased the protein expression of osteocyte-associated osteogenic markers and suppressed cell death under H2O2-induced stress condition. Thus, Nrf2 stimulators can exert stress-relieving and osteogenic effects on osteocytes.

背景:氧化应激通过诱导骨细胞死亡在许多骨骼疾病的发病机制中起着至关重要的作用。转录因子核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2(Nrf2)是通过抗氧化反应元件(ARE)对抗细胞氧化应激的各种抗氧化基因表达的主调节因子,可被各种刺激物诱导,包括植物化学物质甲基芪(MET)和左旋红花苷(SFN)。本研究旨在建立一个骨细胞体外模型,研究 MET 和 SFN 对 Nrf2/ARE 通路的药理作用:方法:使用 MLO-Y4 小鼠骨细胞和稳定转导的 MLO-Y4-SIN-lenti-ARE 报告基因细胞系。以 MET 和 SFN 作为 Nrf2 诱导剂。使用 CytoTox-Glo™ 分析法评估了 MET、SFN 和过氧化氢(H2O2)的细胞毒性。通过单核酸酶测定法检测了时间和剂量依赖性RE诱导。通过 RT-qPCR、Western Blot 和免疫荧光染色分别检测了血红素氧合酶 1(Ho-1)、NADPH 醌脱氢酶 1(Nqo1)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶 1(Txnrd1)等 Nrf2 靶标的 mRNA 和蛋白表达。免疫荧光染色法比较了治疗与未治疗的骨生成标志物、骨生成素和骨钙素:实验数据显示,MET和SFN以时间和剂量依赖性的方式诱导ARE活性,与车辆处理的对照组相比,MET和SFN增加了抗氧化标记物的mRNA和蛋白表达。在H2O2诱导的应激条件下,经SFN处理的样本中骨桥蛋白和骨钙素的蛋白表达明显高于未处理的样本,经SFN处理的细胞死亡数明显低于未处理的样本:结论:Nrf2诱导剂MET和SFN可通过Nrf2/ARE途径增加骨细胞中抗氧化基因的mRNA表达。值得注意的是,在H2O2诱导的应激条件下,SFN增加了骨细胞相关成骨标志物的蛋白表达并抑制了细胞死亡。因此,Nrf2刺激剂可对成骨细胞产生应激缓解和成骨作用。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the performance of artificial intelligence learning models to medical students in solving histology and embryology multiple choice questions 比较人工智能学习模型在医学生解答组织学和胚胎学选择题中的表现
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152261
Miloš Bajčetić , Aleksandar Mirčić , Jelena Rakočević, Danilo Đoković, Katarina Milutinović, Ivan Zaletel

Introduction

The appearance of artificial intelligence language models (AI LMs) in the form of chatbots has gained a lot of popularity worldwide, potentially interfering with different aspects of education, including medical education as well. The present study aims to assess the accuracy and consistency of different AI LMs regarding the histology and embryology knowledge obtained during the 1st year of medical studies.

Methods

Five different chatbots (ChatGPT, Bing AI, Bard AI, Perplexity AI, and ChatSonic) were given two sets of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). AI LMs test results were compared to the same test results obtained from 1st year medical students. Chatbots were instructed to use revised Bloom’s taxonomy when classifying questions depending on hierarchical cognitive domains. Simultaneously, two histology teachers independently rated the questions applying the same criteria, followed by the comparison between chatbots’ and teachers’ question classification. The consistency of chatbots’ answers was explored by giving the chatbots the same tests two months apart.

Results

AI LMs successfully and correctly solved MCQs regarding histology and embryology material. All five chatbots showed better results than the 1st year medical students on both histology and embryology tests. Chatbots showed poor results when asked to classify the questions according to revised Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy compared to teachers. There was an inverse correlation between the difficulty of questions and their correct classification by the chatbots. Retesting the chatbots after two months showed a lack of consistency concerning both MCQs answers and question classification according to revised Bloom’s taxonomy learning stage.

Conclusion

Despite the ability of certain chatbots to provide correct answers to the majority of diverse and heterogeneous questions, a lack of consistency in answers over time warrants their careful use as a medical education tool.

引言 以聊天机器人形式出现的人工智能语言模型(AI LMs)在全球范围内大受欢迎,有可能干扰教育的各个方面,包括医学教育。本研究旨在评估不同的人工智能语言模型对医学专业一年级学生所学的组织学和胚胎学知识的准确性和一致性。人工智能 LM 的测试结果与一年级医学生的相同测试结果进行了比较。在根据认知领域的层次对问题进行分类时,指导聊天机器人使用修订后的布鲁姆分类法。同时,两名组织学教师采用相同的标准对问题进行独立评分,然后比较聊天机器人和教师的问题分类。结果AI LMs 成功并正确地解决了有关组织学和胚胎学材料的 MCQ。所有五个聊天机器人在组织学和胚胎学测试中的成绩都优于一年级医学生。与教师相比,当要求聊天机器人根据修订后的布鲁姆认知分类法对问题进行分类时,聊天机器人的成绩较差。问题的难度与聊天机器人的正确分类之间存在反相关关系。两个月后对聊天机器人进行的重新测试表明,MCQ 答案和根据修订版布鲁姆分类法学习阶段进行的问题分类都缺乏一致性。
{"title":"Comparing the performance of artificial intelligence learning models to medical students in solving histology and embryology multiple choice questions","authors":"Miloš Bajčetić ,&nbsp;Aleksandar Mirčić ,&nbsp;Jelena Rakočević,&nbsp;Danilo Đoković,&nbsp;Katarina Milutinović,&nbsp;Ivan Zaletel","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>The appearance of artificial intelligence language models (AI LMs) in the form of chatbots has gained a lot of popularity worldwide, potentially interfering with different aspects of education, including medical education as well. The present study aims to assess the accuracy and consistency of different AI LMs regarding the histology and embryology knowledge obtained during the 1st year of medical studies.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Five different chatbots (ChatGPT, Bing AI, Bard AI, Perplexity AI, and ChatSonic) were given two sets of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). AI LMs test results were compared to the same test results obtained from 1st year medical students. Chatbots were instructed to use revised Bloom’s taxonomy when classifying questions depending on hierarchical cognitive domains. Simultaneously, two histology teachers independently rated the questions applying the same criteria, followed by the comparison between chatbots’ and teachers’ question classification. The consistency of chatbots’ answers was explored by giving the chatbots the same tests two months apart.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>AI LMs successfully and correctly solved MCQs regarding histology and embryology material. All five chatbots showed better results than the 1st year medical students on both histology and embryology tests. Chatbots showed poor results when asked to classify the questions according to revised Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy compared to teachers. There was an inverse correlation between the difficulty of questions and their correct classification by the chatbots. Retesting the chatbots after two months showed a lack of consistency concerning both MCQs answers and question classification according to revised Bloom’s taxonomy learning stage.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Despite the ability of certain chatbots to provide correct answers to the majority of diverse and heterogeneous questions, a lack of consistency in answers over time warrants their careful use as a medical education tool.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140187714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the microstructural, compositional and mechanical properties of cartilages 2 型糖尿病对软骨微结构、成分和机械性能的影响
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152259
Chao Wan , Zhongjie Li , Yizun Zhou

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and complicated degenerative disorder of joints, including several phenotypes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the major causes of OA. However, few studies on the mechanical behavior of diabetic cartilages have been conducted.

Methods

This study evaluated the microstructural, compositional, and mechanical properties of healthy and diabetic rat cartilages using scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray energy spectroscopy, histology staining, and microindentation tests.

Results

Our results indicated that the diabetic cartilages had a significantly higher elastic modulus and similar permeability (95%CI: 3.72–8.56 MPa and 3.16×10−6–1.83×10−5 mm4/N·s) compared to the healthy cartilages (95%CI: 0.741–3.58 MPa and 3.15×10−6–1.14×10−5 mm4/N·s). Their stress relaxation behaviors were similar regardless of the loading rate except for the stretching parameter under the fast loading. Furthermore, the stress relaxation behaviors of the diabetic cartilages were significantly affected by the loading rate, especially the equilibrium force ratio and time constant. These mechanical outcomes could be attributed to the increase of fibril diameters and calcium aggregation in the cartilage.

Conclusions

This study deepens our understanding of how T2DM might facilitate OA in cartilages, which could contribute to the development of more scientific diagnosis and therapies for patients with diabetes.

背景骨关节炎(OA)是一种慢性、复杂的关节退行性疾病,包括多种表型。2 型糖尿病(T2DM)是导致 OA 的主要原因之一。方法本研究使用扫描电子显微镜、X 射线能谱、组织学染色和微压痕测试评估了健康大鼠和糖尿病大鼠软骨的微观结构、成分和机械性能。结果我们的研究结果表明,与健康软骨(95%CI:0.741-3.58 MPa 和 3.15×10-6-1.14×10-5 mm4/N-s)相比,糖尿病大鼠软骨的弹性模量明显更高,渗透性也相似(95%CI:3.72-8.56 MPa 和 3.16×10-6-1.83×10-5 mm4/N-s)。无论加载速率如何,它们的应力松弛行为都很相似,只有快速加载时的拉伸参数除外。此外,糖尿病软骨的应力松弛行为受到加载速率的显著影响,尤其是平衡力比和时间常数。结论这项研究加深了我们对T2DM如何促进软骨OA的理解,有助于为糖尿病患者制定更科学的诊断和疗法。
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引用次数: 0
OsteoMac: A new player on the bone biology scene OsteoMac:骨骼生物学领域的新秀。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152244
Oscar Iglesias-Velazquez , Francisco GF Tresguerres , Isabel F. Tresguerres, Isabel Leco-Berrocal, Rosa Lopez-Pintor, Laura Baca, Jesus Torres

The knowledge of bone biology has undergone major advances in recent decades. In bone, resorbing osteoclasts have classically been described as tissue-resident macrophages, however, it is currently known that a new subtype of macrophages, called OsteoMacs, are specialised bone-resident macrophages, which, depending on certain conditions, may play an important role not only in bone homeostasis, but also in promoting pro-anabolic functions or in creating an inflammatory environment. There is growing evidence that these osteal macrophages may influence the development of bone-loss diseases. It is essential to understand the biological bases underlying bone physiological processes to search for new therapeutic targets for bone-loss diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or even periodontal disease. This narrative review provides an update on the origin, characterisation, and possible roles of osteoMacs in bone biology. Finally, the potential clinical applications of this new cell in bone-loss disorders are discussed.

近几十年来,骨生物学知识取得了重大进展。在骨骼中,吸收的破骨细胞通常被描述为组织驻留的巨噬细胞,但目前已知有一种新的巨噬细胞亚型,称为骨巨噬细胞(OsteoMacs),是特化的骨驻留巨噬细胞,在某些条件下,它们不仅在骨平衡中发挥重要作用,还能促进合成代谢功能或创造炎症环境。越来越多的证据表明,这些骨膜巨噬细胞可能会影响骨质流失疾病的发展。了解骨生理过程的生物学基础对于寻找骨质疏松症、类风湿性关节炎甚至牙周病等骨质流失疾病的新治疗靶点至关重要。这篇叙述性综述介绍了骨胶质细胞的起源、特征以及在骨生物学中可能发挥的作用。最后,还讨论了这种新细胞在骨质流失疾病中的潜在临床应用。
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引用次数: 0
A morphological study of the inferior phrenic arteries on multidetector computed tomography and angiography 多载体计算机断层扫描和血管造影对膈下动脉的形态学研究。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152258
Roman Pavlov , Miroslav Belbl , Jan Křeček , Daniel Palouš , Theodor Adla , David Kachlík , Adam Whitley

Introduction

The inferior phrenic artery is a paired artery with a variable origin and course, primarily supplying the diaphragm, but also the suprarenal glands, inferior vena cava, stomach, and oesophagus. The aim of this study is to investigate the origin and course of the inferior phrenic arteries on multidetector computed tomography and angiography.

Materials and methods

The anatomy of the inferior phrenic artery was analysed on 2449 multidetector computed tomography scans. Three-dimensional reconstructions were made of the main variations. Additionally, the course and branching pattern of the inferior phrenic artery were descriptively analysed in a cohort of 28 angiograms.

Results

In 565 (23.1%) cases the inferior phrenic arteries arose as a common trunk and in 1884 (76.9%) cases as individual vessels. The most common origins of a common trunk were the coeliac trunk (n=303; 53.6%) and abdominal aorta (n=255; 45.1%). The most common origins of the right inferior phrenic artery were the coeliac trunk (n=965; 51.2%), abdominal aorta (n=562; 29.8%) and renal arteries (n=214; 11.4%). The most common origins of the left inferior phrenic artery were the coeliac trunk (n=1293; 68.6%) and abdominal aorta (n=403; 21.4%).

Conclusion

The inferior phrenic artery has a very variable anatomy. The most common origins of the inferior phrenic artery are the coeliac trunk and its branches, the abdominal aorta, and the renal arteries.

导言:膈下动脉是一条成对的动脉,其起源和走向各不相同,主要供应膈肌,也供应肾上腺、下腔静脉、胃和食道。本研究旨在通过多载体计算机断层扫描和血管造影术研究膈下动脉的起源和走向:材料和方法:通过 2449 次多载体计算机断层扫描分析了膈下动脉的解剖结构。对主要变化进行了三维重建。此外,在一组 28 张血管造影中对膈下动脉的走向和分支模式进行了描述性分析:结果:在 565 例(23.1%)病例中,膈下动脉作为共同主干出现,而在 1884 例(76.9%)病例中,膈下动脉作为单独血管出现。最常见的共同主干起源是腹腔主干(303 条;53.6%)和腹主动脉(255 条;45.1%)。右膈下动脉最常见的起源是腹腔干(n=965;51.2%)、腹主动脉(n=562;29.8%)和肾动脉(n=214;11.4%)。左膈下动脉最常见的起源是腹腔干(n=1293;68.6%)和腹主动脉(n=403;21.4%):结论:膈下动脉的解剖结构非常多变。结论:膈下动脉的解剖结构非常多变,最常见的起源是腹腔干及其分支、腹主动脉和肾动脉。
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引用次数: 0
Growing stylohyoideus muscle insertion to the hyoid bone with special reference to its topographical relation to the intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle: A histological study using human fetuses 生长期的花式舌骨肌插入舌骨,特别是其与地腹肌中间腱的地形关系:一项利用人体胎儿进行的组织学研究。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152246
Kei Kitamura , Ryu Suzuki , Satoshi Ishizuka , Gen Murakami , Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez , Hitoshi Yamamoto , Shin-ichi Abe

Background

In adults, the intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle usually runs along the medial or lateral side of the stylohyoideus muscle insertion. To provide a better understanding of the variations, we examined the topographical anatomy of the muscle and tendon in fetuses.

Methods

We examined histological sections from six early-term, 26 mid-term and six near-term fetuses (approximately 8–9, 12–18 weeks and 25–33 weeks).

Results

At early-term, an initial sheath of intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle received the stylohyoideus muscle at the superior aspect. The muscle and tendon was distant from the hyoid. At mid-term, near the insertion to the hyoid greater horn, the stylohyoideus muscle consistently surrounded more than 2/3 of the intermediate tendon circumference. In contrast, we found no near-term specimen in which the stylohyoideus muscle surrounded the intermediate tendon. The multilayered tendon sheath was fully developed until near-term and connected to the body of hyoid by an intermuscular septum between the thyrohyoideus muscle and one or two of suprahyoid muscles. Therefore, the hyoid insertion of the styloglossus muscle was a transient morphology at mid-term.

Conclusion

The stylohyoideus muscle insertion was appeared to move from the tendon sheath to the hyoid greater horn and, until near-term, return to the tendon sheath. A fascia connecting the tendon sheath to the body of hyoid was strengthened by the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. The latter muscles seemed to regulate fixation/relaxation of the intermediate tendon to the hyoid. The stylohyoideus muscle slips sandwiching the intermediate tendon might be a rare morphology.

背景:在成人中,腹股沟肌的中间肌腱通常沿式舌肌插入部的内侧或外侧延伸。为了更好地了解这种变化,我们研究了胎儿肌肉和肌腱的地形解剖:我们检查了 6 个早产儿、26 个中期胎儿和 6 个近足月胎儿(约 8-9 周、12-18 周和 25-33 周)的组织切片:结果:在早孕期,腹股沟肌中间腱的初始鞘在上侧连接到腹股沟肌。肌肉和肌腱远离舌骨。到了中期,在靠近舌骨大角的插入点处,花式舌骨肌始终环绕着超过 2/3 的中间腱周长。与此相反,我们没有发现任何近端标本的花 stylohyoideus 肌肉包围中间腱。多层腱鞘直到近足月才完全发育,并通过甲状舌骨肌和一到两块舌骨上肌之间的肌间隔膜与舌骨体相连。因此,在胎儿中期,舌骨插入式舌骨肌是一种短暂的形态:结论:测舌肌插入部似乎从腱鞘移至舌骨大角,直到近期才返回腱鞘。连接腱鞘和舌骨体的筋膜由舌骨上肌和舌骨下肌加强。这些肌肉似乎可以调节中间腱与舌骨的固定/松弛。将中间腱夹在中间腱中的stylohyoideus肌肉片可能是一种罕见的形态。
{"title":"Growing stylohyoideus muscle insertion to the hyoid bone with special reference to its topographical relation to the intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle: A histological study using human fetuses","authors":"Kei Kitamura ,&nbsp;Ryu Suzuki ,&nbsp;Satoshi Ishizuka ,&nbsp;Gen Murakami ,&nbsp;Jose Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Hitoshi Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Shin-ichi Abe","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In adults, the intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle usually runs along the medial or lateral side of the stylohyoideus muscle insertion. To provide a better understanding of the variations, we examined the topographical anatomy of the muscle and tendon in fetuses.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined histological sections from six early-term, 26 mid-term and six near-term fetuses (approximately 8–9, 12–18 weeks and 25–33 weeks).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>At early-term, an initial sheath of intermediate tendon of digastricus muscle received the stylohyoideus muscle at the superior aspect. The muscle and tendon was distant from the hyoid. At mid-term, near the insertion to the hyoid greater horn, the stylohyoideus muscle consistently surrounded more than 2/3 of the intermediate tendon circumference. In contrast, we found no near-term specimen in which the stylohyoideus muscle surrounded the intermediate tendon. The multilayered tendon sheath was fully developed until near-term and connected to the body of hyoid by an intermuscular septum between the thyrohyoideus muscle and one or two of suprahyoid muscles. Therefore, the hyoid insertion of the styloglossus muscle was a transient morphology at mid-term.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The stylohyoideus muscle insertion was appeared to move from the tendon sheath to the hyoid greater horn and, until near-term, return to the tendon sheath. A fascia connecting the tendon sheath to the body of hyoid was strengthened by the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. The latter muscles seemed to regulate fixation/relaxation of the intermediate tendon to the hyoid. The stylohyoideus muscle slips sandwiching the intermediate tendon might be a rare morphology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000384/pdfft?md5=51914fb5a94a6ea3bc7ffaba3a08b890&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000384-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exploring the sex-associated differences in molars fused roots 探索臼齿融合根的性别差异。
IF 2.2 3区 医学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152245
Maria Eduarda Nunis Locks , Erika Calvano Küchler , Leonardo Santos Antunes , Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa , Natanael Henrique Ribeiro Mattos , Camila Paiva Perin , Paulo Henrique Condeixa França , Peter Proff , Christian Kirschneck , Flares Baratto-Filho

Background

Human sexual dimorphism is associated with many biological characteristics, including dental variables.

Objectives

To investigate if molars fused roots present sex-associated differences.

Methods

Panoramic radiographs were used to investigate the frequency and distribution of permanent molars fused roots. Only patients with all first and second permanent molars were included. Third molars were not investigated. Any molar with roots fused apical to the usual furcal position were considered molar fused roots. Comparisons between males and females were performed using chi-square or Fisher’s and Mann-Whitney tests and the established alpha was 5% (p<0.05). Sex-differential liability models were also proposed.

Results

A total of 84 males and 86 females were included and 1360 molars were analyzed. Among them, 46 (26.06%) present at least one molar with fused root. Second maxillary molars were the most affected teeth. There was an association between sex and molars with fused roots. Females had a 3.4 higher chance to present fused roots than males (OR=3.4, CI 95% 1.6–6.8; p=0.0008). The female: male ratio of molars with fused roots was 2.5:1. The number of molars with fused roots ranged from 1 to 6 per patient, and the mean number of Females presented more molars with fused roots (mean = 1.01; standard deviation = 1.52) than males (mean = 0.31; standard deviation = 0.85) (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Molar fused root of permanent teeth presents sex-associated differences, in which females are more affected than males. Our results support sex-differential liability models for molars fused roots.

背景人类的性二型与许多生物特征有关,包括牙齿变量:研究臼齿融合根是否存在与性别相关的差异:方法:使用全景X光片调查恒磨牙融合根的频率和分布。只有第一和第二恒磨牙全部融合的患者才包括在内。第三磨牙不在调查之列。任何臼齿的牙根融合到通常的龈沟位置的顶端都被视为臼齿融合根。男性和女性之间的比较采用卡方检验、费雪检验和曼-惠特尼检验,确定的α值为5%(p结果:共纳入 84 名男性和 86 名女性,分析了 1360 颗臼齿。其中,46颗(26.06%)臼齿至少有一颗牙根融合。受影响最大的牙齿是上颌第二磨牙。性别与臼齿融合根之间存在关联。女性出现牙根融合的几率比男性高出3.4(OR=3.4,CI 95% 1.6-6.8;P=0.0008)。融合牙根的臼齿男女比例为 2.5:1。每名患者融合根臼齿的数量从 1 到 6 不等,女性融合根臼齿的平均数量(平均值 = 1.01;标准差 = 1.52)多于男性(平均值 = 0.31;标准差 = 0.85)(p结论:恒牙的磨牙融合根呈现出与性别相关的差异,其中女性比男性受影响更大。我们的研究结果支持臼齿融合根的性别差异责任模型。
{"title":"Exploring the sex-associated differences in molars fused roots","authors":"Maria Eduarda Nunis Locks ,&nbsp;Erika Calvano Küchler ,&nbsp;Leonardo Santos Antunes ,&nbsp;Alice Corrêa Silva-Sousa ,&nbsp;Natanael Henrique Ribeiro Mattos ,&nbsp;Camila Paiva Perin ,&nbsp;Paulo Henrique Condeixa França ,&nbsp;Peter Proff ,&nbsp;Christian Kirschneck ,&nbsp;Flares Baratto-Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Human sexual dimorphism is associated with many biological characteristics, including dental variables.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>To investigate if molars fused roots present sex-associated differences.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Panoramic radiographs were used to investigate the frequency and distribution of permanent molars fused roots. Only patients with all first and second permanent molars were included. Third molars were not investigated. Any molar with roots fused apical to the usual furcal position were considered molar fused roots. Comparisons between males and females were performed using chi-square or Fisher’s and Mann-Whitney tests and the established alpha was 5% (p&lt;0.05). Sex-differential liability models were also proposed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 84 males and 86 females were included and 1360 molars were analyzed. Among them, 46 (26.06%) present at least one molar with fused root. Second maxillary molars were the most affected teeth. There was an association between sex and molars with fused roots. Females had a 3.4 higher chance to present fused roots than males (OR=3.4, CI 95% 1.6–6.8; p=0.0008). The female: male ratio of molars with fused roots was 2.5:1. The number of molars with fused roots ranged from 1 to 6 per patient, and the mean number of Females presented more molars with fused roots (mean = 1.01; standard deviation = 1.52) than males (mean = 0.31; standard deviation = 0.85) (p&lt;0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Molar fused root of permanent teeth presents sex-associated differences, in which females are more affected than males. Our results support sex-differential liability models for molars fused roots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224000372/pdfft?md5=9529b028e43bc3711ca9c14e25a6fcc1&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224000372-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140069005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger
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