Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152700
Kacper Bąk , Michał Mordarski , Tomasz Iskra , Tomasz Kozioł , Dariusz Lusina , Apurba Patra , Friedrich Paulsen , Jerzy Walocha
Background
The trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial nerve with the thinnest and the longest intracranial course of them all. The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that originates from the dorsal part of the midbrain and innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle. The number of its rootlets can vary, ranging from 1 to 6.
Material and Methods
In this study of body donors, we dissected and examined 87 trochlear nerves from 44 body donors to determine the number of rootlets. Our results were then combined with data from previously published studies on the same topic.
Results
Of the 87 nerves analyzed, one rootlet was found 26 times, two rootlets 43 times, three rootlets 13 times and four rootlets 5 times. After combining our results with other articles, the total number of specimens analyzed reached 663, with the following distribution: one rootlet - 35.90 %; two rootlets - 47.21 %; three rootlets - 12.82 %; four rootlets - 3.17 %; five rootlets - 0.75 %; six rootlets - 0.15 %. The longest rootlet was found in the three-rootlet pattern and measured 9.36 mm (SD = 0.22 mm).
Conclusion
Knowledge of the anatomy of the trochlear nerve and its rootlets plays a decisive role in complex microsurgical and endoscopic transcranial or endonasal procedures in the area of the supracerebellar region and middle cranial fossa.
{"title":"Variations in the number of rootlets of the trochlear nerve","authors":"Kacper Bąk , Michał Mordarski , Tomasz Iskra , Tomasz Kozioł , Dariusz Lusina , Apurba Patra , Friedrich Paulsen , Jerzy Walocha","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial nerve with the thinnest and the longest intracranial course of them all. The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that originates from the dorsal part of the midbrain and innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle. The number of its rootlets can vary, ranging from 1 to 6.</div></div><div><h3>Material and Methods</h3><div>In this study of body donors, we dissected and examined 87 trochlear nerves from 44 body donors to determine the number of rootlets. Our results were then combined with data from previously published studies on the same topic.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of the 87 nerves analyzed, one rootlet was found 26 times, two rootlets 43 times, three rootlets 13 times and four rootlets 5 times. After combining our results with other articles, the total number of specimens analyzed reached 663, with the following distribution: one rootlet - 35.90 %; two rootlets - 47.21 %; three rootlets - 12.82 %; four rootlets - 3.17 %; five rootlets - 0.75 %; six rootlets - 0.15 %. The longest rootlet was found in the three-rootlet pattern and measured 9.36 mm (SD = 0.22 mm).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Knowledge of the anatomy of the trochlear nerve and its rootlets plays a decisive role in complex microsurgical and endoscopic transcranial or endonasal procedures in the area of the supracerebellar region and middle cranial fossa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152711
Jan M. Federspiel , Peter H. Schmidt , Eva Corvest , Johannes E. Hohneck , Carola Meier
Background
Various cardiac dissection techniques are used in basic pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases and anatomical teaching. In contrast, diagnostic routine techniques in pathology and legal medicine have subject-specific recommendations. However, these recommendations do not outline specific techniques for the determination of heart weight and myocardial hypertrophy. Thus, the present manuscript outlines cardiac dissection techniques that may be employed in pathoanatomic and autopsy-based research and anatomical teaching.
Methods
A narrative literature review and discussion of established cardiac dissection techniques for diagnostic routine (Short-Axis and Inflow-Outflow methods), anatomical teaching (combined Window and Base-of-Heart methods) and pathoanatomic research on myocardial hypertrophy (Fulton and Chamber Partition techniques).
Results
Cardiac dissection techniques such as the Fulton method allow an in-depth assessment of ventricular hypertrophy by capturing the weight of specific parts of the heart. Such techniques, which are outside current recommendations for diagnostic routine, are desirable for research purposes. The examples in this review show how different dissection techniques visualize different cardiac structures for anatomical teaching.
Conclusion
Various cardiac dissection techniques enable the in-depth assessment of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight. For anatomical teaching, the simultaneous display of several dissection techniques improves visualization of cardiac structures and supports a better understanding of the topographic cardiac anatomy. In pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases, certain dissection techniques beyond those employed in diagnostic routine improve the evaluation of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight.
{"title":"Cardiac dissection techniques for pathoanatomical research on myocardial hypertrophy and anatomical teaching","authors":"Jan M. Federspiel , Peter H. Schmidt , Eva Corvest , Johannes E. Hohneck , Carola Meier","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Various cardiac dissection techniques are used in basic pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases and anatomical teaching. In contrast, diagnostic routine techniques in pathology and legal medicine have subject-specific recommendations. However, these recommendations do not outline specific techniques for the determination of heart weight and myocardial hypertrophy. Thus, the present manuscript outlines cardiac dissection techniques that may be employed in pathoanatomic and autopsy-based research and anatomical teaching.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A narrative literature review and discussion of established cardiac dissection techniques for diagnostic routine (Short-Axis and Inflow-Outflow methods), anatomical teaching <strong>(</strong>combined Window and Base-of-Heart methods) and pathoanatomic research on myocardial hypertrophy (Fulton and Chamber Partition techniques).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Cardiac dissection techniques such as the Fulton method allow an in-depth assessment of ventricular hypertrophy by capturing the weight of specific parts of the heart. Such techniques, which are outside current recommendations for diagnostic routine, are desirable for research purposes. The examples in this review show how different dissection techniques visualize different cardiac structures for anatomical teaching.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Various cardiac dissection techniques enable the in-depth assessment of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight. For anatomical teaching, the simultaneous display of several dissection techniques improves visualization of cardiac structures and supports a better understanding of the topographic cardiac anatomy. In pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases, certain dissection techniques beyond those employed in diagnostic routine improve the evaluation of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152711"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-18DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699
Giovanni Piccinini , Mariangela Iannello , Maurizio Lazzari, Pietro Cacialli, Valeria Franceschini, Maria Gabriella Maurizii , Liliana Milani
A same set of genes is associated to germline determination and differentiation in almost all Metazoa. Previous studies in several animals, also from distantly related taxa, showed a close association between germline determinants in germ granules and mitochondria, with observations at transmission electron microscopy and immunological approaches. However further investigations are needed to document their respective distribution and elucidate the role of mitochondria in the process of germ granule formation. In the present study we used an emerging animal model to study germline differentiation, Poecilia reticulata, also known as guppy, and different experimental approaches: western blot, immunolocalization, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the distribution of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis. We used anti-Vasa, anti-TDRKH, and anti-TDRD7 to label germline markers, anti-TOMM20 to localize mitochondria, and anti-PLD6 to highlight germline mitochondria. Our observations in previtellogenic oocytes support the co-participation of the nucleus and mitochondria in the production of germ plasm-related material. In previtellogenic oocytes, immunodetection revealed the presence of the germline markers and PLD6 staining in the perinuclear area. The most striking evidence is the observation in the same cell type of plume-shaped structures that at electron microscopy appear as formed by mitochondrial aggregates intermingled with electron-dense germ granules distributed around the nuclear envelope. Overall, our results support the close association between germ granule and mitochondria during germline differentiation, strengthening the foundations for further insights.
{"title":"Morphological and immunological approach for studying the distribution pattern of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","authors":"Giovanni Piccinini , Mariangela Iannello , Maurizio Lazzari, Pietro Cacialli, Valeria Franceschini, Maria Gabriella Maurizii , Liliana Milani","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A same set of genes is associated to germline determination and differentiation in almost all Metazoa. Previous studies in several animals, also from distantly related taxa, showed a close association between germline determinants in germ granules and mitochondria, with observations at transmission electron microscopy and immunological approaches. However further investigations are needed to document their respective distribution and elucidate the role of mitochondria in the process of germ granule formation. In the present study we used an emerging animal model to study germline differentiation, <em>Poecilia reticulata</em>, also known as guppy, and different experimental approaches: western blot, immunolocalization, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the distribution of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis. We used anti-Vasa, anti-TDRKH, and anti-TDRD7 to label germline markers, anti-TOMM20 to localize mitochondria, and anti-PLD6 to highlight germline mitochondria. Our observations in previtellogenic oocytes support the co-participation of the nucleus and mitochondria in the production of germ plasm-related material. In previtellogenic oocytes, immunodetection revealed the presence of the germline markers and PLD6 staining in the perinuclear area. The most striking evidence is the observation in the same cell type of plume-shaped structures that at electron microscopy appear as formed by mitochondrial aggregates intermingled with electron-dense germ granules distributed around the nuclear envelope. Overall, our results support the close association between germ granule and mitochondria during germline differentiation, strengthening the foundations for further insights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152713
Alistair Lawley , May Thu Zin , Catriona Turbet , Rory Hampson , Gordon Dobie
Introduction
Medical ultrasound is a widely utilised diagnostic tool, offering healthcare professionals a safe, real-time imaging solution effective across various disciplines and care settings. Despite extensive clinical use, ultrasound receives limited focus from AI and imaging research, due to the lack of extensive datasets. Unlike CT and MRI, where scan recording is part of the workflow, creating large databases ideal for study, ultrasound is a live modality where only limited recording is performed, and results are not generally collated into significant datasets. Therefore, capturing an ultrasound dataset for imaging research is time-consuming and expensive due to clinical and ethical hurdles involved in scanning patients, making it inaccessible to many researchers. This study investigates Thiel cadavers as a more accessible and cost-effective sample for early-stage ultrasound research compared to in-vivo patient scanning.
Material & methods
We present a dataset of 37 abdominal scans and provide an initial review of their suitability for ultrasound imaging studies. Thiel cadavers are preserved using a liquid embalming method that maintains many tissue properties essential for ultrasound scanning.
Results
Over 70 % of the scans were deemed of sufficient quality, when compared against similar patient scans, for use in imaging research. Changes in the fluid balance within tissues and abdominal cavity were the main limitation in obtaining quality scans.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that Thiel cadavers maintain sufficient tissue properties for diverse ultrasound imaging research, providing a cost-effective, low-risk option for speculative research in abdominal ultrasound AI where clinical trials are not yet feasible, and existing datasets are unavailable.
{"title":"Thiel cadaver suitability for image-based abdominal ultrasound research","authors":"Alistair Lawley , May Thu Zin , Catriona Turbet , Rory Hampson , Gordon Dobie","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Medical ultrasound is a widely utilised diagnostic tool, offering healthcare professionals a safe, real-time imaging solution effective across various disciplines and care settings. Despite extensive clinical use, ultrasound receives limited focus from AI and imaging research, due to the lack of extensive datasets. Unlike CT and MRI, where scan recording is part of the workflow, creating large databases ideal for study, ultrasound is a live modality where only limited recording is performed, and results are not generally collated into significant datasets. Therefore, capturing an ultrasound dataset for imaging research is time-consuming and expensive due to clinical and ethical hurdles involved in scanning patients, making it inaccessible to many researchers. This study investigates Thiel cadavers as a more accessible and cost-effective sample for early-stage ultrasound research compared to in-vivo patient scanning.</div></div><div><h3>Material & methods</h3><div>We present a dataset of 37 abdominal scans and provide an initial review of their suitability for ultrasound imaging studies. Thiel cadavers are preserved using a liquid embalming method that maintains many tissue properties essential for ultrasound scanning.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over 70 % of the scans were deemed of sufficient quality, when compared against similar patient scans, for use in imaging research. Changes in the fluid balance within tissues and abdominal cavity were the main limitation in obtaining quality scans.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study demonstrates that Thiel cadavers maintain sufficient tissue properties for diverse ultrasound imaging research, providing a cost-effective, low-risk option for speculative research in abdominal ultrasound AI where clinical trials are not yet feasible, and existing datasets are unavailable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152713"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152708
Caner BAKICI , İhsan Berat KILIÇLI , Hasen Awel YUNUS , İdil ÜNAL , Barış BATUR
Background
3D geometric morphometric techniques are increasingly employed to assess shape variation with high precision. A critical step is anatomical landmark placement, traditionally done manually, an accurate but time-consuming and inconsistent process for large datasets. To overcome these limitations, automated landmarking tools using artificial intelligence have emerged. This study compared manual and automated landmarking methods to evaluate cranial sexual dimorphism in Romanov sheep.
Methods
Thirty sheep cranium (15 males, 15 females) were scanned using high-resolution computed tomography with 0.6 mm slice thickness. Manual and ALPACA-based landmarking were applied to reconstructed 3D models, and shape analyses were performed using GPA and PCA in 3D slicer, followed by statistical testing in PAST.
Results
Manual landmarking revealed sex-specific shape differences, particularly in the foramen magnum, occipital condyles, processus paracondylaris, protuberantia occipitalis externa, linea nuchae, prosthion, and palatal regions. ALPACA successfully identified biologically meaningful variation, mainly in the nasal, dental, and caudal skull regions. Both approaches confirmed significant sexual dimorphism, with ALPACA offering faster processing and reduced observer bias. PCA results indicated that manual landmark placement was more successful in distinguishing male and female cranial morphologies.
Conclusions
Automated landmarking via ALPACA demonstrated robust performance in capturing cranial sexual dimorphism, offering a reproducible and efficient alternative to manual methods. These findings highlight the utility of AI-supported morphometric workflows in veterinary anatomy, zooarchaeology, and forensic applications. The fact that manual landmarking is more successful in distinguishing females from males in the PCA scatter plot also highlights the need for further development of automated landmarking.
{"title":"Evaluating sexual dimorphism in Romanov sheep: A comparative 3D shape analysis of manual and automated landmarking","authors":"Caner BAKICI , İhsan Berat KILIÇLI , Hasen Awel YUNUS , İdil ÜNAL , Barış BATUR","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>3D geometric morphometric techniques are increasingly employed to assess shape variation with high precision. A critical step is anatomical landmark placement, traditionally done manually, an accurate but time-consuming and inconsistent process for large datasets. To overcome these limitations, automated landmarking tools using artificial intelligence have emerged. This study compared manual and automated landmarking methods to evaluate cranial sexual dimorphism in Romanov sheep.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty sheep cranium (15 males, 15 females) were scanned using high-resolution computed tomography with 0.6 mm slice thickness. Manual and ALPACA-based landmarking were applied to reconstructed 3D models, and shape analyses were performed using GPA and PCA in 3D slicer, followed by statistical testing in PAST.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Manual landmarking revealed sex-specific shape differences, particularly in the foramen magnum, occipital condyles, processus paracondylaris, protuberantia occipitalis externa, linea nuchae, prosthion, and palatal regions. ALPACA successfully identified biologically meaningful variation, mainly in the nasal, dental, and caudal skull regions. Both approaches confirmed significant sexual dimorphism, with ALPACA offering faster processing and reduced observer bias. PCA results indicated that manual landmark placement was more successful in distinguishing male and female cranial morphologies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Automated landmarking via ALPACA demonstrated robust performance in capturing cranial sexual dimorphism, offering a reproducible and efficient alternative to manual methods. These findings highlight the utility of AI-supported morphometric workflows in veterinary anatomy, zooarchaeology, and forensic applications. The fact that manual landmarking is more successful in distinguishing females from males in the PCA scatter plot also highlights the need for further development of automated landmarking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-25DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152714
Yanhai Zuo
Background
The superior gluteal artery perforator flap is commonly used in the clinic. This cadaveric study was designed to explore the anatomy and harvest of a real pig model with a superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP-p-r) flap.
Methods
The vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the SGAP-p-r flap were conducted in ten (n = 10) and five (n = 5), respectively, lard-infused pig cadavers. The primary parameter was the course of the pedicle of the SGAP-p-r flap. A comparison between the SGAP-p-r flap and its human counterpart was made.
Results
The pedicle of the SGAP-p-r flap was consistently present in all 10 samples and penetrated through the intermuscular septum between the gluteus superficialis and the biceps femoris. The source artery of the SGAP-p-r flap is the superior gluteal artery, which has several muscular branches into the gluteus profundus, the gluteus superficialis and the biceps femoris. The SGAP-p-r flap was designed in a circular area with a radius of 3 cm, and the center was 3–4 cm on the head side of the ischial tuberosity. The SGAP-p-r flap can be harvested as a type of chimeric flap containing the gluteus superficialis, and skin. Moreover, a wide range of musculocutaneous flaps based on the gluteus superficialis can be designed based on the SGAP-p-r flap and the SGAP-p-e flap.
Conclusion
Both the vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the SGAP-p-r flap are similar to those of humans. Pigs can serve as a suitable animal model for superior gluteal artery perforator flaps.
{"title":"The real superior gluteal artery perforator flap model in pigs: An anatomical study with applications for translational research","authors":"Yanhai Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The superior gluteal artery perforator flap is commonly used in the clinic. This cadaveric study was designed to explore the anatomy and harvest of a real pig model with a superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP-p-r) flap.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the SGAP-p-r flap were conducted in ten (n = 10) and five (n = 5), respectively, lard-infused pig cadavers. The primary parameter was the course of the pedicle of the SGAP-p-r flap. A comparison between the SGAP-p-r flap and its human counterpart was made.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The pedicle of the SGAP-p-r flap was consistently present in all 10 samples and penetrated through the intermuscular septum between the gluteus superficialis and the biceps femoris. The source artery of the SGAP-p-r flap is the superior gluteal artery, which has several muscular branches into the gluteus profundus, the gluteus superficialis and the biceps femoris. The SGAP-p-r flap was designed in a circular area with a radius of 3 cm, and the center was 3–4 cm on the head side of the ischial tuberosity. The SGAP-p-r flap can be harvested as a type of chimeric flap containing the gluteus superficialis, and skin. Moreover, a wide range of musculocutaneous flaps based on the gluteus superficialis can be designed based on the SGAP-p-r flap and the SGAP-p-e flap.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Both the vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the SGAP-p-r flap are similar to those of humans. Pigs can serve as a suitable animal model for superior gluteal artery perforator flaps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152714"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152694
Rafał Zych , Dawid Dziedzic , Katarzyna Bokwa-Dąbrowska , Dan Mocanu , Pawel Szaro
Background
An accurate assessment of the peroneal tendon position is essential in ankle MRI, yet classical anatomical descriptions may not reflect the full range of normal anatomical variation. This study aimed to classify anatomical variants in peroneus brevis position and assess associations with tendon shape, size, and the presence of the peroneus quartus muscle and low-lying peroneus brevis muscle.
Methods
This observational cohort study included 230 ankle magnetic resonance examinations (3 T) with normal peroneal tendons. Peroneus brevis position relative to the peroneus longus was categorized into four types based on axial MRI: medial (no overlap), overlap with medial protrusion (extension beyond the medial margin of the longus), overlap with lateral protrusion (beyond the lateral margin), and overlap with both. Tendon shape was classified as general flat, flattened convex medially, flattened convex laterally, or oval. Associations between position and shape were tested using chi-square. Differences in cross-sectional area (mm²) and width (mm) across groups were assessed with analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. A regression model identified predictors of tendon overlap.
Results
The most common position was overlap with medial protrusion (72.0 %), followed by medial, lateral, and combined protrusions. Position was significantly associated with shape (p < 0.001); oval tendons were typically medial, while flattened tendons overlapped. Width and cross-sectional area differed significantly across positions (p = 0.0088), with the largest area in tendons protruding medially and laterally (16.9 mm²). Width correlated strongly with overlap (r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and was the strongest predictor in regression (β=0.51, p < 0.001). Peroneus quartus was independently associated with increased overlap (β=0.22, p = 0.03), while low-lying peroneus brevis muscle showed no significant effect.
Conclusion
Peroneus brevis position is highly variable and depends on its shape, width, and the presence of peroneus quartus. These variants are significantly related to tendon shape and width and may mimic peroneal instability on imaging.
背景：在踝关节MRI中，准确评估腓骨肌腱的位置至关重要，然而经典的解剖描述可能无法反映正常解剖变化的全部范围。本研究旨在对腓骨短肌位置的解剖变异进行分类，并评估其与肌腱形状、大小以及腓骨四角肌和低处腓骨短肌存在的关系。方法本观察性队列研究纳入230例踝关节磁共振检查（3例 T），腓骨肌腱正常。根据轴向MRI将腓骨短肌相对于腓骨长肌的位置分为四种类型：内侧（无重叠）、与内侧突出重叠（延伸到长肌内侧边缘之外）、与外侧突出重叠（延伸到外侧边缘之外）、与两者重叠。肌腱形状分为一般扁平、内侧扁平凸、外侧扁平凸或卵圆形。位置和形状之间的关联使用卡方检验。采用方差分析和Tukey事后检验评估各组间横截面积（mm²）和宽度（mm）的差异。回归模型确定了肌腱重叠的预测因子。结果以与内侧突出重叠最多（72.0 %），其次为内侧突出、外侧突出和合并突出。体位与形状显著相关（p <； 0.001）；卵圆形肌腱通常位于内侧，扁平肌腱重叠。不同位置的宽度和横截面积差异显著（p = 0.0088），其中内侧和外侧突出的肌腱面积最大（16.9 mm²）。宽度与重叠密切相关（r = 0.79,p <； 0.001），是回归中最强的预测因子（β=0.51, p <； 0.001）。腓骨四角肌与重叠增加独立相关（β=0.22, p = 0.03），而低洼的腓骨短肌无显著影响。结论腓骨短肌的位置变化很大，与腓骨短肌的形状、宽度和腓骨四角肌的存在有关。这些变异与肌腱形状和宽度显著相关，在影像学上可能模拟腓骨不稳定。
{"title":"MRI evaluation of peroneus brevis tendon position: Anatomical variants in individuals with normal peroneal tendons to improve recognition and prevent misdiagnosis","authors":"Rafał Zych , Dawid Dziedzic , Katarzyna Bokwa-Dąbrowska , Dan Mocanu , Pawel Szaro","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>An accurate assessment of the peroneal tendon position is essential in ankle MRI, yet classical anatomical descriptions may not reflect the full range of normal anatomical variation. This study aimed to classify anatomical variants in peroneus brevis position and assess associations with tendon shape, size, and the presence of the peroneus quartus muscle and low-lying peroneus brevis muscle.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This observational cohort study included 230 ankle magnetic resonance examinations (3 T) with normal peroneal tendons. Peroneus brevis position relative to the peroneus longus was categorized into four types based on axial MRI: medial (no overlap), overlap with medial protrusion (extension beyond the medial margin of the longus), overlap with lateral protrusion (beyond the lateral margin), and overlap with both. Tendon shape was classified as general flat, flattened convex medially, flattened convex laterally, or oval. Associations between position and shape were tested using chi-square. Differences in cross-sectional area (mm²) and width (mm) across groups were assessed with analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. A regression model identified predictors of tendon overlap.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The most common position was overlap with medial protrusion (72.0 %), followed by medial, lateral, and combined protrusions. Position was significantly associated with shape (p < 0.001); oval tendons were typically medial, while flattened tendons overlapped. Width and cross-sectional area differed significantly across positions (p = 0.0088), with the largest area in tendons protruding medially and laterally (16.9 mm²). Width correlated strongly with overlap (r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and was the strongest predictor in regression (β=0.51, p < 0.001). Peroneus quartus was independently associated with increased overlap (β=0.22, p = 0.03), while low-lying peroneus brevis muscle showed no significant effect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Peroneus brevis position is highly variable and depends on its shape, width, and the presence of peroneus quartus. These variants are significantly related to tendon shape and width and may mimic peroneal instability on imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 152694"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a common congenital anomaly affecting the maxillofacial region, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to investigate facial development in adult CLP patients and compare it with healthy controls.
Methods
A total of 67 adult CLP patients and 67 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants underwent cephalometric analysis using computed tomography (CT) scans taken in a closed-mouth position. Various cephalometric parameters, including SNA, SNB, SNPog angles, NL-ML, NSL-ML, NSL-NL, N-ANS, ANS-Me, N-Me, PMP-A, S-PMP, and S-Go lengths, were measured. Statistical comparisons between groups were conducted using Mann-Whitney U, Student's t, and Welch's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Significant differences were observed between CLP patients and controls in several parameters. SNA and PMP-A values were lower in the CLP group, indicating midface retrusion and effective maxillary hypoplasia.
Results
NSL-NL angles were higher in CLP patients, reflecting an increased palatal plane angle. SNB and SNPog values were also lower in CLP patients, indicating mandibular retrusion. N-ANS and total facial height (N-Me) were greater in the CLP group, while ANS-Me and posterior maxillofacial lengths (S-PMP and S-Go) showed no significant differences.
Conclusions
Adult CLP patients exhibit significant deviations in facial development compared to healthy controls, characterized by midface retrusion, effective maxillary hypoplasia, and increased vertical facial dimensions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between intrinsic growth deficiencies and surgical interventions, underscoring the need for tailored treatment strategies to optimize facial development outcomes in CLP patients.
{"title":"Anatomical insights into midface retrusion and maxillary hypoplasia in adult cleft lip and palate patients post-skeletal maturity","authors":"Gokce Yildiran , Ekrem Solmaz , Zekeriya Tosun , Zeliha Fazliogullari","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a common congenital anomaly affecting the maxillofacial region, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to investigate facial development in adult CLP patients and compare it with healthy controls.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 67 adult CLP patients and 67 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants underwent cephalometric analysis using computed tomography (CT) scans taken in a closed-mouth position. Various cephalometric parameters, including SNA, SNB, SNPog angles, NL-ML, NSL-ML, NSL-NL, N-ANS, ANS-Me, N-Me, PMP-A, S-PMP, and S-Go lengths, were measured. Statistical comparisons between groups were conducted using Mann-Whitney U, Student's <em>t</em>, and Welch's <em>t</em>-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Significant differences were observed between CLP patients and controls in several parameters. SNA and PMP-A values were lower in the CLP group, indicating midface retrusion and effective maxillary hypoplasia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>NSL-NL angles were higher in CLP patients, reflecting an increased palatal plane angle. SNB and SNPog values were also lower in CLP patients, indicating mandibular retrusion. N-ANS and total facial height (N-Me) were greater in the CLP group, while ANS-Me and posterior maxillofacial lengths (S-PMP and S-Go) showed no significant differences.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Adult CLP patients exhibit significant deviations in facial development compared to healthy controls, characterized by midface retrusion, effective maxillary hypoplasia, and increased vertical facial dimensions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between intrinsic growth deficiencies and surgical interventions, underscoring the need for tailored treatment strategies to optimize facial development outcomes in CLP patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 152698"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152692
Yeşim Aslan Kanmaz , Sadık Yılmaz
Background
The avian pelvis is known to differ in shape between males and females due to the need for females to lay eggs, with egg shape correlating to pelvic shape. Geese breeding is done as an alternative to the poultry sector in our country for meat and, to a lesser extent, eggs. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the number of those who are breeding geese as large enterprises. Understanding the anatomical structure of geese is essential. With 3D-modeling studies the use of artificial intelligence has increased and thus artificial intelligence has taken its place in the definition of anatomical structures. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the sexual dimorphism of this species by determining the three-dimensional pelvimetric data of the pelvic region of German Mast geese by gender, and also to provide reference data for zooarchaeology, taxonomy, obstetrics, and gynecology studies.
Materials and methods
In our study, 40 (20 female and 20 male) adult (1.5–2 years old) German Mast geese were used. Adult males weighed an average of 9.0 kg, while females weighed around 8.0 kg. Computerized tomography images were converted into 3D. Measurement points were determined, and morphometric measurements were taken. Subsequently, the statistical analysis of the obtained measurement values was performed.
Results
In Table 1, L1, L2, L3, L3, L5, L6, L8, L8, L9, L10, L11 and A1 measurement parameters of the pelvis showed that males were larger than females. L4, RA2, and LA2 measurement parameters showed that females were larger than males. L1, L2, and L9 measurement points were statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The results of this study can be taken as a reference in the evaluation of CT images of this species and can be used in various obstetric and gynecological diseases and in studies in the field of zooarchaeology and forensic sciences. In addition, 3D-models obtained using cross-sectional imaging devices can be helpful in the education of the anatomy of this species.
{"title":"Sex determination in German Mast geese (Anser anser) with 3D modeling pelvimetry examination","authors":"Yeşim Aslan Kanmaz , Sadık Yılmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The avian pelvis is known to differ in shape between males and females due to the need for females to lay eggs, with egg shape correlating to pelvic shape. Geese breeding is done as an alternative to the poultry sector in our country for meat and, to a lesser extent, eggs. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the number of those who are breeding geese as large enterprises. Understanding the anatomical structure of geese is essential. With 3D-modeling studies the use of artificial intelligence has increased and thus artificial intelligence has taken its place in the definition of anatomical structures. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the sexual dimorphism of this species by determining the three-dimensional pelvimetric data of the pelvic region of German Mast geese by gender, and also to provide reference data for zooarchaeology, taxonomy, obstetrics, and gynecology studies.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>In our study, 40 (20 female and 20 male) adult (1.5–2 years old) German Mast geese were used. Adult males weighed an average of 9.0 kg, while females weighed around 8.0 kg. Computerized tomography images were converted into 3D. Measurement points were determined, and morphometric measurements were taken. Subsequently, the statistical analysis of the obtained measurement values was performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In Table 1, L1, L2, L3, L3, L5, L6, L8, L8, L9, L10, L11 and A1 measurement parameters of the pelvis showed that males were larger than females. L4, RA2, and LA2 measurement parameters showed that females were larger than males. L1, L2, and L9 measurement points were statistically significant (P < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results of this study can be taken as a reference in the evaluation of CT images of this species and can be used in various obstetric and gynecological diseases and in studies in the field of zooarchaeology and forensic sciences. In addition, 3D-models obtained using cross-sectional imaging devices can be helpful in the education of the anatomy of this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 152692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152696
Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Kacper Ruzik , Łukasz Gołek , Bartosz Gonera
Background
The soleus muscle plays a vital role in postural stability, ankle plantarflexion, and locomotion. Despite its functional importance, it remains underrepresented in anatomical and clinical literature compared to the gastrocnemius. Recent studies suggest that the soleus displays substantial morphological variability, which may influence its function, susceptibility to injury, and relevance in surgical procedures.
Aim
This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the anatomical and architectural variations of the soleus muscle and to explore their biomechanical and clinical implications.
Methods
A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on cadaveric, radiological, and surgical studies addressing variations in soleus morphology, fiber architecture, tendon insertion, and clinical applications.
Results
The soleus demonstrates notable interindividual differences in pennation angle, length, shape, and insertion. These morphological features affect its functional capacity and should be considered in injury diagnostics (e.g., differentiating “tennis leg”), Achilles tendon rehabilitation, and muscle flap harvesting. Emerging evidence supports the need for pennation-specific training approaches and highlights the value of imaging and AI-assisted assessment in personalizing treatment.
Conclusion
Understanding the morphological diversity of the soleus is crucial for clinicians and surgeons alike. Future efforts should focus on standardizing classification systems, expanding comparative research, and integrating advanced imaging technologies to enhance anatomical knowledge and optimize patient-specific care.
{"title":"The forgotten powerhouse: Variations of the soleus muscle and their clinical relevance","authors":"Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Kacper Ruzik , Łukasz Gołek , Bartosz Gonera","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The soleus muscle plays a vital role in postural stability, ankle plantarflexion, and locomotion. Despite its functional importance, it remains underrepresented in anatomical and clinical literature compared to the gastrocnemius. Recent studies suggest that the soleus displays substantial morphological variability, which may influence its function, susceptibility to injury, and relevance in surgical procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the anatomical and architectural variations of the soleus muscle and to explore their biomechanical and clinical implications.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on cadaveric, radiological, and surgical studies addressing variations in soleus morphology, fiber architecture, tendon insertion, and clinical applications.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The soleus demonstrates notable interindividual differences in pennation angle, length, shape, and insertion. These morphological features affect its functional capacity and should be considered in injury diagnostics (e.g., differentiating “tennis leg”), Achilles tendon rehabilitation, and muscle flap harvesting. Emerging evidence supports the need for pennation-specific training approaches and highlights the value of imaging and AI-assisted assessment in personalizing treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Understanding the morphological diversity of the soleus is crucial for clinicians and surgeons alike. Future efforts should focus on standardizing classification systems, expanding comparative research, and integrating advanced imaging technologies to enhance anatomical knowledge and optimize patient-specific care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 152696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144610584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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