Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152734
Leo Schaukal , Sophia Bauer , Uliana Pidvalna , Ryszard Gryglewski , Lesya Mateshuk-Vatseba , Wolfgang J. Weninger
Background
This article addresses the formation of academic networks among anatomists in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late 19th century during the earliest part of their careers, their student years, at the capital’s university (University of Vienna), based on the example of the Galician anatomist Henryk Kadyi.
Material and methods
This comparative inquiry is based on archive material from the Lviv Regional State Archive, the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (both Ukraine), the Archive of the University of Vienna, the Austrian State Archive (both Austria) and the Archives of the Jagiellonian University (Poland).
Results
Archival sources show the variety of contacts a medical student could form within the anatomical community (both with teachers and student colleagues), which constituted the foundation for connections that lasted for an academic lifetime. The study demonstrates which knowledge, techniques, and methods were circulated within these newly formed anatomical networks. Kadyi was not a unique case but rather just one example of a broader dynamic among Galician students who came to Vienna.
Conclusion
Research on early-career networks is a promising approach for studying academic networks, especially their starting point, as the example of Henryk Kadyi proves. The importance of long-lasting contacts formed during an early academic career and their continued impact over the following years and decades cannot be overstated.
{"title":"Early-career anatomical networks: Lviv professor of anatomy Henryk Kadyi as a Habsburg case study","authors":"Leo Schaukal , Sophia Bauer , Uliana Pidvalna , Ryszard Gryglewski , Lesya Mateshuk-Vatseba , Wolfgang J. Weninger","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This article addresses the formation of academic networks among anatomists in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late 19th century during the earliest part of their careers, their student years, at the capital’s university (University of Vienna), based on the example of the Galician anatomist Henryk Kadyi.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>This comparative inquiry is based on archive material from the Lviv Regional State Archive, the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv (both Ukraine), the Archive of the University of Vienna, the Austrian State Archive (both Austria) and the Archives of the Jagiellonian University (Poland).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Archival sources show the variety of contacts a medical student could form within the anatomical community (both with teachers and student colleagues), which constituted the foundation for connections that lasted for an academic lifetime. The study demonstrates which knowledge, techniques, and methods were circulated within these newly formed anatomical networks. Kadyi was not a unique case but rather just one example of a broader dynamic among Galician students who came to Vienna.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Research on early-career networks is a promising approach for studying academic networks, especially their starting point, as the example of Henryk Kadyi proves. The importance of long-lasting contacts formed during an early academic career and their continued impact over the following years and decades cannot be overstated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152739
Sarka Salavova , Carl V.L. Olson , Azzat Al-Redouan , Miroslav Belbl , Nikola Jilkova , David Vala , Theodor Adla , David Kachlik
Introduction
The interosseous tuberosity of the radius (ITR) has recently been described on radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, and in fresh cadavers (Rougereau et al., 2020). However, its morphology on dry bones remains insufficiently documented. An investigation of dry radii was undertaken to complement existing findings.
Materials and methods
The research was divided into three components: osteometric, cadaveric, and radiological. In the osteometric component, 1,125 European radii were evaluated using digital Vernier calipers. Six embalmed forearms were dissected in the cadaveric component. And in the radiological component, four dry radii were scanned using Neoatom Alpha CT scanner.
Results
The ITR was present in 100% of the analysed bones, with distinct anterior and posterior parts. The mean length of the anterior part was 51.98 mm (22.4% of the bone length), whereas the posterior part was 45.58 mm (19.6%). In the dissected forearms, the ITR was also observed in all cases. The origin of the flexor pollicis longus was identified on the anterior part, and the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the posterior part. Attachment of the interosseous membrane of the forearm was provided by both parts.
Conclusion
The ITR was confirmed to be constantly present on bone specimens, and new morphometric data have been provided from a large Central European sample. These findings help lay the groundwork for further research into the clinical relevance of this structure.
简介：桡骨间结节（ITR）最近在x线片、计算机断层扫描（CT）和新鲜尸体中被描述（Rougereau et al., 2020）。然而，它在干骨上的形态仍然没有充分的记录。对干半径进行了调查，以补充现有的调查结果。材料和方法：研究分为三个组成部分：骨测量，尸体和放射学。在骨测量部分，使用数字游标卡尺评估1125个欧洲半径。尸体部分解剖了六只防腐的前臂。在放射学部分，使用Neoatom Alpha CT扫描仪扫描四个干半径。结果：所分析的骨骼中100%存在ITR，具有明显的前后部分。前段平均长度为51.98mm（占骨长22.4%），后段平均长度为45.58mm（占骨长19.6%）。在解剖的前臂中，所有病例也观察到ITR。在前面确定了拇长屈肌的起源，在后面确定了拇长外展肌和拇短伸肌。前臂骨间膜的附着由两部分提供。结论：证实ITR在骨标本上持续存在，并从中欧大量样本中提供了新的形态测量数据。这些发现有助于为进一步研究该结构的临床相关性奠定基础。
{"title":"Quantitative Study of the Interosseous Tuberosity of the Radius","authors":"Sarka Salavova , Carl V.L. Olson , Azzat Al-Redouan , Miroslav Belbl , Nikola Jilkova , David Vala , Theodor Adla , David Kachlik","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The interosseous tuberosity of the radius (ITR) has recently been described on radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, and in fresh cadavers (Rougereau et al., 2020). However, its morphology on dry bones remains insufficiently documented. An investigation of dry radii was undertaken to complement existing findings.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The research was divided into three components: osteometric, cadaveric, and radiological. In the osteometric component, 1,125 European radii were evaluated using digital Vernier calipers. Six embalmed forearms were dissected in the cadaveric component. And in the radiological component, four dry radii were scanned using Neoatom Alpha CT scanner.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The ITR was present in 100% of the analysed bones, with distinct anterior and posterior parts. The mean length of the anterior part was 51.98 mm (22.4% of the bone length), whereas the posterior part was 45.58 mm (19.6%). In the dissected forearms, the ITR was also observed in all cases. The origin of the flexor pollicis longus was identified on the anterior part, and the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis on the posterior part. Attachment of the interosseous membrane of the forearm was provided by both parts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The ITR was confirmed to be constantly present on bone specimens, and new morphometric data have been provided from a large Central European sample. These findings help lay the groundwork for further research into the clinical relevance of this structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152739"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152750
Anna Kanewska, Wataru Yano, Yuto Fujimitsu, Masataka Ito
Objective
The juxta-oral organ (JOO) is a bilateral organ located in the lateral walls of the oral cavity and has close connection with the buccal nerve. While it is described mainly in mammals, some studies have reported the existence of JOO in other classes. The aim of this study was to re-analyze the existence of JOO in the domestic chicken using newly available methods.
Materials and methods
Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated at 38°C from day 0 of fertilization. At least 3 embryos of each stage were sampled at embryonic day 8 (E 8), E 8.5, E 9, E 10, E 11, E 12, E 13 as well as two E 20 embryos, and serial tissue sections were analyzed. The morphology was studied in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained sections, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for cytokeratin 6 A (CK6A) and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1) was performed for the detection of epithelial and neuronal structures, respectively. Chick embryos at E 11 – E 20 were also stained for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) to detect myoepithelial cells. In addition, one E 20 chicken embryo was analyzed by micro-computer tomography.
Results
At E 8, epithelial thickening at the buccal fold was observed. From E 9, an epithelial structure was budding from the angle of the beak cavity in a posterior direction, with further elongation at E 10 and branching at E 11. Acini-like structure was observed from E 12 and E 13, developing into a glandular structure in E 20. The epithelial structure was positive for CK6A and had a close relationship with TUJ1-positive nerve fibers. The topographic relationship was confirmed in the micro-CT analysis. Epithelial budding with subsequent formation of submandibular, maxillary and sublingual salivary glands was also observed in HE-stained serial sections from stage E 9.
Conclusion
We identified the observed glandular structure at the buccal fold to be glandula angularis oris (GAO). As there were no other epithelial structures in this area, we concluded that JOO did not exist in the chickens.
{"title":"Re-examination of the juxta-oral organ in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) using immunohistochemistry and micro-computer tomography techniques","authors":"Anna Kanewska, Wataru Yano, Yuto Fujimitsu, Masataka Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The juxta-oral organ (JOO) is a bilateral organ located in the lateral walls of the oral cavity and has close connection with the buccal nerve. While it is described mainly in mammals, some studies have reported the existence of JOO in other classes. The aim of this study was to re-analyze the existence of JOO in the domestic chicken using newly available methods.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Fertilized chicken eggs were incubated at 38°C from day 0 of fertilization. At least 3 embryos of each stage were sampled at embryonic day 8 (E 8), E 8.5, E 9, E 10, E 11, E 12, E 13 as well as two E 20 embryos, and serial tissue sections were analyzed. The morphology was studied in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained sections, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for cytokeratin 6 A (CK6A) and neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1) was performed for the detection of epithelial and neuronal structures, respectively. Chick embryos at E 11 – E 20 were also stained for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) to detect myoepithelial cells. In addition, one E 20 chicken embryo was analyzed by micro-computer tomography.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At E 8, epithelial thickening at the buccal fold was observed. From E 9, an epithelial structure was budding from the angle of the beak cavity in a posterior direction, with further elongation at E 10 and branching at E 11. Acini-like structure was observed from E 12 and E 13, developing into a glandular structure in E 20. The epithelial structure was positive for CK6A and had a close relationship with TUJ1-positive nerve fibers. The topographic relationship was confirmed in the micro-CT analysis. Epithelial budding with subsequent formation of submandibular, maxillary and sublingual salivary glands was also observed in HE-stained serial sections from stage E 9.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We identified the observed glandular structure at the buccal fold to be glandula angularis oris (GAO). As there were no other epithelial structures in this area, we concluded that JOO did not exist in the chickens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-08-25DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152712
Ingrid C. Landfald , Jakub Adamek , Yaashmithaa AP Siva Kumar , Łukasz Olewnik , John Coleman , Piotr Labetowicz
The facial artery (FA) is the main vascular supply to the anterior face, but it exhibits considerable anatomical variation that impacts surgical planning. We review FA anatomy and variants, examining clinical and radiological data since 2010, and introduce the updated Landfald Classification of FA variants. The common linguofacial trunk (LFT), in which the facial and lingual arteries arise as a single trunk, is the most prevalent variant (approximately 15 % of cases) (Herrera-Núñez et al., 2020; Triantafyllou et al., 2024). Rare variants include the thyrolinguofacial trunk (TLFT, <3 %) and true arterial duplication or early termination (on the order of a few percent) (Zaccheo et al., 2023; Yoon et al., 2024). These anomalies disrupt the usual FA territory and can increase the risk of tongue or facial ischemia during head and neck surgery, free flap failure, or inadvertent vascular occlusion in cosmetic injections. High-resolution angiographic imaging is essential: computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) reliably delineate FA course and branches, though CTA involves ionizing radiation (Furukawa et al., 2013). We present an enhanced Landfald Classification with five major types (I–V) and fourteen subtypes (Ia–Vb) that stratify FA anatomy by branching pattern, clinical implications, and imaging detectability. This framework supports tailored surgical approaches and risk mitigation. For example, classical (“Type I”) FA patterns allow predictable flap design, whereas hypoplastic or aberrant (“Type IV–V”) variants often necessitate alternative strategies. Surgeons and radiologists should apply detailed preoperative mapping – including CTA, MRA, Doppler ultrasonography, or augmented-reality simulations – to identify FA variants and plan safe dissections. In conclusion, recognizing the full spectrum of FA variation and using the Landfald classification can improve surgical precision and patient safety in reconstructive, oncologic, and aesthetic facial procedures.
面动脉（FA）是前面部的主要血管供应，但它表现出相当大的解剖变异，影响手术计划。我们回顾了FA的解剖和变异，检查了2010年以来的临床和放射学数据，并介绍了更新的FA变异的Landfald分类。常见舌面干（LFT）是最常见的变异（约占病例的15%）（Herrera-Núñez et al., 2020; Triantafyllou et al., 2024），其中面部动脉和舌动脉作为单个干出现。罕见的变异包括甲状腺颌面部干（TLFT），
{"title":"Anatomy reimagined: The landfald classification as a transformative surgical and radiological guide to facial artery variants","authors":"Ingrid C. Landfald , Jakub Adamek , Yaashmithaa AP Siva Kumar , Łukasz Olewnik , John Coleman , Piotr Labetowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The facial artery (FA) is the main vascular supply to the anterior face, but it exhibits considerable anatomical variation that impacts surgical planning. We review FA anatomy and variants, examining clinical and radiological data since 2010, and introduce the updated Landfald Classification of FA variants. The common linguofacial trunk (LFT), in which the facial and lingual arteries arise as a single trunk, is the most prevalent variant (approximately 15 % of cases) (Herrera-Núñez et al., 2020; Triantafyllou et al., 2024). Rare variants include the thyrolinguofacial trunk (TLFT, <3 %) and true arterial duplication or early termination (on the order of a few percent) (Zaccheo et al., 2023; Yoon et al., 2024). These anomalies disrupt the usual FA territory and can increase the risk of tongue or facial ischemia during head and neck surgery, free flap failure, or inadvertent vascular occlusion in cosmetic injections. High-resolution angiographic imaging is essential: computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) reliably delineate FA course and branches, though CTA involves ionizing radiation (Furukawa et al., 2013). We present an enhanced Landfald Classification with five major types (I–V) and fourteen subtypes (Ia–Vb) that stratify FA anatomy by branching pattern, clinical implications, and imaging detectability. This framework supports tailored surgical approaches and risk mitigation. For example, classical (“Type I”) FA patterns allow predictable flap design, whereas hypoplastic or aberrant (“Type IV–V”) variants often necessitate alternative strategies. Surgeons and radiologists should apply detailed preoperative mapping – including CTA, MRA, Doppler ultrasonography, or augmented-reality simulations – to identify FA variants and plan safe dissections. In conclusion, recognizing the full spectrum of FA variation and using the Landfald classification can improve surgical precision and patient safety in reconstructive, oncologic, and aesthetic facial procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152712"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144982183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152742
Anhelina Khadanovich , Judita Kamlerova , Sarlota Havlikova , Michal Benes , Petr Fulin , David Kachlik , Vojtech Kunc
Objectives
Supraclavicular nerves cross the clavicle to provide sensory innervation to the skin over the clavicle, ventromedial shoulder region and upper part of the thorax. Although rare, they may variably perforate the clavicle throughout their course. Since the current literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of the resultant canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves, this study aimed to provide detailed morphometric and topographical data for clinical practice.
Materials and Methods
In total, 524 dry clavicles and 200 CT images were assessed for the presence of canals or grooves for the supraclavicular nerves. Morphometric parameters were digitally measured, and correlated between dry bones and supraclavicular nerves’ course in ten formaldehyde-preserved neck regions. Radiological observations were assessed for their suitability in preoperative planning.
Results
Twenty-two out of 524 dry clavicles (4.2 %) featured a canal for the supraclavicular nerve, and a groove was present in 6 cases (1.1 %). The average distances from the sternal and acromial ends to the closest margin of the canal or groove corresponded to the course of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. A canal was detected in eight out of 200 CTs (4 %) while a groove was not identified at all.
Conclusion
Although both variations are rare, canals for the supraclavicular nerves appear more frequently. Both canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves are indentations of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. These data can be implicated in the management of clavicular fractures and surgical decompression of the neural entrapment within the canal or the groove.
{"title":"Canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves revisited: Anatomical and radiological study outlining their topography for clinical practice","authors":"Anhelina Khadanovich , Judita Kamlerova , Sarlota Havlikova , Michal Benes , Petr Fulin , David Kachlik , Vojtech Kunc","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152742","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152742","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Supraclavicular nerves cross the clavicle to provide sensory innervation to the skin over the clavicle, ventromedial shoulder region and upper part of the thorax. Although rare, they may variably perforate the clavicle throughout their course. Since the current literature lacks a comprehensive analysis of the resultant canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves, this study aimed to provide detailed morphometric and topographical data for clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>In total, 524 dry clavicles and 200 CT images were assessed for the presence of canals or grooves for the supraclavicular nerves. Morphometric parameters were digitally measured, and correlated between dry bones and supraclavicular nerves’ course in ten formaldehyde-preserved neck regions. Radiological observations were assessed for their suitability in preoperative planning.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-two out of 524 dry clavicles (4.2 %) featured a canal for the supraclavicular nerve, and a groove was present in 6 cases (1.1 %). The average distances from the sternal and acromial ends to the closest margin of the canal or groove corresponded to the course of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. A canal was detected in eight out of 200 CTs (4 %) while a groove was not identified at all.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although both variations are rare, canals for the supraclavicular nerves appear more frequently. Both canals and grooves for the supraclavicular nerves are indentations of the intermediate supraclavicular nerve. These data can be implicated in the management of clavicular fractures and surgical decompression of the neural entrapment within the canal or the groove.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152742"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145260265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to specify the morphology and relative importance of the types of arterial anastomoses between the different perforasomes constituting the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap vascular tree.
Methods
15 ALT flaps were injected on a single perforator with epoxy resin and then analyzed via 3D CT microangiography. Data were processed using a broad binary threshold based on the Hounsfield density of the various contrast-enhanced arteries. A virtual dissection of the 3D images associated with a virtual segmentation of the flap's vascular tree was then performed, enabling direct visualization of the various means of connection between the different perforasomes.
Results
The average surface area of the flap's vascular territory was 190.5 cm2.
The various perforasomes were linked via
40 % of mixed anastomoses including both arteries from the subdermal plexus AND the suprafascial plexus, 35 % of exclusively suprafascial anastomoses, 25 % of exclusively subdermal anastomoses. Some connections via the dermal plexus could be identified, but their relative importance could not be established. No subcutaneous plexus connections were identified.
Discussion / conclusion
This study demonstrates that ALT constitutive perforasomes are mostly linked with each other via anastomosing arteries located in the suprafascial plexus.
The debulking of ALT flaps must take this data into account in order to preserve the supra fascial plexus linking arteries as much as possible to avoid loss of vascular territory and marginal necrosis of the flap in vivo.
{"title":"Further findings on anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) perforasome anatomy: Contribution of epoxy resin injection technique followed by virtual microdissection","authors":"Jérémy Hardy , Fabien Fredon , Cynthia Abane , Sylvaine Durand Fontanier","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The aim of this study was to specify the morphology and relative importance of the types of arterial anastomoses between the different perforasomes constituting the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap vascular tree.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>15 ALT flaps were injected on a single perforator with epoxy resin and then analyzed via 3D CT microangiography. Data were processed using a broad binary threshold based on the Hounsfield density of the various contrast-enhanced arteries. A virtual dissection of the 3D images associated with a virtual segmentation of the flap's vascular tree was then performed, enabling direct visualization of the various means of connection between the different perforasomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average surface area of the flap's vascular territory was 190.5 cm2.</div></div><div><h3>The various perforasomes were linked via</h3><div>40 % of mixed anastomoses including both arteries from the subdermal plexus AND the suprafascial plexus, 35 % of exclusively suprafascial anastomoses, 25 % of exclusively subdermal anastomoses. Some connections via the dermal plexus could be identified, but their relative importance could not be established. No subcutaneous plexus connections were identified.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion / conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates that ALT constitutive perforasomes are mostly linked with each other via anastomosing arteries located in the suprafascial plexus.</div><div>The debulking of ALT flaps must take this data into account in order to preserve the supra fascial plexus linking arteries as much as possible to avoid loss of vascular territory and marginal necrosis of the flap in vivo.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 152726"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145042590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152709
Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Robert F. LaPrade , Maria Piagkou , Krystian Maślanka , Andrzej Węgiel , Bartosz Gonera , Kacper Ruzik , Nicol Zielinska , George Triantafyllou , Friedrich Paulsen
Introduction
The hamstring muscles consist of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (SM). The SM is located on the posteromedial surface of the thigh and originates from a superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity. Extensive research has been performed on the SM tendinous insertions into the posterolateral corner of the knee; however, limited data exist regarding the morphology of the main SM tendon. We hypothesized that distinct morphological types of the main SM tendon (SMT) exist and that their systematic classification can enhance clinical assessment, diagnostic accuracy, and surgical planning related to posterior knee structures. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variability of the SMT, focusing on its distal attachments.
Material and methods
One hundred lower limbs from 50 formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The SMT and its precise distal attachments were recorded and classified.
Results
The SM was present in all specimens (100 % constancy). A novel classification distinguished three morphological types: Type I (66 %), characterized by a single main tendon with three subtypes — Type IA (39 %), IB (12 %), and IC (15 %) — based on attachment shape and location; Type II (24 %), featuring a double main tendon with two subtypes — Type IIA (14 %) and IIB (10 %) — depending on attachment sites; and Type III (10 %), defined by three main tendons with distinct insertional bands. Considerable morphological variability in the number and configuration of accessory bands was observed.
Conclusion
The study provides a detailed anatomical description and an innovative classification of the main SMT morphology and distal attachments. This classification system may facilitate personalized surgical and rehabilitation strategies by improving anatomical understanding, aiding clinical assessment, and optimizing surgical planning for posterior knee interventions
{"title":"The semimembranosus muscle: A novel classification system of morphology and attachments with implications","authors":"Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Robert F. LaPrade , Maria Piagkou , Krystian Maślanka , Andrzej Węgiel , Bartosz Gonera , Kacper Ruzik , Nicol Zielinska , George Triantafyllou , Friedrich Paulsen","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The hamstring muscles consist of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (SM). The SM is located on the posteromedial surface of the thigh and originates from a superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity. Extensive research has been performed on the SM tendinous insertions into the posterolateral corner of the knee; however, limited data exist regarding the morphology of the main SM tendon. We hypothesized that distinct morphological types of the main SM tendon (SMT) exist and that their systematic classification can enhance clinical assessment, diagnostic accuracy, and surgical planning related to posterior knee structures. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variability of the SMT, focusing on its distal attachments.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>One hundred lower limbs from 50 formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The SMT and its precise distal attachments were recorded and classified.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The SM was present in all specimens (100 % constancy). A novel classification distinguished three morphological types: Type I (66 %), characterized by a single main tendon with three subtypes — Type IA (39 %), IB (12 %), and IC (15 %) — based on attachment shape and location; Type II (24 %), featuring a double main tendon with two subtypes — Type IIA (14 %) and IIB (10 %) — depending on attachment sites; and Type III (10 %), defined by three main tendons with distinct insertional bands. Considerable morphological variability in the number and configuration of accessory bands was observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study provides a detailed anatomical description and an innovative classification of the main SMT morphology and distal attachments. This classification system may facilitate personalized surgical and rehabilitation strategies by improving anatomical understanding, aiding clinical assessment, and optimizing surgical planning for posterior knee interventions</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144755316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152716
Mariana Espindola de Oliveira , Allan Abuabara , Ariane Beatriz Blancato , Maria Angélica Hueb de Menezes-Oliveira , Thais Vilalba Paniagua Machado do Nascimento , Peter Proff , Christian Kirschneck , César Penazzo Lepri , Erika Calvano Küchler , Flares Baratto-Filho
Objectives
This study investigated the association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PITX2 gene and Carabelli trait.
Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study included a population of orthodontic patients from Germany. Saliva samples were collected for DNA extraction from buccal cells. SNPs in PITX2 (rs1947187, rs2595110, and rs3796902) were evaluated using real-time PCR with TaqMan technology. The permanent maxillary first molars were assessed using digital models from orthodontic records and classified according to the Carabelli trait phenotype. Comparison between groups was performed for allele distribution and genotypic distribution in codominant, recessive, and dominant models using the chi-square test. A significance level of 5 % was adopted for all analyses.
Results
A total of 160 patients were analyzed. Positive Carabelli trait expression occurred in 18.2 % of tooth maxillary right first molars and 17.5 % of maxillary left first molars. The rs3796902 was associated with positive expression of the Carabelli trait (p < 0.05), in which patients carrying the GG genotype had a higher chance to present the Positive Carabelli trait.
Conclusions
The rs3796902 in PITX2 gene is associated with Carabelli trait in humans.
{"title":"Association of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs3796902 in PITX2 with Carabelli’s trait in permanent molars","authors":"Mariana Espindola de Oliveira , Allan Abuabara , Ariane Beatriz Blancato , Maria Angélica Hueb de Menezes-Oliveira , Thais Vilalba Paniagua Machado do Nascimento , Peter Proff , Christian Kirschneck , César Penazzo Lepri , Erika Calvano Küchler , Flares Baratto-Filho","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study investigated the association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the <em>PITX2</em> gene and Carabelli trait.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study included a population of orthodontic patients from Germany. Saliva samples were collected for DNA extraction from buccal cells. SNPs in <em>PITX2</em> (rs1947187, rs2595110, and rs3796902) were evaluated using real-time PCR with TaqMan technology. The permanent maxillary first molars were assessed using digital models from orthodontic records and classified according to the Carabelli trait phenotype. Comparison between groups was performed for allele distribution and genotypic distribution in codominant, recessive, and dominant models using the chi-square test. A significance level of 5 % was adopted for all analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 160 patients were analyzed. Positive Carabelli trait expression occurred in 18.2 % of tooth maxillary right first molars and 17.5 % of maxillary left first molars. The rs3796902 was associated with positive expression of the Carabelli trait (p < 0.05), in which patients carrying the GG genotype had a higher chance to present the Positive Carabelli trait.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The rs3796902 in <em>PITX2</em> gene is associated with Carabelli trait in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144896102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01Epub Date: 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152710
Tomohito Tanaka , Eri Miyamoto , Yuki Yoshihashi , Kei Kitamura , Ai Hirano-Kawamoto , Gen Murakami , Shin-ichi Abe
Background
Macrophages and interdigitating dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen-presenting cells. However, DCs appear to be absent in healthy nasal mucosa, despite the extensive ciliated respiratory epithelium being highly exposed to various antigens.
Methods
Using histological specimens from 20 elderly cadavers, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive cells in the nasal vestibular skin, mucocutaneous junction, and ciliated mucosa. CD1a, CD83 and DC-SIGN were used as DC markers, with the latter two being typically employed in lymphatic tissue studies.
Results
Macrophages and CD8-positive lymphocytes were widely distributed throughout the subcutaneous and submucosal tissues at all epithelial depths. These cells were occasionally found embedded within both the mucocutaneous junction epithelium and basal layer of the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, CD4-positive lymphocytes were scarce across all examined sites. CD169-positive macrophages, considered the first-line gatekeepers in lymphatic tissues, were localized along deep vessels and glands. CD1a-positive DCs (Langerhans cells) were absent from both the cytokeratin 14-negative squamous epithelium and ciliary epithelium but were abundant in the basal layer of the cytokeratin 14-positive stratified squamous epithelium. CD1a-positive cells, which exhibit either a dendritic or round morphology, were occasionally scattered through the elastic fiber-rich subcutaneous tissue. A few DC-SIGN– or CD83-positive DCs were seen in glands and along deep vessels in subcutaneous and submucosal tissues
Conclusion
Hair follicles at the nasal vestibule were likely accompanied by a cluster of CD1a-positive cells and CD8-positive lymphocytes. Macrophages, rather than DCs, were likely the primary antigen-presenting cells for CD8-positive lymphocytes in aged nasal respiratory mucosa.
{"title":"Distribution of dendritic cells and macrophages in the nose with special reference to site-dependent differences: A cadaveric study","authors":"Tomohito Tanaka , Eri Miyamoto , Yuki Yoshihashi , Kei Kitamura , Ai Hirano-Kawamoto , Gen Murakami , Shin-ichi Abe","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Macrophages and interdigitating dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen-presenting cells. However, DCs appear to be absent in healthy nasal mucosa, despite the extensive ciliated respiratory epithelium being highly exposed to various antigens.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using histological specimens from 20 elderly cadavers, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive cells in the nasal vestibular skin, mucocutaneous junction, and ciliated mucosa. CD1a, CD83 and DC-SIGN were used as DC markers, with the latter two being typically employed in lymphatic tissue studies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Macrophages and CD8-positive lymphocytes were widely distributed throughout the subcutaneous and submucosal tissues at all epithelial depths. These cells were occasionally found embedded within both the mucocutaneous junction epithelium and basal layer of the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, CD4-positive lymphocytes were scarce across all examined sites. CD169-positive macrophages, considered the first-line gatekeepers in lymphatic tissues, were localized along deep vessels and glands. CD1a-positive DCs (Langerhans cells) were absent from both the cytokeratin 14-negative squamous epithelium and ciliary epithelium but were abundant in the basal layer of the cytokeratin 14-positive stratified squamous epithelium. CD1a-positive cells, which exhibit either a dendritic or round morphology, were occasionally scattered through the elastic fiber-rich subcutaneous tissue. A few DC-SIGN– or CD83-positive DCs were seen in glands and along deep vessels in subcutaneous and submucosal tissues</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Hair follicles at the nasal vestibule were likely accompanied by a cluster of CD1a-positive cells and CD8-positive lymphocytes. Macrophages, rather than DCs, were likely the primary antigen-presenting cells for CD8-positive lymphocytes in aged nasal respiratory mucosa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152710"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144769367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This case-control study aimed to quantitatively assess the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after primary lip repair using high-resolution ultrasonography, and to compare these measurements with children presenting isolated cleft palate (CP) without lip involvement.
Methods
For this, 12 infants with UCLP who had undergone primary lip repair at 4–5 months of age were examined during subsequent palatoplasty at 9–12 months. They were compared to eight age-matched controls with isolated CP. Using a 22 MHz “hockey stick” transducer under general anaesthesia, muscle thickness (MT), height (MH), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the OOM were measured on both sides of the upper lip.
Results
The cleft side of the study group showed a significantly reduced CSA compared to the non-cleft side (p = 0.05), while MT was lower but not statistically significant. When compared with the control group, the cleft side showed significantly smaller CSA (p = 0.02) and MT (p = 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the non-cleft side and the control group, indicating normal muscle development on the unaffected side.
Conclusions
Ultrasound proved to be a safe, reliable, and accessible tool for evaluating perioral muscle morphology in infants. The findings indicate persistent hypoplasia of the OOM on the cleft side post-repair, while the non-cleft side exhibits regular growth. These results may inform surgical technique selection and underline the potential of ultrasound for longitudinal studies. Future research could further enhance our understanding of muscle development and surgical outcomes in cleft patients.
{"title":"Quantitative ultrasonographic assessment of the orbicularis oris muscle following cleft lip surgery: A case-control study","authors":"Michaela Bučkova , Christiane Keil , Kristin Heinze , Winnie Pradel , Theodosia Bartzela , Samaneh Farahzadi , Milan Drahoš , Günter Lauer , Adrian Franke","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This case-control study aimed to quantitatively assess the orbicularis oris muscle (OOM) in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) after primary lip repair using high-resolution ultrasonography, and to compare these measurements with children presenting isolated cleft palate (CP) without lip involvement.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>For this, 12 infants with UCLP who had undergone primary lip repair at 4–5 months of age were examined during subsequent palatoplasty at 9–12 months. They were compared to eight age-matched controls with isolated CP. Using a 22 MHz “hockey stick” transducer under general anaesthesia, muscle thickness (MT), height (MH), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the OOM were measured on both sides of the upper lip.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The cleft side of the study group showed a significantly reduced CSA compared to the non-cleft side (p = 0.05), while MT was lower but not statistically significant. When compared with the control group, the cleft side showed significantly smaller CSA (p = 0.02) and MT (p = 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the non-cleft side and the control group, indicating normal muscle development on the unaffected side.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Ultrasound proved to be a safe, reliable, and accessible tool for evaluating perioral muscle morphology in infants. The findings indicate persistent hypoplasia of the OOM on the cleft side post-repair, while the non-cleft side exhibits regular growth. These results may inform surgical technique selection and underline the potential of ultrasound for longitudinal studies. Future research could further enhance our understanding of muscle development and surgical outcomes in cleft patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152715"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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