Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献_第6页

Distribution of dendritic cells and macrophages in the nose with special reference to site-dependent differences: A cadaveric study 树突状细胞和巨噬细胞在鼻腔中的分布与位点依赖性差异：一项尸体研究。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152710

Tomohito Tanaka , Eri Miyamoto , Yuki Yoshihashi , Kei Kitamura , Ai Hirano-Kawamoto , Gen Murakami , Shin-ichi Abe

Background

Macrophages and interdigitating dendritic cells (DCs) are key professional antigen-presenting cells. However, DCs appear to be absent in healthy nasal mucosa, despite the extensive ciliated respiratory epithelium being highly exposed to various antigens.

Methods

Using histological specimens from 20 elderly cadavers, we examined the distribution of immunoreactive cells in the nasal vestibular skin, mucocutaneous junction, and ciliated mucosa. CD1a, CD83 and DC-SIGN were used as DC markers, with the latter two being typically employed in lymphatic tissue studies.

Results

Macrophages and CD8-positive lymphocytes were widely distributed throughout the subcutaneous and submucosal tissues at all epithelial depths. These cells were occasionally found embedded within both the mucocutaneous junction epithelium and basal layer of the mucosal epithelium. In contrast, CD4-positive lymphocytes were scarce across all examined sites. CD169-positive macrophages, considered the first-line gatekeepers in lymphatic tissues, were localized along deep vessels and glands. CD1a-positive DCs (Langerhans cells) were absent from both the cytokeratin 14-negative squamous epithelium and ciliary epithelium but were abundant in the basal layer of the cytokeratin 14-positive stratified squamous epithelium. CD1a-positive cells, which exhibit either a dendritic or round morphology, were occasionally scattered through the elastic fiber-rich subcutaneous tissue. A few DC-SIGN– or CD83-positive DCs were seen in glands and along deep vessels in subcutaneous and submucosal tissues

Conclusion

Hair follicles at the nasal vestibule were likely accompanied by a cluster of CD1a-positive cells and CD8-positive lymphocytes. Macrophages, rather than DCs, were likely the primary antigen-presenting cells for CD8-positive lymphocytes in aged nasal respiratory mucosa.

背景：巨噬细胞和交错树突状细胞（DCs）是关键的专业抗原提呈细胞。然而，尽管广泛的纤毛呼吸道上皮高度暴露于各种抗原，但在健康的鼻黏膜中似乎没有dc。方法：采用20例老年尸体的组织学标本，检测了鼻前庭皮肤、粘膜皮肤交界处和纤毛粘膜中免疫反应细胞的分布。使用CD1a、CD83和DC- sign作为DC标记物，后两者通常用于淋巴组织研究。结果：巨噬细胞和cd8阳性淋巴细胞广泛分布于各上皮深度的皮下和粘膜下组织。这些细胞偶尔被发现包埋在粘膜皮肤连接上皮和粘膜上皮的基底层。相比之下，cd4阳性淋巴细胞在所有检查部位都很少见。cd169阳性巨噬细胞被认为是淋巴组织的一线看门人，它们分布在深部血管和腺体。cd1a阳性的dc（朗格汉斯细胞）在细胞角蛋白14阴性的鳞状上皮和睫状上皮中均不存在，但在细胞角蛋白14阳性的层状鳞状上皮的基底层大量存在。cd1a阳性细胞呈树突状或圆形，偶尔散布在富含弹性纤维的皮下组织中。结论：鼻前庭毛囊内可能伴cd1a阳性细胞和cd8阳性淋巴细胞聚集。老年鼻呼吸道黏膜cd8阳性淋巴细胞的主要抗原呈递细胞可能是巨噬细胞，而非dc。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating sexual dimorphism in Romanov sheep: A comparative 3D shape analysis of manual and automated landmarking 评估罗曼诺夫羊的性别二态性：手动和自动标记的比较三维形状分析。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152708

Caner BAKICI , İhsan Berat KILIÇLI , Hasen Awel YUNUS , İdil ÜNAL , Barış BATUR

Background

3D geometric morphometric techniques are increasingly employed to assess shape variation with high precision. A critical step is anatomical landmark placement, traditionally done manually, an accurate but time-consuming and inconsistent process for large datasets. To overcome these limitations, automated landmarking tools using artificial intelligence have emerged. This study compared manual and automated landmarking methods to evaluate cranial sexual dimorphism in Romanov sheep.

Methods

Thirty sheep cranium (15 males, 15 females) were scanned using high-resolution computed tomography with 0.6 mm slice thickness. Manual and ALPACA-based landmarking were applied to reconstructed 3D models, and shape analyses were performed using GPA and PCA in 3D slicer, followed by statistical testing in PAST.

Results

Manual landmarking revealed sex-specific shape differences, particularly in the foramen magnum, occipital condyles, processus paracondylaris, protuberantia occipitalis externa, linea nuchae, prosthion, and palatal regions. ALPACA successfully identified biologically meaningful variation, mainly in the nasal, dental, and caudal skull regions. Both approaches confirmed significant sexual dimorphism, with ALPACA offering faster processing and reduced observer bias. PCA results indicated that manual landmark placement was more successful in distinguishing male and female cranial morphologies.

Conclusions

Automated landmarking via ALPACA demonstrated robust performance in capturing cranial sexual dimorphism, offering a reproducible and efficient alternative to manual methods. These findings highlight the utility of AI-supported morphometric workflows in veterinary anatomy, zooarchaeology, and forensic applications. The fact that manual landmarking is more successful in distinguishing females from males in the PCA scatter plot also highlights the need for further development of automated landmarking.

背景：三维几何形态测量技术越来越多地被用于高精度的形状变化评估。一个关键步骤是解剖地标的放置，传统上是手工完成的，对于大型数据集来说，这是一个准确但耗时且不一致的过程。为了克服这些限制，使用人工智能的自动地标工具已经出现。本研究比较了手动和自动标记方法来评估罗曼诺夫羊颅骨性别二型性。方法：对30只羊头盖骨（男15只，女15只）进行高分辨率ct扫描，扫描层厚0.6mm。重建的三维模型分别采用Manual和alpaca标记法，在三维切片机中采用GPA和PCA进行形状分析，并在PAST中进行统计检验。结果：手工标记显示了性别特异性的形状差异，特别是在枕骨大孔、枕髁、髁旁突、枕外隆突、颈线、假体和腭区。ALPACA成功地鉴定了具有生物学意义的变异，主要在鼻、牙和尾颅骨区域。这两种方法都证实了显著的两性二态性，ALPACA提供了更快的处理速度和更少的观察者偏见。主成分分析结果表明，人工标记放置在区分男性和女性颅骨形态方面更成功。结论：通过ALPACA自动标记在捕获颅骨性别二态性方面表现出强大的性能，为手动方法提供了可重复和有效的替代方法。这些发现突出了人工智能支持的形态测量工作流程在兽医解剖学、动物考古学和法医应用中的实用性。人工标记在PCA散点图中更能成功地区分雌性和雄性，这一事实也突出了自动化标记的进一步发展的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Cardiac dissection techniques for pathoanatomical research on myocardial hypertrophy and anatomical teaching 心肌肥大病理解剖技术的研究及解剖教学。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152711

Jan M. Federspiel , Peter H. Schmidt , Eva Corvest , Johannes E. Hohneck , Carola Meier

Background

Various cardiac dissection techniques are used in basic pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases and anatomical teaching. In contrast, diagnostic routine techniques in pathology and legal medicine have subject-specific recommendations. However, these recommendations do not outline specific techniques for the determination of heart weight and myocardial hypertrophy. Thus, the present manuscript outlines cardiac dissection techniques that may be employed in pathoanatomic and autopsy-based research and anatomical teaching.

Methods

A narrative literature review and discussion of established cardiac dissection techniques for diagnostic routine (Short-Axis and Inflow-Outflow methods), anatomical teaching (combined Window and Base-of-Heart methods) and pathoanatomic research on myocardial hypertrophy (Fulton and Chamber Partition techniques).

Results

Cardiac dissection techniques such as the Fulton method allow an in-depth assessment of ventricular hypertrophy by capturing the weight of specific parts of the heart. Such techniques, which are outside current recommendations for diagnostic routine, are desirable for research purposes. The examples in this review show how different dissection techniques visualize different cardiac structures for anatomical teaching.

Conclusion

Various cardiac dissection techniques enable the in-depth assessment of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight. For anatomical teaching, the simultaneous display of several dissection techniques improves visualization of cardiac structures and supports a better understanding of the topographic cardiac anatomy. In pathoanatomical research on cardiovascular diseases, certain dissection techniques beyond those employed in diagnostic routine improve the evaluation of myocardial hypertrophy and heart weight.

背景：各种心脏解剖技术应用于心血管疾病的基础病理解剖研究和解剖教学。相比之下，病理学和法律医学的常规诊断技术有专门的建议。然而，这些建议并没有概述确定心脏重量和心肌肥厚的具体技术。因此，目前的手稿概述了心脏解剖技术，可用于病理解剖和解剖为基础的研究和解剖教学。方法：对已建立的心脏解剖诊断常规技术（短轴法和流入-流出法）、解剖教学技术（窗法和心底法联合）和心肌肥大病理解剖研究技术（富尔顿法和腔室分割法）进行叙述性文献回顾和讨论。结果：心脏解剖技术，如富尔顿方法，可以通过捕获心脏特定部位的重量来深入评估心室肥厚。这些技术不属于目前推荐的常规诊断方法，但适合用于研究目的。本综述中的例子显示了不同的解剖技术如何在解剖教学中显示不同的心脏结构。结论：多种心脏解剖技术可以深入评估心肌肥厚和心脏重量。在解剖教学中，同时展示几种解剖技术可以提高心脏结构的可视化，并有助于更好地理解心脏解剖的地形。在心血管疾病的病理解剖研究中，除常规诊断方法外，某些解剖技术可改善心肌肥大和心脏重量的评估。

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引用次数: 0

The semimembranosus muscle: A novel classification system of morphology and attachments with implications 半膜肌：一种新的形态学和附着物分类系统及其临床意义。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152709

Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Robert F. LaPrade , Maria Piagkou , Krystian Maślanka , Andrzej Węgiel , Bartosz Gonera , Kacper Ruzik , Nicol Zielinska , George Triantafyllou , Friedrich Paulsen

Introduction

The hamstring muscles consist of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus (SM). The SM is located on the posteromedial surface of the thigh and originates from a superolateral impression on the ischial tuberosity. Extensive research has been performed on the SM tendinous insertions into the posterolateral corner of the knee; however, limited data exist regarding the morphology of the main SM tendon. We hypothesized that distinct morphological types of the main SM tendon (SMT) exist and that their systematic classification can enhance clinical assessment, diagnostic accuracy, and surgical planning related to posterior knee structures. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variability of the SMT, focusing on its distal attachments.

Material and methods

One hundred lower limbs from 50 formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The SMT and its precise distal attachments were recorded and classified.

Results

The SM was present in all specimens (100 % constancy). A novel classification distinguished three morphological types: Type I (66 %), characterized by a single main tendon with three subtypes — Type IA (39 %), IB (12 %), and IC (15 %) — based on attachment shape and location; Type II (24 %), featuring a double main tendon with two subtypes — Type IIA (14 %) and IIB (10 %) — depending on attachment sites; and Type III (10 %), defined by three main tendons with distinct insertional bands. Considerable morphological variability in the number and configuration of accessory bands was observed.

Conclusion

The study provides a detailed anatomical description and an innovative classification of the main SMT morphology and distal attachments. This classification system may facilitate personalized surgical and rehabilitation strategies by improving anatomical understanding, aiding clinical assessment, and optimizing surgical planning for posterior knee interventions

介绍：腘绳肌由股二头肌、半腱肌和半膜肌（SM）组成。SM位于大腿后内侧表面，起源于坐骨粗隆的上外侧印痕。广泛的研究已经进行了SM肌腱插入膝关节后外侧角；然而，关于主肌腱形态的数据有限。我们假设主要的SM肌腱存在不同的形态类型，它们的系统分类可以提高临床评估、诊断准确性和与膝关节后部结构相关的手术计划。本研究的目的是研究SM肌腱的形态学变异，重点是其远端附着物。材料与方法：对50具福尔马林固定尸体的100条下肢进行了检查。对SM肌腱及其精确的远端附着物进行记录和分类。结果：所有标本均存在SM（100%恒定）。一种新的分类区分了三种形态类型：I型（66%），其特征是单一主肌腱，有三个亚型- IA型（39%），IB型（12%）和IC型(15%)-基于附着的形状和位置；II型（24%），特征为双主肌腱，有两种亚型- IIA型（14%）和IIB型(10%)-取决于附着部位；III型（10%），由三条具有不同插入带的主要肌腱定义。在副带的数量和结构上观察到相当大的形态变异。结论：该研究提供了详细的解剖描述和主要SM肌腱形态和远端附着物的创新分类。该分类系统可以通过提高解剖学理解、辅助临床评估和优化后膝关节干预的手术计划来促进个性化的手术和康复策略。

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引用次数: 0

Variations in the number of rootlets of the trochlear nerve 滑车神经根数量的变化。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152700

Kacper Bąk , Michał Mordarski , Tomasz Iskra , Tomasz Kozioł , Dariusz Lusina , Apurba Patra , Friedrich Paulsen , Jerzy Walocha

Background

The trochlear nerve is the fourth cranial nerve with the thinnest and the longest intracranial course of them all. The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that originates from the dorsal part of the midbrain and innervates the contralateral superior oblique muscle. The number of its rootlets can vary, ranging from 1 to 6.

Material and Methods

In this study of body donors, we dissected and examined 87 trochlear nerves from 44 body donors to determine the number of rootlets. Our results were then combined with data from previously published studies on the same topic.

Results

Of the 87 nerves analyzed, one rootlet was found 26 times, two rootlets 43 times, three rootlets 13 times and four rootlets 5 times. After combining our results with other articles, the total number of specimens analyzed reached 663, with the following distribution: one rootlet - 35.90 %; two rootlets - 47.21 %; three rootlets - 12.82 %; four rootlets - 3.17 %; five rootlets - 0.75 %; six rootlets - 0.15 %. The longest rootlet was found in the three-rootlet pattern and measured 9.36 mm (SD = 0.22 mm).

Conclusion

Knowledge of the anatomy of the trochlear nerve and its rootlets plays a decisive role in complex microsurgical and endoscopic transcranial or endonasal procedures in the area of the supracerebellar region and middle cranial fossa.

背景：滑车神经是脑神经的第四根神经，是所有脑神经中最细、颅内路程最长的。滑车神经是唯一发源于中脑背侧并支配对侧上斜肌的脑神经。它的根的数量可以变化，从1到6不等。材料和方法：在本供体研究中，我们解剖和检查了来自44个供体的87个滑车神经，以确定根的数量。然后，我们的研究结果与先前发表的同一主题的研究数据相结合。结果：87根神经中发现1根26次，2根43次，3根13次，4根5次。将我们的结果与其他文献相结合，分析的标本总数达到663个，分布如下：1根- 35.90%；两个小根- 47.21%；三根——12.82%；四根- 3.17%；五根- 0.75%；六个小根- 0.15%。三根形态的根长最长，为9.36mm （SD = 0.22mm）。结论：滑车神经及其神经根的解剖知识在小脑上区和颅中窝复杂的显微外科和内镜经颅或鼻内手术中起着决定性的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Morphological and immunological approach for studying the distribution pattern of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) 孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata）卵发生过程中线粒体和胚芽颗粒分布模式的形态学和免疫学研究。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699

Giovanni Piccinini , Mariangela Iannello , Maurizio Lazzari, Pietro Cacialli, Valeria Franceschini, Maria Gabriella Maurizii , Liliana Milani

A same set of genes is associated to germline determination and differentiation in almost all Metazoa. Previous studies in several animals, also from distantly related taxa, showed a close association between germline determinants in germ granules and mitochondria, with observations at transmission electron microscopy and immunological approaches. However further investigations are needed to document their respective distribution and elucidate the role of mitochondria in the process of germ granule formation. In the present study we used an emerging animal model to study germline differentiation, Poecilia reticulata, also known as guppy, and different experimental approaches: western blot, immunolocalization, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the distribution of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis. We used anti-Vasa, anti-TDRKH, and anti-TDRD7 to label germline markers, anti-TOMM20 to localize mitochondria, and anti-PLD6 to highlight germline mitochondria. Our observations in previtellogenic oocytes support the co-participation of the nucleus and mitochondria in the production of germ plasm-related material. In previtellogenic oocytes, immunodetection revealed the presence of the germline markers and PLD6 staining in the perinuclear area. The most striking evidence is the observation in the same cell type of plume-shaped structures that at electron microscopy appear as formed by mitochondrial aggregates intermingled with electron-dense germ granules distributed around the nuclear envelope. Overall, our results support the close association between germ granule and mitochondria during germline differentiation, strengthening the foundations for further insights.

在几乎所有后生动物中，一组相同的基因与种系的决定和分化有关。先前对一些动物（也来自远亲分类群）的研究表明，通过透射电子显微镜和免疫学方法观察，生殖细胞颗粒中的生殖系决定因素与线粒体之间存在密切联系。然而，需要进一步的研究来证明它们各自的分布，并阐明线粒体在胚粒形成过程中的作用。在本研究中，我们使用一种新兴的动物模型来研究种系分化，Poecilia reticulata，也被称为孔雀鱼，并使用不同的实验方法：western blot，免疫定位和透射电镜来研究卵子发生过程中线粒体和胚芽颗粒的分布。我们使用抗vasa、抗tdrkh和抗tdrd7标记种系标志物，使用抗tomm20定位线粒体，使用抗pld6标记种系线粒体。我们对胚胎形成前卵母细胞的观察支持细胞核和线粒体共同参与生殖质相关物质的产生。在胚胎形成前的卵母细胞中，免疫检测显示存在种系标记和核周区域的PLD6染色。最显著的证据是在同一类型的细胞中观察到的羽状结构，在电子显微镜下看起来是由线粒体聚集物与分布在核膜周围的电子密集的胚芽颗粒混合形成的。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持生殖细胞分化过程中生殖颗粒和线粒体之间的密切联系，为进一步深入研究奠定了基础。

{"title":"Morphological and immunological approach for studying the distribution pattern of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","authors":"Giovanni Piccinini , Mariangela Iannello , Maurizio Lazzari, Pietro Cacialli, Valeria Franceschini, Maria Gabriella Maurizii , Liliana Milani","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A same set of genes is associated to germline determination and differentiation in almost all Metazoa. Previous studies in several animals, also from distantly related taxa, showed a close association between germline determinants in germ granules and mitochondria, with observations at transmission electron microscopy and immunological approaches. However further investigations are needed to document their respective distribution and elucidate the role of mitochondria in the process of germ granule formation. In the present study we used an emerging animal model to study germline differentiation, <em>Poecilia reticulata</em>, also known as guppy, and different experimental approaches: western blot, immunolocalization, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the distribution of mitochondria and germ granules during oogenesis. We used anti-Vasa, anti-TDRKH, and anti-TDRD7 to label germline markers, anti-TOMM20 to localize mitochondria, and anti-PLD6 to highlight germline mitochondria. Our observations in previtellogenic oocytes support the co-participation of the nucleus and mitochondria in the production of germ plasm-related material. In previtellogenic oocytes, immunodetection revealed the presence of the germline markers and PLD6 staining in the perinuclear area. The most striking evidence is the observation in the same cell type of plume-shaped structures that at electron microscopy appear as formed by mitochondrial aggregates intermingled with electron-dense germ granules distributed around the nuclear envelope. Overall, our results support the close association between germ granule and mitochondria during germline differentiation, strengthening the foundations for further insights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 152699"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

MRI evaluation of peroneus brevis tendon position: Anatomical variants in individuals with normal peroneal tendons to improve recognition and prevent misdiagnosis 腓骨短肌腱位置的MRI评估：腓骨短肌腱正常个体的解剖变异以提高识别和防止误诊

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152694

Rafał Zych , Dawid Dziedzic , Katarzyna Bokwa-Dąbrowska , Dan Mocanu , Pawel Szaro

Background

An accurate assessment of the peroneal tendon position is essential in ankle MRI, yet classical anatomical descriptions may not reflect the full range of normal anatomical variation. This study aimed to classify anatomical variants in peroneus brevis position and assess associations with tendon shape, size, and the presence of the peroneus quartus muscle and low-lying peroneus brevis muscle.

Methods

This observational cohort study included 230 ankle magnetic resonance examinations (3 T) with normal peroneal tendons. Peroneus brevis position relative to the peroneus longus was categorized into four types based on axial MRI: medial (no overlap), overlap with medial protrusion (extension beyond the medial margin of the longus), overlap with lateral protrusion (beyond the lateral margin), and overlap with both. Tendon shape was classified as general flat, flattened convex medially, flattened convex laterally, or oval. Associations between position and shape were tested using chi-square. Differences in cross-sectional area (mm²) and width (mm) across groups were assessed with analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test. A regression model identified predictors of tendon overlap.

Results

The most common position was overlap with medial protrusion (72.0 %), followed by medial, lateral, and combined protrusions. Position was significantly associated with shape (p < 0.001); oval tendons were typically medial, while flattened tendons overlapped. Width and cross-sectional area differed significantly across positions (p = 0.0088), with the largest area in tendons protruding medially and laterally (16.9 mm²). Width correlated strongly with overlap (r = 0.79, p < 0.001) and was the strongest predictor in regression (β=0.51, p < 0.001). Peroneus quartus was independently associated with increased overlap (β=0.22, p = 0.03), while low-lying peroneus brevis muscle showed no significant effect.

Conclusion

Peroneus brevis position is highly variable and depends on its shape, width, and the presence of peroneus quartus. These variants are significantly related to tendon shape and width and may mimic peroneal instability on imaging.

背景：在踝关节MRI中，准确评估腓骨肌腱的位置至关重要，然而经典的解剖描述可能无法反映正常解剖变化的全部范围。本研究旨在对腓骨短肌位置的解剖变异进行分类，并评估其与肌腱形状、大小以及腓骨四角肌和低处腓骨短肌存在的关系。方法本观察性队列研究纳入230例踝关节磁共振检查（3例 T），腓骨肌腱正常。根据轴向MRI将腓骨短肌相对于腓骨长肌的位置分为四种类型：内侧（无重叠）、与内侧突出重叠（延伸到长肌内侧边缘之外）、与外侧突出重叠（延伸到外侧边缘之外）、与两者重叠。肌腱形状分为一般扁平、内侧扁平凸、外侧扁平凸或卵圆形。位置和形状之间的关联使用卡方检验。采用方差分析和Tukey事后检验评估各组间横截面积（mm²）和宽度（mm）的差异。回归模型确定了肌腱重叠的预测因子。结果以与内侧突出重叠最多（72.0 %），其次为内侧突出、外侧突出和合并突出。体位与形状显著相关（p <； 0.001）；卵圆形肌腱通常位于内侧，扁平肌腱重叠。不同位置的宽度和横截面积差异显著（p = 0.0088），其中内侧和外侧突出的肌腱面积最大（16.9 mm²）。宽度与重叠密切相关（r = 0.79,p <； 0.001），是回归中最强的预测因子（β=0.51, p <； 0.001）。腓骨四角肌与重叠增加独立相关（β=0.22, p = 0.03），而低洼的腓骨短肌无显著影响。结论腓骨短肌的位置变化很大，与腓骨短肌的形状、宽度和腓骨四角肌的存在有关。这些变异与肌腱形状和宽度显著相关，在影像学上可能模拟腓骨不稳定。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical insights into midface retrusion and maxillary hypoplasia in adult cleft lip and palate patients post-skeletal maturity 骨骼成熟后成人唇腭裂患者面中后缩和上颌发育不全的解剖学观察

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152698

Gokce Yildiran , Ekrem Solmaz , Zekeriya Tosun , Zeliha Fazliogullari

Background

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is a common congenital anomaly affecting the maxillofacial region, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to investigate facial development in adult CLP patients and compare it with healthy controls.

Methods

A total of 67 adult CLP patients and 67 healthy controls were included in this study. All participants underwent cephalometric analysis using computed tomography (CT) scans taken in a closed-mouth position. Various cephalometric parameters, including SNA, SNB, SNPog angles, NL-ML, NSL-ML, NSL-NL, N-ANS, ANS-Me, N-Me, PMP-A, S-PMP, and S-Go lengths, were measured. Statistical comparisons between groups were conducted using Mann-Whitney U, Student's t, and Welch's t-tests, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Significant differences were observed between CLP patients and controls in several parameters. SNA and PMP-A values were lower in the CLP group, indicating midface retrusion and effective maxillary hypoplasia.

Results

NSL-NL angles were higher in CLP patients, reflecting an increased palatal plane angle. SNB and SNPog values were also lower in CLP patients, indicating mandibular retrusion. N-ANS and total facial height (N-Me) were greater in the CLP group, while ANS-Me and posterior maxillofacial lengths (S-PMP and S-Go) showed no significant differences.

Conclusions

Adult CLP patients exhibit significant deviations in facial development compared to healthy controls, characterized by midface retrusion, effective maxillary hypoplasia, and increased vertical facial dimensions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between intrinsic growth deficiencies and surgical interventions, underscoring the need for tailored treatment strategies to optimize facial development outcomes in CLP patients.

背景唇腭裂（CLP）是一种常见的颌面先天性畸形，受遗传和环境因素的影响。本研究旨在探讨成人CLP患者的面部发育，并与健康对照进行比较。方法选择成人CLP患者67例，健康对照67例。所有的参与者都在闭口位置使用计算机断层扫描（CT）进行了头部测量分析。测量各种测量参数，包括SNA、SNB、SNPog角度、NL-ML、NSL-ML、NSL-NL、N-ANS、ANS-Me、N-Me、PMP-A、S-PMP和S-Go长度。组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U、Student’st和Welch’st检验，p <； 0.05认为有统计学意义。CLP患者和对照组在几个参数上有显著差异。CLP组SNA和PMP-A值较低，提示中脸后缩，上颌发育不全。结果CLP患者的sll - nl角度较高，反映了腭平面角度的增加。CLP患者的SNB和SNPog值也较低，提示下颌后缩。CLP组N-ANS和总面高（N-Me）显著高于对照组，而ANS-Me和后颌面长（S-PMP和S-Go）差异无统计学意义。结论与健康对照组相比，成年CLP患者的面部发育有明显的偏差，其特征是面中后缩、有效的上颌发育不全和垂直面部尺寸增加。这些发现强调了内在生长缺陷和手术干预之间复杂的相互作用，强调了定制治疗策略以优化CLP患者面部发育结果的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

A surgical and functional approach to the pelvic gross neuroanatomy of the female Yucatan minipig 雌性尤卡坦迷你猪骨盆大体神经解剖的外科和功能方法。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152695

Daniel Medina-Aguinaga , Nancy Mirto-Aguilar , Yolanda Cruz-Gomez , Meleine Landry Konan , Jazmín García-Román , Maxwell Boakye , Charles H. Hubscher

The Yucatan minipig is gaining widespread use in studies focused on spinal cord injury. As a large animal model, it offers unique advantages for developing novel and more effective therapies. Successful neuromodulation experiments require precise access to central and peripheral neural structures, which depends on a thorough understanding of topographical anatomy and advanced surgical techniques. The current study describes the topography of the pelvic organs in the female Yucatan minipig, as well as a surgical approach to the principal nerves and branches controlling the pelvic viscera. Eight postmortem specimens, five fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde and three non-fixed, were used to perform dissections under stereoscopy. Muscles that form the lateral and ventrolateral walls of the pelvis were identified. The pudendal nerve, formed by S2 and S3 contributions, includes an extrapelvic component formed by S1 and S2 contributions. The hypogastric nerve converged with the pelvic nerve (formed by the splanchnic branch of the S2 trunk and two anastomotic splanchnic branches from S1 and S3) at the pelvic plexus which supplies the autonomic innervation of the urinary bladder, urethra, vagina, rectum, and cavernous tissue of the clitoris. Together, the current anatomical and neuroanatomical descriptions provide a comprehensive understanding of the structural anatomy of the urogenital and colorectal regions in the female Yucatan minipig.

尤卡坦迷你猪在脊髓损伤的研究中得到了广泛的应用。作为一种大型动物模型，它为开发新的更有效的治疗方法提供了独特的优势。成功的神经调节实验需要精确地进入中枢和周围神经结构，这取决于对地形解剖学和先进手术技术的透彻理解。目前的研究描述了女性尤卡坦迷你猪盆腔器官的地形，以及控制盆腔脏器的主要神经和分支的手术方法。8个尸体标本，5个用4%多聚甲醛固定，3个不固定，在立体显微镜下进行解剖。形成骨盆外侧和腹外侧壁的肌肉被识别出来。阴部神经由S2和S3组成，包括由S1和S2组成的盆腔外神经。腹下神经与盆腔神经（由S2干的内脏分支和S1和S3的两个吻合的内脏分支组成）在骨盆丛汇合，骨盆丛支配膀胱、尿道、阴道、直肠和阴蒂海穴组织的自主神经。总之，目前的解剖学和神经解剖学的描述提供了一个全面的了解，在雌性尤卡坦迷你猪的泌尿生殖和结直肠区域的结构解剖。

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引用次数: 0

The forgotten powerhouse: Variations of the soleus muscle and their clinical relevance 被遗忘的动力：比目鱼肌的变化及其临床意义。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152696

Łukasz Olewnik , Ingrid C. Landfald , Kacper Ruzik , Łukasz Gołek , Bartosz Gonera

Background

The soleus muscle plays a vital role in postural stability, ankle plantarflexion, and locomotion. Despite its functional importance, it remains underrepresented in anatomical and clinical literature compared to the gastrocnemius. Recent studies suggest that the soleus displays substantial morphological variability, which may influence its function, susceptibility to injury, and relevance in surgical procedures.

Aim

This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the anatomical and architectural variations of the soleus muscle and to explore their biomechanical and clinical implications.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on cadaveric, radiological, and surgical studies addressing variations in soleus morphology, fiber architecture, tendon insertion, and clinical applications.

Results

The soleus demonstrates notable interindividual differences in pennation angle, length, shape, and insertion. These morphological features affect its functional capacity and should be considered in injury diagnostics (e.g., differentiating “tennis leg”), Achilles tendon rehabilitation, and muscle flap harvesting. Emerging evidence supports the need for pennation-specific training approaches and highlights the value of imaging and AI-assisted assessment in personalizing treatment.

Conclusion

Understanding the morphological diversity of the soleus is crucial for clinicians and surgeons alike. Future efforts should focus on standardizing classification systems, expanding comparative research, and integrating advanced imaging technologies to enhance anatomical knowledge and optimize patient-specific care.

背景：比目鱼肌在姿势稳定、踝关节跖屈和运动中起着至关重要的作用。尽管它的功能很重要，但与腓肠肌相比，它在解剖学和临床文献中的代表性仍然不足。最近的研究表明，比目鱼肌表现出大量的形态变异，这可能影响其功能、对损伤的易感性以及与外科手术的相关性。目的：本综述旨在总结目前关于比目鱼肌解剖和结构变异的知识，并探讨其生物力学和临床意义。方法：对文献进行了全面的回顾，重点是尸体，放射学和外科研究，解决比目鱼形态学，纤维结构，肌腱插入和临床应用的变化。结果：比目鱼肌在笔尖角度、长度、形状和插入位置上具有显著的个体差异。这些形态学特征影响其功能能力，在损伤诊断（例如，区分“网球腿”）、跟腱康复和肌肉瓣采集时应予以考虑。新出现的证据支持需要针对养老金的培训方法，并强调了成像和人工智能辅助评估在个性化治疗中的价值。结论：了解比目鱼肌的形态多样性对临床医生和外科医生都至关重要。未来的工作应集中在标准化分类系统，扩大比较研究，并整合先进的成像技术，以增强解剖学知识和优化患者特异性护理。

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引用次数: 0