Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献_第3页

Deep learning-based tooth segmentation for enhanced visualization of dental anomalies and pathologies 基于深度学习的牙齿分割，增强牙齿异常和病理的可视化。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152771

Fulin Jiang , Shihao Li , Jialing Liu , Fangyuan Cheng , Guangsheng Dai , Wen Liao , Zhihe Zhao , Juan Li

Background

This study aimed to developed and validated a deep-learning method for instance-level tooth segmentation in CBCT to enhance visualization and streamline detection of dental anomalies.

Methods

The proposed deep learning model was trained in segmenting teeth in scans on data from 470 scans with various dental anomalies (e.g. caries, missing teeth, bone island, periapical periodontitis) or dental histories (e.g. filling, restoration, root canal surgery). Training involved an accelerated annotation procedure in which experts annotated some of the images in the dataset, which helped the model annotate the remaining images. Experienced dentists identified anomalies and pathologies in another 60 scans after manual interpretation or segmentation by the deep learning model.

Results

The trained model required 7.025 ± 2.885 sec to segment teeth in a single scan with an accuracy of 0.934 ± 0.045 on the Jaccard index and mean relative volume difference of 0.075 ± 0.066. When aided by the segmentation overlays, dentists reduced anomaly-reading time by 20 %.

Conclusions

The proposed deep-learning framework achieves fully automated, instance-level segmentation of individual teeth in CBCT volumes with high geometric fidelity and clinically acceptable processing time. The high accuracy of the system supports its potential as a reliable tool in general dentistry.

背景：本研究旨在开发和验证CBCT实例级牙齿分割的深度学习方法，以增强牙齿异常的可视化和简化检测。方法：对提出的深度学习模型进行训练，在扫描中分割牙齿数据，这些数据来自470个扫描数据，其中包括各种牙齿异常（如龋齿、缺牙、骨岛、根尖周炎）或牙齿病史（如填充、修复、根管手术）。训练包括一个加速注释过程，在这个过程中，专家对数据集中的一些图像进行注释，这有助于模型对剩余的图像进行注释。经验丰富的牙医通过深度学习模型进行人工解释或分割后，在另外60次扫描中发现了异常和病理。结果：该模型单次扫描完成牙段分割时间为7.025±2.885秒，Jaccard指数精度为0.934±0.045，平均相对体积差为0.075±0.066。在分割叠加的帮助下，牙医将异常阅读时间减少了20%。结论：提出的深度学习框架实现了CBCT体积中单个牙齿的全自动实例级分割，具有高几何保真度和临床可接受的处理时间。该系统的高精度支持其作为普通牙科可靠工具的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Moving beyond the use of anatomical terms derived from the Latin word pudere — An opinion piece 超越了使用源自拉丁单词pudere的解剖学术语。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152773

Bernard Moxham , Diogo Pais , Odile Plaisant , Beverley Kramer

The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and its Federative International Committee for Equality and Diversity in Anatomy (FICEDA) recommended that terms relation to pudere (to be ashamed) should be removed from Terminologia Anatomica (TA) for 3 reasons: 1) they are unscientific and outside the descriptive objectivity of science; 2) biologists should not regard as ’shameful' the essential functions undertaken by structures in the perineum; 3) the terms have sexist connotations that lie beyond the principles of Equity, Diversity and Inclusivity (EDI) in the anatomical sciences. The IFAA Executive subsequently required the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) to make ALL necessary changes to terms derived from pudere. However, only partial changes were enacted by FIPAT. The matter is presently unresolved and has provoked controversy. This article provides a review of the course of events and offers arguments against those criticisms levelled against changing pudere-related terms. In light of the IFAA’s EDI principles, and as social thought and practice generally evolve, it is essential that the terminology on pudere is altered to reflect acceptable and unapologetic norms.

国际解剖学家协会联合会（IFAA）及其国际解剖学平等和多样性联合会委员会（FICEDA）建议从《解剖学术语》（TA）中删除与阴部（羞耻）有关的术语，原因有三：1)它们不科学，超出了科学描述的客观性；2)生物学家不应该认为会阴结构所承担的基本功能是“可耻的”；3)这些术语具有性别歧视的含义，超出了解剖科学中的公平、多样性和包容性（EDI）原则。随后，国际解剖学术语联合会要求国际解剖学术语联合会（FIPAT）对源自puere的术语进行所有必要的修改。然而，FIPAT只进行了部分修改。这件事目前尚未解决，并引起了争议。本文回顾了事件的发展过程，并对那些针对不断变化的性相关术语的批评提出了反驳。根据IFAA的EDI原则，以及随着社会思想和实践的普遍发展，有必要改变关于pupuere的术语，以反映可接受的和毫无歉意的规范。

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引用次数: 0

Establishment of an animal model of shaft femoral pseudoarthrosis in rabbits 兔股骨干假关节动物模型的建立。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152766

Achraf Lajmi , Najah Elmounedi , Manel Mellouli , Raja Amri , Nizar Sahnoun , Melek Turki , Sami Sellami , Zoubaier Ellouz , Hassib Keskes

Purpose

This study aimed to establish a novel rabbit model of femoral shaft pseudoarthrosis.

Methods

Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups. The model involved creating a femoral bone defect stabilized by an external fixator. In the control group, bone healing was assessed at 8 weeks. In the P1 and P2 groups, muscle interposition was added at the defect site, and healing was evaluated at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Bone healing was assessed through radiographic, macroscopic, histologic, and molecular analyses, including qRT-PCR for collagen type I (COL1A1) and RUNX2 mRNA expression.

Results

Complete bone consolidation was observed in all rabbits in the control group. In contrast, the P1 and P2 groups showed radiological signs of pseudoarthrosis, including persistent inter-fragmentary gaps, medullary canal obliteration, and bone end resorption. Histological analysis revealed fibrocartilaginous tissue and residual muscle at the defect site. Compared to the control group, both P1 and P2 groups showed significantly less bone formation and increased fibrocartilaginous tissue. No significant difference was found between P1 and P2 in terms of fraction of bone and fibrocartilaginous tissue. Molecular analysis supported these findings, with significantly reduced expression of COL1A1 and RUNX2 in P1 group.

Conclusion

We successfully established a reproducible model of femoral shaft pseudoarthrosis in rabbits, which can serve as a platform for evaluating new therapeutic strategies.

目的：建立一种新型兔股骨干假关节模型。方法：24只新西兰大白兔随机分为3组。该模型涉及建立一个由外固定架稳定的股骨缺损。对照组在8周时评估骨愈合情况。在P1和P2组，在缺损部位增加肌肉介入，分别在8周和12周评估愈合情况。通过影像学、宏观、组织学和分子分析评估骨愈合，包括I型胶原（COL1A1）和RUNX2 mRNA表达的qRT-PCR。结果：对照组家兔骨完全固化。相比之下，P1和P2组显示假关节的放射学征象，包括持续的碎片间间隙、髓管闭塞和骨端吸收。组织学分析显示缺损部位有纤维软骨组织和残余肌肉。与对照组相比，P1和P2组骨形成明显减少，纤维软骨组织明显增加。P1和P2在骨和纤维软骨组织的比例方面无显著差异。分子分析支持这些发现，P1组COL1A1和RUNX2的表达显著降低。结论：我们成功地建立了兔股骨干假关节的可重复性模型，为评价新的治疗策略提供了平台。

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引用次数: 0

A modern AI framework integrating deep imputation, synthetic data balancing, and explainable modeling for survival prediction in horse colic 一个集成深度输入、综合数据平衡和可解释建模的现代人工智能框架，用于马绞痛的生存预测。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152767

Zeynep Banu Ozger , Pınar Cihan , Isa Ozaydin

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the most transformative tools for developing clinical decision-support systems in veterinary medicine. Despite its growing use, its full potential remains underutilized in equine medicine, an area of both high economic and clinical importance. Accurate survival prediction in horses with colic is crucial for timely intervention and improved clinical outcomes.

Methods

This study aimed to predict survival outcomes in horse colic cases by developing models that combine traditional machine-learning algorithms (XGBoost, Light Gradient Boosting Machine [LightGBM], and Categorical Boosting [CatBoost]) with advanced deep-learning architectures (TabNet, Feature Tokenizer Transformer [FT_Transformer], and Neural Oblivious Decision Ensemble [NODE]). Missing clinical data were imputed using deep-learning-based approaches—Generative Adversarial Imputation Networks (GAIN-OneHot, GAIN-Emb) and Missing Data Imputation via Denoising Autoencoder (MIDAS). Class imbalance was addressed through Conditional Tabular Generative Adversarial Network (CTGAN) and Tabular Variational Autoencoder (TVAE). Model interpretability was assessed using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-based Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) framework to identify the most influential features contributing to survival prediction.

Results

Among the tested combinations, the TVAE–GAIN-OneHot–LightGBM pipeline achieved the highest classification performance, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.928, outperforming conventional statistical and machine-learning baselines. SHAP analysis revealed that total_protein, abdomo_appearance, mucous_membrane, packed_cell_volume, and temp_of_extremities were the most decisive clinical variables influencing the model’s predictions.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate that ensuring data integrity, optimizing model complexity, and integrating XAI-based interpretability substantially enhance the reliability and clinical applicability of AI-driven models in veterinary medicine. The proposed framework provides a pioneering and explainable approach for developing accurate prognostic systems in equine colic, paving the way for broader AI adoption in clinical veterinary practice.

背景：人工智能（AI）已成为兽医学临床决策支持系统开发中最具变革性的工具之一。尽管它的使用越来越多，但它的全部潜力在马医学中仍未得到充分利用，这是一个具有高度经济和临床重要性的领域。准确的生存预测马绞痛是至关重要的及时干预和改善临床结果。方法：本研究旨在通过开发将传统机器学习算法（XGBoost、Light Gradient Boosting Machine [LightGBM]和Categorical Boosting [CatBoost]）与先进的深度学习架构（TabNet、Feature Tokenizer Transformer [FT_Transformer]和Neural Oblivious Decision Ensemble [NODE]）相结合的模型来预测马疝气病例的生存结果。缺失的临床数据使用基于深度学习的方法进行输入——生成对抗输入网络（GAIN-OneHot, GAIN-Emb）和通过去噪自动编码器（MIDAS）进行缺失数据输入。通过条件表格生成对抗网络（CTGAN）和表格变分自编码器（TVAE）来解决类失衡问题。使用基于SHapley加性解释（SHAP）的可解释人工智能（XAI）框架评估模型的可解释性，以确定对生存预测最有影响的特征。结果：在测试组合中，TVAE-GAIN-OneHot-LightGBM管道的分类性能最高，曲线下面积（AUC）值为0.928，优于常规统计和机器学习基线。SHAP分析显示，总蛋白、腹部外观、粘膜、填充细胞体积和四肢时间是影响模型预测的最具决定性的临床变量。结论：研究结果表明，保证数据完整性、优化模型复杂度和集成基于xai的可解释性，大大提高了兽医领域人工智能驱动模型的可靠性和临床适用性。拟议的框架为开发马绞痛的准确预后系统提供了一种开创性和可解释的方法，为临床兽医实践中更广泛地采用人工智能铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Diversity in anatomical education 解剖学教育的多样性

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2026.152782

Erich Brenner , Ulrike Nachtschatt , Marko Konschake , Elisabeth Pechriggl

Anatomical education is at a critical juncture where traditional paradigms and practices clash with the pressing need for inclusive representation across multiple dimensions of human diversity. Anatomical education remains foundational to medical training, yet it continues to project a narrow representation of the human body, most often a healthy, young, white male. This limited portrayal fails to reflect the diversity of real patients and perpetuates structural biases in medical practice. This position paper critiques the predominant tools and methods in anatomical teaching – textbooks, digital platforms, and models – for their lack of inclusivity across various dimensions, including age, sex, race, skin colour, health status, and physical ability. In contrast, donor-based dissection offers a more authentic and diverse representation of human anatomy. We examine how anatomical education can evolve to align with the medical profession's commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). By mapping the mismatch between current anatomical imagery and real patient populations, we identify actionable strategies to foster inclusive, evidence-based curricula, such as integrating diverse anatomical imagery, developing inclusive teaching materials, and providing targeted faculty training. This paper serves as the conceptual anchor for the present special issue, outlining a roadmap for anatomists, educators, and policymakers to rethink anatomy as an inclusive discipline, ultimately improving clinical competence and patient care for diverse populations. We also highlight areas where further research is needed to evaluate the impact of inclusive anatomical education on learner outcomes and healthcare delivery.

解剖学教育正处于一个关键时刻，传统的范式和实践与人类多样性的多个维度的包容性代表的迫切需要发生冲突。解剖学教育仍然是医学培训的基础，但它继续投射出人体的狭隘代表，最常见的是健康，年轻的白人男性。这种有限的描述未能反映真实患者的多样性，并使医疗实践中的结构性偏见永久化。这篇立场文件批评了解剖学教学中的主要工具和方法——教科书、数字平台和模型——因为它们缺乏不同维度的包容性，包括年龄、性别、种族、肤色、健康状况和身体能力。相比之下，以供体为基础的解剖提供了更真实和多样化的人体解剖表现。我们研究解剖教育如何演变，以配合医学专业的承诺，以多样性，公平性和包容性（DEI）。通过绘制当前解剖图像与真实患者群体之间的不匹配，我们确定了可操作的策略，以促进包容性，以证据为基础的课程，例如整合不同的解剖图像，开发包容性的教材，并提供有针对性的教师培训。本文作为本特刊的概念锚，概述了解剖学家、教育工作者和政策制定者将解剖学重新思考为一门包容性学科的路线图，最终提高临床能力和不同人群的患者护理。我们还强调了需要进一步研究的领域，以评估包容性解剖学教育对学习者成果和医疗保健服务的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Characterization of thyroid lymphatic drainage on real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound: A mapping study in vivo 实时超声造影对甲状腺淋巴引流的表征：一项体内定位研究

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152765

Qian Wu, Ying Wei, Zhenlong Zhao, Wenjia Cai, Jie Wu, Shiliang Cao, Na Yu, Tianhao Cong, Lili Peng, Yan Li, Shuqi Li, Ming’an Yu

Background

The in vivo lymphatic drainage pattern of the thyroid gland is a critical but poorly understood determinant of prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), as conventional imaging cannot dynamically visualize these pathways. This study aimed to systematically characterize these patterns using lymphatic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (LCEUS).

Methods

This prospective study enrolled 30 PTC patients. A microbubble contrast agent was injected into the tumor-bearing lobe. The origin, anatomical course, and terminal draining lymph nodes (LNs) of lymphatic vessels (LVs) were dynamically observed and quantitatively analyzed.

Results

Following injection, complete enhancement of the ipsilateral lobe was achieved in all cases. Contralateral communication was observed in 76.7 % (23/30) of patients. LVs originated evenly from all poles (P ≥ 0.05). The "Anterior to Carotid" course was the most prominent pathway for LVs (P < 0.05). Levels III and IV were the primary draining basins for LNs (P < 0.05). Notably, a significant right-sided predominance in the total number of draining LNs was identified (median 8.0 vs. 4.0; P = 0.005). No drainage to Level V was observed. No significant differences were found in patients with or without Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Conclusion

LCEUS provides the first detailed, real-time map of thyroid lymphatic drainage, revealing a high incidence of contralateral communication and a previously uncharacterized right-sided anatomical predominance. These findings challenge conventional concepts of lymphatic compartmentalization and establish a novel methodology for lymphatic research.

甲状腺的体内淋巴引流模式是甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）预后的一个关键但鲜为人知的决定因素，因为常规成像不能动态地显示这些途径。本研究旨在利用淋巴造影增强超声（LCEUS）系统地表征这些模式。方法本前瞻性研究纳入30例PTC患者。将微泡造影剂注入肿瘤叶。动态观察淋巴管（lv）的起源、解剖走向及末梢引流淋巴结（LNs），并进行定量分析。结果注射后，所有病例的同侧肺叶均得到完全增强。76.7 %（23/30）患者有对侧通信。LVs均匀地来自各极点（P ≥ 0.05）。颈动脉前段是LVs最主要的通路（P <； 0.05）。III级和IV级是LNs的主要排水流域（P <； 0.05）。值得注意的是，在引流LNs总数中发现了显著的右侧优势（中位数8.0 vs. 4.0; P = 0.005）。未见引流至V级。桥本甲状腺炎患者与非桥本甲状腺炎患者无显著差异。结论lceus提供了第一个详细的实时甲状腺淋巴引流图，揭示了对侧交通的高发生率和以前未发现的右侧解剖优势。这些发现挑战了淋巴区隔的传统概念，并为淋巴研究建立了一种新的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Differential expression of VGLUT1, GAD65, GAD67, and MAP2 in the retina of hibernating Anatolian ground squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) VGLUT1、GAD65、GAD67和MAP2在安纳托利亚地鼠视网膜中的差异表达

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152729

Mehmet Özbek , Ahmet Cabir , Feyzullah Beyaz , Harun Karaca , Mustafa Öztop

The Anatolian ground squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) offers a valuable model for investigating neuroadaptive processes in the retina during hibernation. This study aimed to assess the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) isoforms GAD65 and GAD67, and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in the retina during pre-hibernation and hibernation states. Retinal tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and densitometric quantification. VGLUT1 expression remained stable in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) but was significantly reduced in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) during hibernation, indicating a selective downregulation of excitatory transmission between bipolar and ganglion cells. GAD65 showed widespread distribution across retinal synaptic layers and optic fibers in pre-hibernation but declined markedly during hibernation, consistent with reduced activity-dependent GABAergic signaling. In contrast, GAD67 immunoreactivity increased in the inner nuclear layer, suggesting a shift toward sustained basal inhibitory tone that may support synaptic stability during metabolic suppression. MAP2 immunoreactivity increased in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL) but decreased in the photoreceptor layer (PRL) during hibernation. This shift in distribution suggests cytoskeletal reorganization in second-order neurons and reduced physiological activity in photoreceptor terminals under metabolic suppression. Together, the modulation of excitatory (VGLUT1), inhibitory (GAD65/67), and cytoskeletal (MAP2) markers suggest that the hibernating retina undergoes structural and functional adaptations aimed at preserving neural circuitry under metabolic suppression.

Anatolian地松鼠（spermoophilus xanthoprymnus）为研究冬眠期间视网膜的神经适应过程提供了一个有价值的模型。本研究旨在评估冬眠前和冬眠状态下视网膜中谷氨酸囊泡转运蛋白1 （VGLUT1）、谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD）亚型GAD65和GAD67以及微管相关蛋白2 （MAP2）的表达。采用免疫组织化学和密度定量分析视网膜组织。冬眠期间，VGLUT1在外丛状层（OPL）的表达保持稳定，但在内丛状层（IPL）的表达显著降低，提示双极细胞和神经节细胞之间的兴奋传递选择性下调。GAD65在冬眠前广泛分布于视网膜突触层和视神经纤维中，但在冬眠期间明显下降，与活动依赖性gaba能信号的减少一致。相比之下，GAD67的免疫反应性在内核层增加，表明在代谢抑制期间向持续的基底抑制性音调转变，这可能支持突触稳定性。冬眠期间，MAP2免疫反应性在内核层（INL）和外丛状层（OPL）中升高，而在光感受器层（PRL）中降低。这种分布的转变表明，在代谢抑制下，二级神经元的细胞骨架重组和光感受器末端的生理活性降低。总之，兴奋性（VGLUT1）、抑制性（GAD65/67）和细胞骨架（MAP2）标记的调节表明，冬眠视网膜经历了结构和功能上的适应，目的是在代谢抑制下保持神经回路。

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引用次数: 0

The hepatic arterial system variations: A systematic review with meta-analysis 肝动脉系统变异：荟萃分析的系统综述。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152752

Adrian Balcerzak , George Triantafyllou , Fotis Demetriou , Maria Piagkou , Łukasz Olewnik

Background

The hepatic artery (HA) system is essential for the arterial supply of the liver and other abdominal organs. Understanding its anatomical variations is crucial for anatomists, radiologists, and surgeons, particularly in the context of abdominal surgeries and preoperative imaging. While two most recognized classification systems - Michels’ and Hiatt’s - describe these variants, a comprehensive meta-analysis covering the entire hepatic arterial system is lacking.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and Evidence-based Anatomy Workgroup protocols. A thorough literature search was conducted across major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies reporting the prevalence of HA variants were included, and pooled prevalence was calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed based on geographic distribution and study type.

Results

Eighty-five studies with a total of 47,732 patients were included. Typical HA anatomy was identified in 69.96 % (95 % CI: 66.78–73.05) of cases, while 30.04 % exhibited variant anatomy. The most common variation involved the right hepatic artery (RHA) with a pooled prevalence of 11.38 % (95 % CI: 9.45–13.45). Significant differences were observed between populations and study types, with European populations and cadaveric studies showing higher prevalence rates for certain variants.

Conclusions

HA variability is common phenomenon, with approximately one-third of individuals presenting deviations from the typical anatomy. These findings are crucial for surgical planning and risk mitigation in invasive procedures, particularly those involving the hepatobiliary region. Future research should aim to refine classification systems, address heterogeneity, and include gender-specific and morphometric data to enhance anatomical understanding.

背景：肝动脉（HA）系统对肝脏和其他腹部器官的动脉供应至关重要。了解其解剖变异对解剖学家、放射科医生和外科医生至关重要，特别是在腹部手术和术前成像方面。虽然两种最公认的分类系统——Michels和Hiatt——描述了这些变异，但缺乏覆盖整个肝动脉系统的综合荟萃分析。方法：本系统综述和荟萃分析遵循PRISMA 2020指南和循证解剖学工作组协议。在PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science和b谷歌Scholar等主要数据库中进行了全面的文献检索。纳入报告HA变异患病率的研究，并使用随机效应模型计算合并患病率。根据地理分布和研究类型进行亚组分析。结果：85项研究共纳入47,732例患者。69.96% （95% CI: 66.78 ~ 73.05）的病例具有典型HA解剖结构，30.04%的病例具有变异解剖结构。最常见的变异涉及右肝动脉（RHA），总患病率为11.38% （95% CI: 9.45-13.45）。在人群和研究类型之间观察到显著差异，欧洲人群和尸体研究显示某些变异的患病率较高。结论：HA变异性是一种常见现象，大约三分之一的个体表现出与典型解剖结构的偏差。这些发现对有创手术的手术计划和风险降低至关重要，特别是涉及肝胆区域的手术。未来的研究应旨在完善分类系统，解决异质性，并包括性别特异性和形态计量数据，以加强解剖学的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomy and harvesting of the medial cubital flap in fresh pig cadavers infused with lard 猪油灌注鲜猪尸体肘内侧皮瓣的解剖与收获

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152741

Yanhai Zuo

Background

Flap training can be technically demanding with a steep learning curve. Pigs has long been employed as an animal model for flap training. This cadaveric study was designed to (1) investigate the anatomy of pig medial cubital flap (MCF) and how it could be utilized surgically, (2) compare human medial arm flap (MAF) and pig MCF, and (3) investigate the feasibility of using the lard-based vascular injection technique in cadaveric preparations for flap training.

Methods

The vascular anatomy and surgical procedures of the MCF were conducted in fifteen (n = 15) and five lard-infused pig cadavers (n = 5), respectively. The primary parameters were the outer diameter and length of the pedicle of the MCF, in other words, the collateral ulnar artery (CUA). A comparison was made between the pig MCF and its human counterpart.

Results

Lard-infused samples exhibited satisfactory elasticity, and the perforator arteries could be successfully infused with lard and clearly observed. The CUA was evident in all 15 samples and exhibited several muscular branches and a skin perforator. The diameter and length of CUA were 1.41 ± 0.30 mm and 2.07 ± 0.35 cm, respectively. Pig MCFs were designed as an oval area on the medial side of the elbow joint and could be harvested on a proximal pedicle or as chimeric flaps containing muscle, MCAN and skin.

Conclusion

MCFs and MAFs exhibited notable similarities in terms of anatomical locations, pedicles, and surgical procedures, clearly demonstrating the feasibility of using pigs as an animal model for the generation of MAFs and the potential use of such models in clinical implications: surgical training and anatomical research. The lard-based vascular injection technique makes cadaveric preparation easy and safe for subsequent cadaver surgical training and is worthy of further application.

背景皮瓣训练可以在技术上要求与陡峭的学习曲线。长期以来，猪一直被用作皮瓣训练的动物模型。本尸体研究的目的是：(1)研究猪肘内侧皮瓣（MCF）的解剖结构及其在外科手术中的应用；(2)比较人臂内侧皮瓣（MAF）和猪肘内侧皮瓣（MCF）；(3)探讨猪油血管注射技术在尸体皮瓣训练准备中的可行性。方法对15具猪尸体（n = 15）和5具猪尸体（n = 5）分别进行MCF血管解剖和手术。主要参数是MCF的外径和蒂的长度，即侧尺动脉（CUA）。对猪的MCF和人的MCF进行了比较。结果猪油灌注后的样品具有良好的弹性，穿支动脉灌注成功，观察清晰。在所有15个样本中，CUA都很明显，并表现出几个肌肉分支和一个皮肤穿支。CUA直径为1.41 ± 0.30 mm，长度为2.07 ± 0.35 cm。猪mcf被设计成肘关节内侧的椭圆形区域，可以在近端蒂上收获，也可以作为含有肌肉、MCAN和皮肤的嵌合皮瓣。结论mcf和maf在解剖位置、椎弓根和手术方式方面具有显著的相似性，这清楚地证明了将猪作为maf生成的动物模型的可行性，以及该模型在外科训练和解剖学研究方面的临床应用潜力。猪油基血管注射技术为后续的尸体外科训练提供了简便、安全的尸体制备技术，值得进一步推广应用。

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引用次数: 0

Retrograde lymphatic pressure experiments on the human thoracic duct in Thiel embalmed specimens: Using short alternating pressure sequences, combined with microscopic video recordings Thiel防腐标本人体胸导管逆行淋巴压力实验：使用短时间交替压力序列，结合显微录像。

IF 1.7 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2025.152735

Michael E.J. Stouthandel , Charlotte Debbaut , Anna Boogaerts , Laura Boone , Silke Dumoulein , Jurgen Deviche , Bernard Depypere , Dominique Adriaens , Tom Van Hoof

Background

More accurate data of the anatomical location of the lymphatic system in relation to the surrounding anatomy is required to optimize radiotherapy treatment planning. To accurately visualize/map these anatomical relationships in 3D, contrast agent needs to be injected into the lymphatic vessels, so they are visible on medical imaging data (CT/micro-CT). Retrograde lymphatic injections (injections against the lymphatic flow/valve direction) have theoretical advantages for lymphatic mapping studies, but more data on lymphatic vessel wall and valve behavior is needed to optimize retrograde lymphatic injection methodologies.

Methods

Quickly alternating (30 sec) infusion pressures were tested on thoracic duct specimens and experiments were recorded using a surgical microscope. Manual injection was added after each pressure sequence.

Results

Infusion pressures up to and including 25 mmHg frequently showed retrograde filling. Above pressures of 25 mmHg, retrograde filling was rare and lymphatic valves frequently withstood infusion pressures of up to 75 mmHg. Microscopic video recordings proved very useful for data analysis.

Conclusions

Quickly alternating infusion pressures did not stimulate valve breakage, but seemed to protect lymphatic walls from ruptures at higher pressures. A distinction between inherently weak valves, and strong valves that can withstand infusion pressures of up to 75 mmHg was uncovered. Retrograde filling sometimes coincides with antegrade filling, depending on lymphatic network organization, but this can be beneficial for lymphatic mapping. Flow through lymph nodes should be studied in more detail in future retrograde injection studies, since different types of lymph nodes were encountered that showed distinct filling patterns.

背景：需要更准确的淋巴系统相对于周围解剖结构的解剖位置数据来优化放疗计划。为了在3D中准确地可视化/绘制这些解剖关系，需要将造影剂注射到淋巴管中，以便在医学成像数据（CT/micro-CT）上可见。逆行淋巴注射（逆淋巴管流动/瓣膜方向注射）在淋巴管测绘研究中具有理论上的优势，但需要更多关于淋巴管壁和瓣膜行为的数据来优化逆行淋巴注射方法。方法：对胸导管标本进行快速交替（30sec）输注压力测试，并在手术显微镜下记录实验结果。每个压力序列后加入手动注射。结果：25mmHg及以下输注压力常出现逆行充盈。在25mmHg以上的压力下，逆行填充是罕见的，淋巴阀经常承受高达75mmHg的输注压力。显微录像证明对数据分析非常有用。结论：快速交替输注压力不会刺激瓣膜破裂，但似乎可以保护淋巴壁在更高压力下免于破裂。发现了固有的弱阀和可以承受高达75mmHg输液压力的强阀之间的区别。逆行填充有时与顺行填充重合，这取决于淋巴网络组织，但这可能有利于淋巴制图。由于不同类型的淋巴结表现出不同的填充模式，因此在未来的逆行注射研究中应更详细地研究通过淋巴结的血流。

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引用次数: 0