Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152325
Background
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of root canal filling using different obturation materials combined with apicoectomy in upper central incisors under loading with 1 N and 100 N. The effect of incomplete root formation was also investigated.
Methods
Based on a CBCT-scan, a model of an upper central incisor was created. The model was altered to simulate different clinical situations: root canal treatment, apicoectomy at two different lengths and with different obturation protocols, and immature root formation after trauma. In each model the tooth was loaded with 1 and 100 N, and peak Von Mises stress of bone and tooth, elastic strain of the periodontal ligament, as well as rotation and displacement of the tooth were measured.
Results
Periapical surgery increases stress in dentin and the surrounding bone. Different obturation materials only produce minor differences in a coronally intact tooth.
Conclusions
Interincisal angle or loading direction strongly affects all measured values and needs to be considered when planning periapical surgery or comparing finite element analysis. Immature roots show the highest stress values in this study, reaching half the yield strength of dentine.
背景这项研究的目的是确定在 1 N 和 100 N 负荷下使用不同的封闭材料对上中切牙进行根管充填并结合根尖切除术的效果。方法根据 CBCT 扫描结果制作了上中切牙模型。根据 CBCT 扫描结果,制作了一个上中切牙模型,并对模型进行了修改,以模拟不同的临床情况:根管治疗、两种不同长度的根尖切除术和不同的封闭方案,以及外伤后不成熟的牙根形成。在每个模型中,牙齿分别承受 1 N 和 100 N 的负荷,并测量牙槽骨和牙齿的峰值 Von Mises 应力、牙周韧带的弹性应变以及牙齿的旋转和位移。结论根尖周手术计划或比较有限元分析时,需要考虑到根尖周角度或加载方向对所有测量值的重大影响。在这项研究中,未成熟牙根的应力值最高,达到牙本质屈服强度的一半。
{"title":"Periapical surgery and different root obturation protocols for upper central incisor: A finite elements analysis","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of root canal filling using different obturation materials combined with apicoectomy in upper central incisors under loading with 1 N and 100 N. The effect of incomplete root formation was also investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on a CBCT-scan, a model of an upper central incisor was created. The model was altered to simulate different clinical situations: root canal treatment, apicoectomy at two different lengths and with different obturation protocols, and immature root formation after trauma. In each model the tooth was loaded with 1 and 100 N, and peak Von Mises stress of bone and tooth, elastic strain of the periodontal ligament, as well as rotation and displacement of the tooth were measured.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Periapical surgery increases stress in dentin and the surrounding bone. Different obturation materials only produce minor differences in a coronally intact tooth.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Interincisal angle or loading direction strongly affects all measured values and needs to be considered when planning periapical surgery or comparing finite element analysis. Immature roots show the highest stress values in this study, reaching half the yield strength of dentine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001171/pdfft?md5=35e171e8d3f866c955ecfe81192aa57c&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001171-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142089204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-25DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152316
Background
The ossification centers in rabbit limbs are related to fetal age and bone maturation. Objective: To address the limited studies on ossification in the hind limbs of New Zealand rabbits, we investigated the prenatal and postnatal development of the pelvic and femur bones.
Methods
Double staining with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red, computed tomography (CT), and 3D reconstruction were employed to visualize and analyze ossification centers in detail.
Results
Using double staining, we observed these patterns: At prenatal days 18 and 21, ossification centers appeared in the ilium. By prenatal days 23 and 25, ossification began in the ischium. On postnatal day 1, ilium ossification centers spread across most of the ilium wings, except for the iliac crest, and new centers appeared in the pubis and cotyloid bones. Most bones had ossified by the third week and one month postnatal, except for the iliac crest and ischial tuberosity. At 1.5 months, both were fully ossified. On day 18 post coitum, an ossification center was visible in the middle of the femur shaft. By day 28 post coitum, ossification extended through the shaft, and postnatally, new ossification spots appeared at the extremities by day one and week one. By the third week, complete ossification of the femur head, lesser trochanter, third trochanter, medial condyle, and lateral condyle was observed. At 1.5 months, the entire proximal extremity was ossified.
Conclusion
3D CT provided clear imaging of ossification progression in the pelvic and femur bones. This study enhances our understanding of vertebrate skeletal development.
{"title":"A new insight for investigating the prenatal and postnatal ossification centers of pelvic and femur bones in white New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) using 3D CT, double stain technique, and morphometry","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The ossification centers in rabbit limbs are related to fetal age and bone maturation. Objective: To address the limited studies on ossification in the hind limbs of New Zealand rabbits, we investigated the prenatal and postnatal development of the pelvic and femur bones.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Double staining with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red, computed tomography (CT), and 3D reconstruction were employed to visualize and analyze ossification centers in detail.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Using double staining, we observed these patterns: At prenatal days 18 and 21, ossification centers appeared in the ilium. By prenatal days 23 and 25, ossification began in the ischium. On postnatal day 1, ilium ossification centers spread across most of the ilium wings, except for the iliac crest, and new centers appeared in the pubis and cotyloid bones. Most bones had ossified by the third week and one month postnatal, except for the iliac crest and ischial tuberosity. At 1.5 months, both were fully ossified. On day 18 post coitum, an ossification center was visible in the middle of the femur shaft. By day 28 post coitum, ossification extended through the shaft, and postnatally, new ossification spots appeared at the extremities by day one and week one. By the third week, complete ossification of the femur head, lesser trochanter, third trochanter, medial condyle, and lateral condyle was observed. At 1.5 months, the entire proximal extremity was ossified.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>3D CT provided clear imaging of ossification progression in the pelvic and femur bones. This study enhances our understanding of vertebrate skeletal development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-25DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152320
To learn and comprehend the large amount of information in gross anatomy, undergraduate students must self-regulate their learning to be properly prepared for the exams within the available time. Even though there are many studies on learning strategies and their influence on test results and motivation, the aim of this study is to investigate characteristics of learning strategies in detail and in relation to the anatomy course of first semester students and how their use is related to anatomy test performance. For assessing the learning strategies, we used the short version of the questionnaire “Learning Strategies of University Students” (LIST-K) (Klingsieck, 2018). Further, we investigated potential influences of motivation and resources used during the self-regulated learning process. The participants in this study (N = 108) filled in the above-mentioned questionnaire LIST-K and a written multiple-choice anatomy test. A k-means cluster analysis revealed three groups of students differing in their self-reported use of learning strategies. Students used either (1) predominantly metacognitive and resource-related strategies, (2) predominantly cognitive strategies, or (3) no specific learning strategies at all. We found no significant overall relationships between the use of learning strategies and test performance. A stepwise linear regression identified the use of cognitive learning strategies (β =.269) as a significant predictor for test performance (R² =.149, p =.003), possibly as these specific learning strategies help with a systematic and effective approach while studying anatomy and retrieving large amount of memorized information. Further, motivation was identified as a negative predictor (β = −.277), which might be a result of the short time periods students have to study for exams. Overall findings underline the importance of self-regulated learning as a positive predictor for academic performance. By understanding these factors, a more student-centered approach could be adopted by educators to improve medical education and equip students with valuable approaches for their continuous education, even beyond university.
{"title":"Influence of learning strategies and motivation on anatomy test performance of undergraduate medical students","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To learn and comprehend the large amount of information in gross anatomy, undergraduate students must self-regulate their learning to be properly prepared for the exams within the available time. Even though there are many studies on learning strategies and their influence on test results and motivation, the aim of this study is to investigate characteristics of learning strategies in detail and in relation to the anatomy course of first semester students and how their use is related to anatomy test performance. For assessing the learning strategies, we used the short version of the questionnaire “Learning Strategies of University Students” (LIST-K) (Klingsieck, 2018). Further, we investigated potential influences of motivation and resources used during the self-regulated learning process. The participants in this study (<em>N</em> = 108) filled in the above-mentioned questionnaire LIST-K and a written multiple-choice anatomy test. A k-means cluster analysis revealed three groups of students differing in their self-reported use of learning strategies. Students used either (1) predominantly metacognitive and resource-related strategies, (2) predominantly cognitive strategies, or (3) no specific learning strategies at all. We found no significant overall relationships between the use of learning strategies and test performance. A stepwise linear regression identified the use of cognitive learning strategies (β =.269) as a significant predictor for test performance (<em>R²</em> =.149, <em>p</em> =.003), possibly as these specific learning strategies help with a systematic and effective approach while studying anatomy and retrieving large amount of memorized information. Further, motivation was identified as a negative predictor (β = −.277), which might be a result of the short time periods students have to study for exams. Overall findings underline the importance of self-regulated learning as a positive predictor for academic performance. By understanding these factors, a more student-centered approach could be adopted by educators to improve medical education and equip students with valuable approaches for their continuous education, even beyond university.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001122/pdfft?md5=15feea311db478db702c227b5b2fc6aa&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001122-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152324
Background
The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of labeling ligaments using ultrasound-guided injections. On formalin-fixed cadavers, the anterolateral ligament was selected and targeted for demonstration. The development of portable ultrasound machines and the ability to connect them to tablets via Bluetooth or WLAN makes it an accessible tool to implement into the anatomical dissection courses in order to associate medical imaging (MRI and ultrasound), anatomical structures and their subsequent dissection.
Methods
8 formalin fixed human cadavers were used for the ultrasound-guided injections of 1 mL of blue latex into the anterolateral ligament. 8 cadavers were not injected with latex for comparative purposes. The injections were performed by an experienced ultra-sonographer. After approximately 10 months, five dissections were carried out by students during the dissection course and three specimens were dissected by anatomists.
Results
The anterolateral ligament was successfully marked and demonstrated in 7 out of 8 cases. In 4 out of 5 cases, the dissection was primarily conducted by students, while in 3 out of 3 cases, it was performed by anatomists. The accuracy was 80 % and 100 %, respectively.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that labeling obscure ligaments, such as the anterolateral ligament, using ultrasound guidance is feasible on formalin-fixed cadavers. It also showed that students can successfully perform the dissections as the structure is highlighted and that the time between injection and dissection (approximately 10 months) has little impact on the outcome. The use of ultrasound in dissection courses should be further encouraged.
{"title":"The feasibility of ultrasound-guided latex labeling of the anterolateral ligament in anatomical dissection – A cadaveric study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of labeling ligaments using ultrasound-guided injections. On formalin-fixed cadavers, the anterolateral ligament was selected and targeted for demonstration. The development of portable ultrasound machines and the ability to connect them to tablets via Bluetooth or WLAN makes it an accessible tool to implement into the anatomical dissection courses in order to associate medical imaging (MRI and ultrasound), anatomical structures and their subsequent dissection.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>8 formalin fixed human cadavers were used for the ultrasound-guided injections of 1 mL of blue latex into the anterolateral ligament. 8 cadavers were not injected with latex for comparative purposes. The injections were performed by an experienced ultra-sonographer. After approximately 10 months, five dissections were carried out by students during the dissection course and three specimens were dissected by anatomists.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The anterolateral ligament was successfully marked and demonstrated in 7 out of 8 cases. In 4 out of 5 cases, the dissection was primarily conducted by students, while in 3 out of 3 cases, it was performed by anatomists. The accuracy was 80 % and 100 %, respectively.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The present study demonstrated that labeling obscure ligaments, such as the anterolateral ligament, using ultrasound guidance is feasible on formalin-fixed cadavers. It also showed that students can successfully perform the dissections as the structure is highlighted and that the time between injection and dissection (approximately 10 months) has little impact on the outcome. The use of ultrasound in dissection courses should be further encouraged.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094096022400116X/pdfft?md5=cb5fc7c0d3baf79b162cd94c80b7779c&pid=1-s2.0-S094096022400116X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-24DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152321
Background
The Achilles tendon is one of the thickest, largest, and strongest tendons in the human body. Biomechanically, the AT represents the conjoint tendon of the triceps surae muscle, placed in series with the plantar fascia (PF) to ensure force transmission from the triceps surae toward the toes during walking, running, and jumping. Commonly encountered in the diagnostic evaluation of heel pain, Achilles tendinopathy (AT) refers to a combination of pathological changes affecting the tendon itself often resulting from excessive repetitive stress and overuse. Nevertheless, increasing evidence demonstrates that structural alterations due to overuse or abnormal patterns of skeletal muscle activity are not necessarily restricted to the muscles or tendons but can also affect the fascial tissue. At the same time, there has been recent discussion regarding the role of the fascial tissue as a potential contributor to the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of several musculoskeletal disorders including tendinopathies. To the best of our knowledge, ultrasound (US) imaging studies on the fascial structures related to the triceps surae complex, as well as their possible correlation with Achillodynia have never been presented in the current literature.
Methods
In the present study, a comparative US imaging evaluation of textural features of the suro-Achilleo-plantar complex was performed in 14 healthy controls and 14 symptomatic subjects complaining of midportion AT. The thickness of the Achilles tendon, paratenon, intermuscular fascia, and PF has been assessed with US. In addition, both groups underwent the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A), a disease-specific questionnaire that measures the severity of symptoms of AT. Correlations between quantitative ultrasound measures and VISA-A scores were determined through Pearson or Spearman's rho correlations.
Results
Our ultrasonographic findings revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in Achilles tendon and paratenon thicknesses between AT patients and controls. No significant differences were observed between groups in PF at the calcaneal insertion as all mean measures were within the expected range of a normal PF on US imaging. In contrast, in tendinopathic subjects, the deep intermuscular fascia between medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) muscles is significantly (p<0.01) and considerably thickened compared to those of healthy subjects. Moderate correlations exist between tendon and paratenon thicknesses (r= 0.54, p= 0.04) and between MG-SOL fascia and tendon thicknesses (r= 0.58, p= 0.03). Regarding symptom severity and US morphological findings, the Spearman ρ test showed no correlation.
Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that, in symptomatic subjects, US alterations are not restricted to paratenon and intratendinous areas, but also
背景:跟腱是人体中最粗、最大、最结实的肌腱之一。从生物力学角度来看,跟腱是肱三头肌的联合肌腱,与足底筋膜(PF)串联在一起,以确保在行走、跑步和跳跃时,肱三头肌向脚趾传递力量。跟腱病变(AT)是指影响肌腱本身的一系列病理变化,通常是由于过度重复压力和过度使用造成的,在诊断评估足跟痛时经常会遇到。然而,越来越多的证据表明,由于过度使用或骨骼肌活动模式异常而导致的结构改变并不一定局限于肌肉或肌腱,也会影响筋膜组织。与此同时,近来还在讨论筋膜组织在多种肌肉骨骼疾病(包括肌腱病)的病理生理机制中可能扮演的角色。据我们所知,有关肱三头肌复合体筋膜结构的超声波(US)成像研究及其与跟腱痛可能存在的相关性从未在现有文献中出现过:本研究对 14 名健康对照组和 14 名主诉中段跟腱痛的症状受试者的跟腱-跟腱-足底复合体的纹理特征进行了对比性 US 成像评估。跟腱、跟腱旁、肌间筋膜和足底筋膜的厚度均通过 US 进行了评估。此外,两组受试者都接受了维多利亚体育研究所的跟腱评估(VISA-A),这是一份疾病特异性问卷,用于测量跟腱炎症状的严重程度。通过皮尔逊或斯皮尔曼rho相关性来确定超声定量测量与VISA-A评分之间的相关性:结果:我们的超声波检查结果显示,二者之间存在显著的统计学差异(p):我们的数据表明,在有症状的受试者中,超声改变并不局限于腱旁和腱内区域,还会影响到肌筋膜链的上游结构,导致 MG 和 SOL 肌肉之间的筋膜增厚。此外,还发现 MG-SOL 筋膜增厚与 AT、腱旁和症状严重程度的异常之间存在正相关。因此,应在 AT 患者的临床背景下解释美国筋膜系统的变化,因为这些变化反过来可能代表后续临床结果的重要预测因素,并有助于医护人员和临床医生完善该疾病的非手术治疗策略和康复方案。
{"title":"Ultrasonographic measurements of gastro-soleus fascia thickness in midportion Achilles tendinopathy: A case-control study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The Achilles tendon is one of the thickest, largest, and strongest tendons in the human body. Biomechanically, the AT represents the conjoint tendon of the triceps surae muscle, placed in series with the plantar fascia (PF) to ensure force transmission from the triceps surae toward the toes during walking, running, and jumping. Commonly encountered in the diagnostic evaluation of heel pain, Achilles tendinopathy (AT) refers to a combination of pathological changes affecting the tendon itself often resulting from excessive repetitive stress and overuse. Nevertheless, increasing evidence demonstrates that structural alterations due to overuse or abnormal patterns of skeletal muscle activity are not necessarily restricted to the muscles or tendons but can also affect the fascial tissue. At the same time, there has been recent discussion regarding the role of the fascial tissue as a potential contributor to the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of several musculoskeletal disorders including tendinopathies. To the best of our knowledge, ultrasound (US) imaging studies on the fascial structures related to the triceps surae complex, as well as their possible correlation with Achillodynia have never been presented in the current literature.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In the present study, a comparative US imaging evaluation of textural features of the suro-Achilleo-plantar complex was performed in 14 healthy controls and 14 symptomatic subjects complaining of midportion AT. The thickness of the Achilles tendon, paratenon, intermuscular fascia, and PF has been assessed with US. In addition, both groups underwent the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A), a disease-specific questionnaire that measures the severity of symptoms of AT. Correlations between quantitative ultrasound measures and VISA-A scores were determined through Pearson or Spearman's rho correlations.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our ultrasonographic findings revealed statistically significant differences (<em>p</em><0.05) in Achilles tendon and paratenon thicknesses between AT patients and controls. No significant differences were observed between groups in PF at the calcaneal insertion as all mean measures were within the expected range of a normal PF on US imaging. In contrast, in tendinopathic subjects, the deep intermuscular fascia between medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) muscles is significantly (<em>p</em><0.01) and considerably thickened compared to those of healthy subjects. Moderate correlations exist between tendon and paratenon thicknesses (r= 0.54, p= 0.04) and between MG-SOL fascia and tendon thicknesses (r= 0.58, p= 0.03). Regarding symptom severity and US morphological findings, the Spearman ρ test showed no correlation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our data demonstrate that, in symptomatic subjects, US alterations are not restricted to paratenon and intratendinous areas, but also ","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152322
Introduction and aim
Vitamin D supplementation in aging subjects manifests a positive effect on various health-related parameters. We performed a functionally-histological analysis of the adrenal cortex regarding the factors of vitamin D activity and corticosterone output after vitamin D3 application in a rat model of the andropause.
Material and methods
Middle-aged Wistar rats were divided into sham operated (SO; n=8), orchidectomized (Orx; n=8) and vitamin D3-treated orchidectomized (Orx+vit. D; n=8) groups. Vitamin D3 (5 μg/kg b.m.) was administered subcutaneously for three weeks, while the SO and Orx groups received the vehicle alone. Set objectives were achieved using histochemistry/immunohistochemistry, stereology, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses.
Results
Orchidectomy (Orx) decreased the adrenal cortex-related volume densities of vascular (p<0,0001), vitamin D receptor (VDR; p<0,0166), cytochrome P450 oxidase 2R1 (CYP 2R1; p<0,0001) and cytochrome P450 oxidase 24 (CYP 24; p<0,0001) depots, but increased the volume density of cytochrome P450 27B1 (CYP 27B1; p<0,0001) depots. In Orx+vit. D rats, increase of the adrenal cortex-related volume densities of collagen (p<0,0001), VDR (p<0,0001) and CYP 2R1 (p<0,0001) depots as well as the lipid-droplet diameter (p<0,0001) in adrenocortical outer zona fasciculata cells was observed, while a decrease of volume densities of the vascular (p<0,0001), CYP 27B1 (p<0,0001) and CYP 24 (p<0,0001) depots was registered, all versus Orx group. Plasma level of ACTH was decreased (p=0,0155) and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and corticosterone were increased (p<0,0001 and p=0,0187, respectively), all after the same treatment.
Conclusions
Increased corticosterone output after vitamin D3 application to andropausal rats appears not to be related to increased availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and decreased degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in adrenal tissue, but rather involves the central regulatory mechanisms.
引言和目的:在衰老人群中补充维生素 D 对各种健康相关参数有积极影响。我们对大鼠肾上腺皮质进行了功能组织学分析,研究了应用维生素 D3 后大鼠肾上腺皮质的维生素 D 活性和皮质酮输出的因素:中年Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(SO;n=8)、睾丸切除组(Orx;n=8)和维生素D3治疗睾丸切除组(Orx+维生素D;n=8)。维生素 D3(5μg/kg b.m.)皮下注射三周,而 SO 组和 Orx 组仅接受药物治疗。通过组织化学/免疫组化、立体学、超微结构和生化分析实现了设定的目标:结果:睾丸切除术(Orx)降低了肾上腺皮质相关血管(pC)的体积密度:对雄激素过多的大鼠施用维生素 D3 后皮质酮输出量增加似乎与肾上腺组织中 25- 羟维生素 D3 的可用性增加和 1,25-二羟维生素 D3 的降解减少无关,而是与中枢调节机制有关。
{"title":"Vitamin D3 application and factors of its activity in the adrenal cortex of andropausal rats: A functionally-histological study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction and aim</h3><p>Vitamin D supplementation in aging subjects manifests a positive effect on various health-related parameters. We performed a functionally-histological analysis of the adrenal cortex regarding the factors of vitamin D activity and corticosterone output after vitamin D3 application in a rat model of the andropause.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>Middle-aged Wistar rats were divided into sham operated (<strong>SO</strong>; n=8), orchidectomized (<strong>Orx</strong>; n=8) and vitamin D3-treated orchidectomized (<strong>Orx+vit. D</strong>; n=8) groups. Vitamin D3 (5 μg/kg b.m.) was administered subcutaneously for three weeks, while the <strong>SO</strong> and <strong>Orx</strong> groups received the vehicle alone. Set objectives were achieved using histochemistry/immunohistochemistry, stereology, ultrastructural and biochemical analyses.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Orchidectomy (<strong>Orx</strong>) decreased the adrenal cortex-related volume densities of vascular (p<0,0001), vitamin D receptor (VDR; p<0,0166), cytochrome P450 oxidase 2R1 (CYP 2R1; p<0,0001) and cytochrome P450 oxidase 24 (CYP 24; p<0,0001) depots, but increased the volume density of cytochrome P450 27B1 (CYP 27B1; p<0,0001) depots. In <strong>Orx+vit. D</strong> rats, increase of the adrenal cortex-related volume densities of collagen (p<0,0001), VDR (p<0,0001) and CYP 2R1 (p<0,0001) depots as well as the lipid-droplet diameter (p<0,0001) in adrenocortical outer zona fasciculata cells was observed, while a decrease of volume densities of the vascular (p<0,0001), CYP 27B1 (p<0,0001) and CYP 24 (p<0,0001) depots was registered, all versus <strong>Orx</strong> group. Plasma level of ACTH was decreased (p=0,0155) and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and corticosterone were increased (p<0,0001 and p=0,0187, respectively), all after the same treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Increased corticosterone output after vitamin D3 application to andropausal rats appears not to be related to increased availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and decreased degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in adrenal tissue, but rather involves the central regulatory mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152315
Background
Body donation is a predominant mode of body sourcing in many countries including South Africa; however, it continues to be limited among the different ethnic groups in the Black African population of South Africa which have been observed to be largely unwilling to provide consent to donate their bodies. Religious and cultural beliefs have been suggested to influence willingness to donate one’s body to science, with most religions regarded as accepting of body donation globally. In contrast, cultural beliefs and practices in the African continent impede body donation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence willingness to participate in body donation among the various ethnic groups of the Black African population of South Africa, particularly the Pedi ethnic group.
Purpose
This study sought to investigate factors that determine the disposition to participate in body donation and the influence of religious and cultural beliefs on willingness to consent to donate one’s body among a predominantly Pedi community of the Black African population of South Africa in the Limpopo province.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 300 four-page questionnaires were distributed to conveniently sampled individuals from the GaMaphale (Pipa) village of the Limpopo province of South Africa. Descriptive statistics (frequency tables and Pearson’s chi-square test for independence) followed by a stepwise backward regression were conducted to obtain key factors determining willingness to donate one’s body, the influence of religious and cultural beliefs, and also the likelihood of willingness to participate in body donation in this community. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
A total of 190 (63 %) responses were obtained. The level of awareness about body donation was 30 % (n= 57/190), and 41 % (n= 78/190) of respondents were willing to donate their bodies. Age (p = 0.001), educational level (p = 0.037), belief in a higher entity (p = 0.007), ancestral (p < 0.001), and religious (p < 0.001) beliefs allowing for body donation were statistically associated with willingness to donate one’s body. The elderly respondents were less likely to agree to donate their bodies compared to younger adults. Respondents who understood that religion allowed them to self-donate were 50 times more likely to agree to donate their bodies than those who did not.
Discussion and conclusion
Findings reflect that a high percentage of respondents were unaware of body donation while a considerable number of respondents were willing to donate their bodies to science based on their religious and cultural beliefs allowing them to do so. Potential body donors from this community will likely be younger and belong
{"title":"Influence of religio-cultural beliefs on whole-body donation: A quantitative analysis of a predominantly South African Pedi Community","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Body donation is a predominant mode of body sourcing in many countries including South Africa; however, it continues to be limited among the different ethnic groups in the Black African population of South Africa which have been observed to be largely unwilling to provide consent to donate their bodies. Religious and cultural beliefs have been suggested to influence willingness to donate one’s body to science, with most religions regarded as accepting of body donation globally. In contrast, cultural beliefs and practices in the African continent impede body donation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence willingness to participate in body donation among the various ethnic groups of the Black African population of South Africa, particularly the Pedi ethnic group.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study sought to investigate factors that determine the disposition to participate in body donation and the influence of religious and cultural beliefs on willingness to consent to donate one’s body among a predominantly Pedi community of the Black African population of South Africa in the Limpopo province.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this cross-sectional study, 300 four-page questionnaires were distributed to conveniently sampled individuals from the GaMaphale (Pipa) village of the Limpopo province of South Africa. Descriptive statistics (frequency tables and Pearson’s chi-square test for independence) followed by a stepwise backward regression were conducted to obtain key factors determining willingness to donate one’s body, the influence of religious and cultural beliefs, and also the likelihood of willingness to participate in body donation in this community. A <em>p</em>-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 190 (63 %) responses were obtained. The level of awareness about body donation was 30 % (n= <sup>57</sup>/<sub>190</sub>), and 41 % (n= <sup>78</sup>/<sub>190</sub>) of respondents were willing to donate their bodies. Age (<em>p</em> = 0.001), educational level (<em>p</em> = 0.037), belief in a higher entity (<em>p</em> = 0.007), ancestral (<em>p</em> < 0.001), and religious (<em>p</em> < 0.001) beliefs allowing for body donation were statistically associated with willingness to donate one’s body. The elderly respondents were less likely to agree to donate their bodies compared to younger adults. Respondents who understood that religion allowed them to self-donate were 50 times more likely to agree to donate their bodies than those who did not.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion and conclusion</h3><p>Findings reflect that a high percentage of respondents were unaware of body donation while a considerable number of respondents were willing to donate their bodies to science based on their religious and cultural beliefs allowing them to do so. Potential body donors from this community will likely be younger and belong ","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001079/pdfft?md5=80a08f0fa5d92ec51548e1ccbfb2c0b2&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001079-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141914822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152313
Background
To prevent the absorption and collapse of the labial bone plate of the anterior teeth, immediate implantation and socket shield technique have been increasingly applied to anterior dental aesthetic implant restoration.
Objective
To provide a biomechanical basis for implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth, finite element analysis was used to investigate the stress peak and distribution in different anatomical sites of natural teeth, conventional immediate implantation and socket shield technique.
Methods
Three maxillary finite element models were established, including a maxillary incisor as a natural tooth, a conventional immediate implantation and a socket shield technique. A mechanical load of 100 N was applied to simulate and analyze the biomechanical behavior of the root, periodontal ligament (PDL), implant and surrounding bone interface.
Results
The stress distribution of the natural tooth was relatively uniform under load. The maximum von Mises stress of the root, periodontal ligament, cortical bone and cancellous bone were 20.14 MPa, 2.473 MPa, 19.48 MPa and 5.068 MPa, respectively. When the conventional immediate implantation was loaded, the stress was mainly concentrated around the neck of implant. Maximum stress on the surface of the implant was 102 MPa, the cortical bone was 16.13 MPa, and the cancellous bone was 18.29 MPa. When the implantation with socket shield technique was loaded, the stress distribution of the implant was similar to that of immediate implantation. Maximum stress on the surface of the implant was 100.5 MPa, the cortical bone was 23.11 MPa, the cancellous bone was 21.66 MPa, the remaining tooth fragment was 29.42 MPa and the periodontal ligament of the tooth fragment was 1.131 MPa.
Conclusions
1. Under static loading, both socket shield technology and conventional immediate implantation can support the esthetic restoration of anterior teeth biomechanically. 2.Under short-term follow-up, both immediate implant and socket shield technology achieved satisfactory clinical results, including bone healing and patient satisfaction. 3.The stress distribution is mainly located on the buccal bone surface of the implant and is associated with resorption of the buccal bone plate after implant replacement in both socket shield technology and conventional immediate implantation. 4.The presence of retained root fragment had an impact on the bone graft gap. In immediate implantation, the peak stress was located in the cortical bone near the implant position, while in socket shield technology, the peak stress was at the neck of the cortical bone corresponding to the retained root fragment.
{"title":"Biomechanical characteristics of maxillary anterior incisor, conventional immediate implantation and socket shield technique — A finite element analysis and case report","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>To prevent the absorption and collapse of the labial bone plate of the anterior teeth, immediate implantation and socket shield technique have been increasingly applied to anterior dental aesthetic implant restoration.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To provide a biomechanical basis for implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth, finite element analysis was used to investigate the stress peak and distribution in different anatomical sites of natural teeth, conventional immediate implantation and socket shield technique.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Three maxillary finite element models were established, including a maxillary incisor as a natural tooth, a conventional immediate implantation and a socket shield technique. A mechanical load of 100 N was applied to simulate and analyze the biomechanical behavior of the root, periodontal ligament (PDL), implant and surrounding bone interface.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The stress distribution of the natural tooth was relatively uniform under load. The maximum von Mises stress of the root, periodontal ligament, cortical bone and cancellous bone were 20.14 MPa, 2.473 MPa, 19.48 MPa and 5.068 MPa, respectively. When the conventional immediate implantation was loaded, the stress was mainly concentrated around the neck of implant. Maximum stress on the surface of the implant was 102 MPa, the cortical bone was 16.13 MPa, and the cancellous bone was 18.29 MPa. When the implantation with socket shield technique was loaded, the stress distribution of the implant was similar to that of immediate implantation. Maximum stress on the surface of the implant was 100.5 MPa, the cortical bone was 23.11 MPa, the cancellous bone was 21.66 MPa, the remaining tooth fragment was 29.42 MPa and the periodontal ligament of the tooth fragment was 1.131 MPa.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>1. Under static loading, both socket shield technology and conventional immediate implantation can support the esthetic restoration of anterior teeth biomechanically. 2.Under short-term follow-up, both immediate implant and socket shield technology achieved satisfactory clinical results, including bone healing and patient satisfaction. 3.The stress distribution is mainly located on the buccal bone surface of the implant and is associated with resorption of the buccal bone plate after implant replacement in both socket shield technology and conventional immediate implantation. 4.The presence of retained root fragment had an impact on the bone graft gap. In immediate implantation, the peak stress was located in the cortical bone near the implant position, while in socket shield technology, the peak stress was at the neck of the cortical bone corresponding to the retained root fragment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152312
Introduction
Postmortem evaluation of the human vascular system has a long history, with advancements ranging from dissections to modern imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT scan). This study designs a novel combination of Angiofil, a liquid radiopaque polymer, and latex, a flexible cast material, for cadaveric vascular analysis.
Material & methods
The aim was to synergize the advantages of both components, providing accurate radiological images and optimal dissection conditions. Three arterial territories (lateral circumflex femoral artery, profunda brachii artery, and radial artery) were injected and assessed through CT scans and dissections.
Results
The Angiofil-latex mixture allowed successful visualization of the vascular networks, offering a simple, reproducible, and non-toxic approach. Quantitative assessments of the three territories, including diameters and lengths, showed comparable results between CT scan and dissection.
Discussion
The technique precision and versatility make it an accessible and valuable tool for anatomical studies, potentially extending its application to MRI analyses. Overall, the Angiofil-latex combination presents a cost-effective solution for researchers, offering enhanced visibility and detailed anatomical insights for various applications, including anatomical variation studies.
{"title":"A single Angiofil-latex injection for both radiological and anatomical assessment of arterial territories in the limbs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Postmortem evaluation of the human vascular system has a long history, with advancements ranging from dissections to modern imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT scan). This study designs a novel combination of Angiofil, a liquid radiopaque polymer, and latex, a flexible cast material, for cadaveric vascular analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Material & methods</h3><p>The aim was to synergize the advantages of both components, providing accurate radiological images and optimal dissection conditions. Three arterial territories (lateral circumflex femoral artery, profunda brachii artery, and radial artery) were injected and assessed through CT scans and dissections.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The Angiofil-latex mixture allowed successful visualization of the vascular networks, offering a simple, reproducible, and non-toxic approach. Quantitative assessments of the three territories, including diameters and lengths, showed comparable results between CT scan and dissection.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>The technique precision and versatility make it an accessible and valuable tool for anatomical studies, potentially extending its application to MRI analyses. Overall, the Angiofil-latex combination presents a cost-effective solution for researchers, offering enhanced visibility and detailed anatomical insights for various applications, including anatomical variation studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001043/pdfft?md5=f3edf5df381dbefddea9544d7a3dc7b7&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001043-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141768305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152314
This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Bisphenol F and S exposure on the skeletal structures of Sprague-Dawley rats. Given the increasing concern about the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of Bisphenol analogs on bone health, this research sought to elucidate their impact in conjunction with Melatonin. Using 80 male Sprague Dawley rats, bones were subjected to a 3-point bending test to assess mechanical properties, and histopathological evaluation was conducted after fixation and decalcification. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The results of the mechanical tests revealed significant differences in deformation and elastic modulus values between groups treated with Bisphenol F+Melatonin and Bisphenol S+Melatonin compared to the control groups. However, the histological images showed no significant differences between the groups. In the discussion, it was noted that the injection of Bisphenol F and Melatonin together increased bone hardness, suggesting that Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S may mitigate the negative effects of melatonin on bone. We attributed the absence of histological differences to the male gender of the studied rats and previous exposure considerations. This study shows that Melatonin can reduce Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S′ rapid adjustment effects and increase bone elasticity. The side effects of Bisphenol F and S, as well as the prophylactic effects of Melatonin, can be observed and improved by carefully adjusting the duration, dose, and gender selection.
本研究旨在评估接触双酚 F 和 S 对 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠骨骼结构的潜在影响。鉴于人们越来越关注双酚类似物对骨骼健康的潜在内分泌干扰作用,本研究试图结合褪黑素来阐明其影响。使用 80 只雄性 Sprague Dawley 大鼠,对骨骼进行三点弯曲测试,以评估其机械性能,并在固定和脱钙后进行组织病理学评估。使用 SPSS 进行了统计分析。力学测试结果表明,与对照组相比,使用双酚 F+ 褪黑激素和双酚 S+ 褪黑激素处理的各组在变形和弹性模量值方面存在显著差异。然而,组织学图像显示各组之间没有明显差异。讨论中指出,同时注射双酚 F 和褪黑素可增加骨硬度,这表明双酚 F 和双酚 S 可减轻褪黑素对骨骼的负面影响。我们认为,组织学上没有差异的原因是研究大鼠的性别为雄性,以及以前接触过褪黑激素。这项研究表明,褪黑素可以减轻双酚 F 和双酚 S 的快速调节作用,增加骨骼弹性。通过仔细调整持续时间、剂量和性别选择,可以观察和改善双酚 F 和双酚 S 的副作用以及褪黑素的预防作用。
{"title":"Melatonin's protective role against Bisphenol F and S-induced skeletal damage: A morphometric and histological study in rat","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Bisphenol F and S exposure on the skeletal structures of Sprague-Dawley rats. Given the increasing concern about the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of Bisphenol analogs on bone health, this research sought to elucidate their impact in conjunction with Melatonin. Using 80 male Sprague Dawley rats, bones were subjected to a 3-point bending test to assess mechanical properties, and histopathological evaluation was conducted after fixation and decalcification. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. The results of the mechanical tests revealed significant differences in deformation and elastic modulus values between groups treated with Bisphenol F+Melatonin and Bisphenol S+Melatonin compared to the control groups. However, the histological images showed no significant differences between the groups. In the discussion, it was noted that the injection of Bisphenol F and Melatonin together increased bone hardness, suggesting that Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S may mitigate the negative effects of melatonin on bone. We attributed the absence of histological differences to the male gender of the studied rats and previous exposure considerations. This study shows that Melatonin can reduce Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S′ rapid adjustment effects and increase bone elasticity. The side effects of Bisphenol F and S, as well as the prophylactic effects of Melatonin, can be observed and improved by carefully adjusting the duration, dose, and gender selection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}