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The content of the transverse foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra 第七颈椎横向孔的内容。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152337

In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature. Here, we have revisited the content of the transverse foramen in C7 by macroscopic dissection of 32 human specimens. We found that the 7th transverse foramen never contained the vertebral artery. Instead, it enclosed in 35 % of the cases both vertebral vein and vertebral nerve, in 20 % of the cases only the vertebral nerve, in 11 % of the cases only the vertebral vein, and in 34 % of the cases it contained no macroscopically visible neurovascular structure at all but only adipose connective tissue.

在人体解剖学中,椎动脉从锁骨下动脉进入颅骨大孔时,一般在第 6 颈椎水平进入椎体横孔。不过,尽管被椎动脉避开,第 7 颈椎(C7)也包含一个横向孔。关于 C7 椎横向孔的内容一直不明确,教科书和原始文献中也有不同的描述。在此,我们通过对 32 个人体标本进行宏观解剖,重新审视了 C7 中横孔的内容。我们发现第七横孔从未包含椎动脉。相反,在 35% 的病例中,它同时包含椎静脉和椎神经;在 20% 的病例中,它只包含椎神经;在 11% 的病例中,它只包含椎静脉;在 34% 的病例中,它根本不包含宏观可见的神经血管结构,而只包含脂肪结缔组织。
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引用次数: 0
Volumetric changes in free gingival graft and gingival unit graft treatments evaluated using an indirect digital method 使用间接数字方法评估游离龈移植和龈单位移植治疗的体积变化。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152329

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method.

Methods

A total of 20 patients with localised Cairo class II gingival recession were randomly separated into two groups; 10 patients were treated with FGG and 10 patients treated with GUG. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, the initial position of the gingiva and KGW were recorded for all the patients and plaster models were formed from the obtained impressions with the traditional method. The plaster models were transferred to a digital environment by scanning with a model scanner. Using a software program, changes in gingival papillary height and gingival volume and thickness were compared between the groups and according to the baseline values from The Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files obtained.

Results

Compared to the baseline values, a significant increase was determined in the KGW, and a significant decrease in pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingiva recession depth in all the groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the changes in mean gingiva thickness, gingiva volume, and mean vertical papillary height (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The study results showed that GUG treatment for Cairo class II localised gingival recession is an effective method in respect of increasing gingiva volume and thickness, increasing KGW, coverage of the root surface, and forming tissue contours that allow the patient to easily maintain oral hygiene. However, there was not seen to be any adventage of GUG and FGG over each other.

背景:本研究旨在评估使用游离龈移植(FGG)和龈单位移植(GUG)治疗开罗II度牙龈退缩后6个月随访期间的临床一维变化,如牙根表面覆盖率、牙龈退缩量减少和角化龈宽度(KGW)。此外,还采用间接方法对牙龈体积和厚度的三维变化进行了数字化比较:将 20 名局部开罗 II 级牙龈退缩患者随机分为两组:10 名患者接受 FGG 治疗,10 名患者接受 GUG 治疗。术前和术后 6 个月,记录所有患者的牙龈和 KGW 的初始位置,并根据获得的印模用传统方法制作石膏模型。石膏模型通过模型扫描仪扫描后转移到数字化环境中。使用软件程序,根据标准网格语言(STL)文件获得的基线值,比较各组间牙龈乳头高度、牙龈体积和厚度的变化:与基线值相比,各组的KGW均显著增加,而袋深度、临床附着水平和牙龈退缩深度均显著减少(P0.05):研究结果表明,GUG 治疗开罗 II 类局部牙龈退缩是一种有效的方法,可以增加牙龈体积和厚度、增加 KGW、覆盖牙根表面并形成组织轮廓,使患者能够轻松保持口腔卫生。然而,GUG 和 FGG 之间并不存在任何优势。
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引用次数: 0
The posterior-inferior recess of the sinus tympani, an anatomical novelty 鼓窦后下凹,解剖学上的新发现。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152336

Background

The anatomy of the retrotympanum is highly variable, and surgical access is challenging. In the medial retrotympanum, a descending series of recesses are found: the posterior tympanic sinus, the sinus tympani (ST), and the subtympanic sinus (STS). Most of the previous anatomical studies of the ST evaluated it as a single depression of variable width and depth, without recesses, just on axial sections.

Method

The ST was evaluated bilaterally in all the anatomical planes on a lot of 100 cases. Two sagittal anatomical types of the ST were defined and counted: type 0 (saccular ST), with absent postero-inferior recess (PIR) of the ST, and type 1, ST with PIR (bowl-shaped ST).

Results

In 200 sides, 144 type 0 ST (72 %) and 56 types 1 (PIRs) of the ST were found (28 %). On the right/left sides the type 0 ST was found in 74 %/70 % and the type 1, with PIR, in 26 %/30 %. There were no significant correlations between sex and the ST types on both sides. In the general lot, bilaterally symmetrical types 0 were found in 68 %, bilaterally symmetrical types 1 in 24 %, and the bilaterally asymmetrical combination 0+1 in just 8 %.

Conclusions

The PIR of the ST is not a scarce anatomical variation in the retrotympanum. It is hidden deep to the ST and difficult to access through the middle ear. It also could retain residual cholesteatoma. A retrofacial approach could access the PIR of the ST if no other anatomical limitations occur.

背景:鼓膜后的解剖结构千变万化,手术入路极具挑战性。在鼓室后内侧,有一系列依次下降的凹陷:鼓室后窦、鼓室窦(ST)和鼓室下窦(STS)。以往对 ST 的解剖研究大多将其评价为宽度和深度不一的单一凹陷,没有凹陷,仅在轴切面上进行评价:方法:对 100 个病例的所有解剖平面进行双侧 ST 评估。对 ST 的两种矢状解剖类型进行了定义和统计:0 型(囊状 ST),ST 后下方凹陷(PIR)缺失;1 型,ST 后下方凹陷(碗状 ST):在 200 个侧位中,发现了 144 个 0 型 ST(72%)和 56 个 1 型 ST(PIR)(28%)。在左右两侧,74%/70%的人发现了 0 型 ST,26%/30%的人发现了带有 PIR 的 1 型 ST。性别与两侧的 ST 类型之间没有明显的相关性。在普通人群中,双侧对称的 0 型占 68%,双侧对称的 1 型占 24%,而双侧不对称的 0+1 组合仅占 8%:结论:ST 的 PIR 并不是耳后罕见的解剖变异。它隐藏在 ST 的深处,很难通过中耳进入。它还可能残留胆脂瘤。如果没有其他解剖学限制,面后入路可以进入 ST 的 PIR。
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引用次数: 0
Illustrated cross-sectional computed tomography of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs 印度-太平洋江豚腹盆腔器官横断面计算机断层扫描图。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317

Background

Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality which can be used to study the anatomy and morphology of live or deceased animals in-situ. In cetaceans, existing CT anatomy studies mostly focused on the head and thoracic regions. Using postmortem CT (PMCT) scans of Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), this study describes the cross-sectional imaging anatomy of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs for the first time.

Methods

PMCT scans of finless porpoises stranded in Hong Kong waters were reviewed, of which two freshly dead cases, one male and one female, were selected for illustration. In addition, a contrast-enhanced PMCT scan was performed on the female subject as a trial for a PMCT-angiography study (PMCTA) in cetaceans. A total of 18 axial PMCT images were acquired at selected vertebral levels in the abdomen and supplemented with a series of corresponding labeled anatomical diagrams.

Results

By applying different image rendering techniques, most osseous and soft tissue structures in the finless porpoise abdomen were successfully depicted and annotated on PMCT, including the male and female reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The application of contrast medium in PMCT created artificial radiodensity differences which improved the ability to visualize and differentiate soft organs and vasculature. The merits and limitations of CT compared to other imaging modalities, as well as the future directions of PMCT in stranding investigation, were discussed.

Conclusions

The findings from this study significantly enhance the applications of CT in cetaceans by assisting researchers and veterinarians in the interpretation of cetacean abdomino-pelvic CT for morphological and pathological assessment during clinical or postmortem examination.

背景:计算机断层扫描(CT)是一种无创诊断成像模式,可用于现场研究活体或死亡动物的解剖和形态。对于鲸目动物,现有的 CT 解剖研究大多集中在头部和胸部区域。本研究利用印度-太平洋江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的死后 CT(PMCT)扫描,首次描述了鲸类动物腹盆腔器官的横截面成像解剖:方法:研究人员回顾了在香港水域搁浅的江豚的 PMCT 扫描图像,并选取了其中一雄一雌两只新近死亡的江豚进行说明。此外,还对雌性江豚进行了对比增强 PMCT 扫描,作为鲸类 PMCT 血管造影研究(PMCTA)的试验。在腹部选定的椎骨水平共采集了 18 幅轴向 PMCT 图像,并辅以一系列相应的标注解剖图:结果:通过应用不同的图像渲染技术,江豚腹部的大部分骨和软组织结构都成功地在 PMCT 上得到了描述和标注,包括骨盆区域的雌雄生殖器官。在 PMCT 中应用造影剂会造成人为的放射密度差异,从而提高观察和区分软器官和血管的能力。讨论了 CT 与其他成像模式相比的优点和局限性,以及 PMCT 在搁浅调查中的未来发展方向:本研究的结果大大提高了 CT 在鲸类动物中的应用,有助于研究人员和兽医在临床或尸体解剖中对鲸类动物腹盆腔 CT 进行形态和病理评估。
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引用次数: 0
Fibroblast growth factor 8 promotes in vitro neurite outgrowth of placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia to varying degrees 成纤维细胞生长因子 8 在不同程度上促进胎座源性瓣神经节和结节神经节的体外神经元生长
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152323

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required for the specification and formation of the epibranchial placodes, which give rise to the distal part of the cranial sensory ganglia. However, it remains unclear whether FGFs play a role in regulating the neurite outgrowth of the epibranchial placode-derived ganglia during further development. Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) promotes neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion in vitro. However, these studies did not distinguish between the neural crest- and placode-derived components of the sensory ganglia. In this study, we focused on the petrosal and nodose ganglia as representatives of the epibranchial ganglia and investigated their axonal outgrowth under the influence of FGF8 signaling protein in vitro. To precisely isolate the placode-derived ganglion part, we labeled the placode and its derivatives with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) through electroporation. The isolated ganglia were then collected for qRT-PCR assay and cultured in a collagen gel with and without FGF8 protein. Our findings revealed that both placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia expressed FGFR1 and FGFR2. In culture, FGF8 exerted a neural trophic effect on the axon outgrowth of both ganglia. While the expression levels of FGFR1/2 were similar between the two ganglia, the petrosal ganglion exhibited greater sensitivity to FGF8 compared to the nodose ganglion. This indicates that the placode-derived ganglia have differential responsiveness to FGF8 signaling during axonal extension. Thus, FGF8 is not only required for the early development of the epibranchial placode, as shown in previous studies, but also promotes neurite outgrowth of placode-derived ganglia.

成纤维细胞生长因子(FGFs)是上颅胎座的规格化和形成所必需的,上颅胎座产生了颅感觉神经节的远端部分。然而,FGFs 是否在上颅底神经节的进一步发育过程中起到调节神经元生长的作用仍不清楚。之前的研究表明,成纤维细胞生长因子8(FGF8)可促进体外听神经节神经元的生长。然而,这些研究并未区分感觉神经节的神经嵴和胎座源性成分。在本研究中,我们重点研究了作为外支神经节代表的瓣神经节和结节神经节,并在体外研究了它们在FGF8信号蛋白影响下的轴突生长情况。为了精确分离胎座神经节,我们通过电穿孔用增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标记了胎座及其衍生物。然后收集分离出的神经节进行qRT-PCR检测,并在含有或不含FGF8蛋白的胶原凝胶中进行培养。我们的研究结果表明,胎座衍生的瓣神经节和结节神经节都表达了FGFR1和FGFR2。在培养过程中,FGF8对这两个神经节的轴突生长具有神经营养作用。虽然两个神经节的FGFR1/2表达水平相似,但与结节神经节相比,瓣神经节对FGF8表现出更高的敏感性。这表明,在轴突延伸过程中,胎座源性神经节对 FGF8 信号的敏感性有所不同。因此,FGF8不仅是上鳃胎座早期发育所必需的,而且还能促进胎座衍生神经节的神经元生长。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome during articular cartilage degradation in oestrogen-deficient rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes 链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病的雌激素缺乏大鼠关节软骨降解过程中自噬与 NLRP3 炎性体之间的关系
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152318

Background

Estrogen deficiency and Diabetes mellitus (DM) cause joint tissue deterioration, although the mechanisms are uncertain. This study evaluated the immunoexpression of autophagy and NLRP3-inflammasome markers, in rat articular cartilage with estrogen deficiency and DM.

Methods

Twenty rats were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and equally allocated into four groups: SHAM and OVX groups administered with vehicle solution; SHAM and OVX groups treated with 60 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin, intraperitoneally, to induce DM (SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups). After seven weeks, the rats were euthanized, and their joint knees were processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, safranin-O/fast-green or subjected to picrosirius-red-polarisation method; immunohistochemistry to detect beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 (autophagy markers), NLRP3 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (inflammasome activation markers), along with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were performed.

Results

Deterioration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone were greater in SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups. Higher percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes to NLRP3, IL-1β, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, as well as lower percentages of chondrocytes immunolabeled to autophagy markers, were noticed in estrogen-deficient and diabetic groups. These differences were greater in the OVX-DM group. Percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes showed negative correlation between autophagy markers v.s IL-1β, NLRP-3, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, along with positive correlation between VEGF-A vs. MMP-9, NFκB, IL-1β, and NLRP3, and MMP-9 vs. NFκB.

Conclusions

In conclusion, autophagy reduction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chondrocytes may be implicated in articular cartilage degradation, under estrogen-deficient and DM conditions. Moreover, the combination of estrogen deficiency and DM may potentiate those effects.

背景:雌激素缺乏和糖尿病(DM)会导致关节组织恶化,但其机制尚不明确。本研究评估了雌激素缺乏和糖尿病大鼠关节软骨中自噬和NLRP3-炎症标志物的免疫表达:20只大鼠分别接受假手术(SHAM)或卵巢切除术(OVX),平均分为4组:SHAM组和OVX组使用载体溶液;SHAM组和OVX组腹腔注射60毫克/千克/体重的链脲佐菌素诱导DM(SHAM-DM组和OVX-DM组)。七周后,对大鼠实施安乐死,并对其膝关节进行石蜡包埋处理。切片用血红素-伊红、甲苯胺蓝、安全素-O/快绿染色,或用皮色素-红-极化法染色;免疫组化检测自噬标记物beclin-1和微管相关蛋白1B-轻链3、炎性小体激活标记物NLRP3和白细胞介素-1β、基质金属蛋白酶-9、核因子卡巴B和血管内皮生长因子A。结果显示SHAM-DM组和OVX-DM组的关节软骨和软骨下骨恶化程度更大。雌激素缺乏组和糖尿病组软骨细胞免疫标记NLRP3、IL-1β、MMP-9、NFκB和VEGF-A的百分比较高,免疫标记自噬标记物的软骨细胞百分比较低。这些差异在OVX-DM组中更大。免疫标记软骨细胞的百分比显示,自噬标记与IL-1β、NLRP-3、MMP-9、NFκB和VEGF-A呈负相关,VEGF-A与MMP-9、NFκB、IL-1β和NLRP3呈正相关,MMP-9与NFκB呈正相关:总之,在雌激素缺乏和DM条件下,软骨细胞中的自噬减少和NLRP3炎性体激活可能与关节软骨降解有关。此外,雌激素缺乏和 DM 的结合可能会增强这些效应。
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引用次数: 0
In memoriam Prof. Dr. Michail S. Davidoff 纪念 Michail S. Davidoff 教授博士
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152328
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引用次数: 0
A consolidated summary of South African human skeletal repositories 南非人类骨骼库综合摘要。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152326

Aim

Human skeletal repositories are crucial resources for research and education in human biology, variation, anatomy, biocultural frameworks, forensic/medico-legal casework, heritage and understanding the past. In this review paper, we assess the composition of human skeletal repositories in South Africa, along with the ethical and legal frameworks that safeguard their curation.

Methods

The data and information pertaining to local human skeletal repositories were gathered through a combination of literature review and direct contact with local curators for information. Data pertaining to source origins, sample demographics, and temporal distribution (where applicable) were extracted and reporting trends across publications were assessed.

Results

South Africa has 12 main human skeletal repositories, six affiliated with universities and six with museums. There are over 12 300 human skeletal remains housed across these repositories, mainly of cadaveric, archaeological, forensic (medico-legal), and unknown origin. Universities are primarily stewards of large cadaveric collections (n = ± 6 200); however, a few manage archaeological (n = ± 1 300) and forensic repositories (n = ± 1 000). Museums exclusively curate repositories of archaeological origin and approximately ± 3 700 archaeological individuals can be found countrywide.

Conclusions

The ethical challenges faced by South African repositories are deeply connected to the country's colonial and apartheid history. Concerns related to consent, autonomy, cultural sensitivity, data availability and the respectful treatment of the deceased, require constant attention and consideration. We highlight several initiatives undertaken to address these issues, including the implementation of new management approaches by repositories, a shift away from using unclaimed bodies, efforts in deaccessioning and repatriation and an increased focus on community engagement.

目的:人类骨骼库是研究和教育人类生物学、变异、解剖学、生物文化框架、法医/医疗法律案件工作、遗产和了解过去的重要资源。在这篇综述论文中,我们评估了南非人类骨骼库的构成,以及保障其收藏的伦理和法律框架:有关当地人类骨骼库的数据和信息是通过文献综述和与当地馆长直接联系获取信息相结合的方式收集的。提取了与来源、样本人口统计学和时间分布(如适用)有关的数据,并对各出版物的报告趋势进行了评估:南非有 12 个主要的人类骨骼库,其中 6 个隶属于大学,6 个隶属于博物馆。这些库房共存放了 12 300 多具人类骨骼遗骸,主要来自尸体、考古、法医(医学法律)和未知来源。大学主要管理大型遗体库(n = ± 6 200);但也有少数大学管理考古库(n = ± 1 300)和法医库(n = ± 1 000)。博物馆专门管理考古资料库,全国范围内大约有± 3 700个考古个体:南非收藏馆面临的伦理挑战与该国的殖民和种族隔离历史有着深刻的联系。与同意、自主性、文化敏感性、数据可用性和尊重死者相关的问题需要持续关注和考虑。我们重点介绍了为解决这些问题而采取的几项举措,包括由存放处实施新的管理方法、不再使用无人认领的遗体、努力取消遗体归还和归还遗体,以及更加注重社区参与。
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引用次数: 0
Support for whole-body donation among educational staff in Southwestern Ugandan medical educational schools 乌干达西南部医学教育机构的教职员工对全身捐献的支持。
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152327

Background

The teaching of anatomy from early days of medical education relied on the use of cadaver; hence, the present study assessed the support for whole-body donation among academic staff.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2024 in Southwestern Ugandan medical educational schools among 160 academic staff. Ethical approval was obtained and structured questionnaires were distributed to study participants in the selected Medical Educational Schools.

Results

Among the 160 sampled academic staff, only 16 % and 18 % supported the donation of their whole-body and the bodies of their relatives/friends for anatomical education respectively. The reason put forward for respondents support for whole-body donation were contribution to medical science (88.5 %) and learnt from someone’s body (53.8 %). The fear of misuse of their body (42.5 %), cultural (53.7 %) and religious (44.8 %) belief were the reasons for non-support for whole-body donation among the study participants.

Conclusion

This study concluded that support for whole-body donation among academic staff was low; reasons for non-support were fear of misuse of body, religious and cultural beliefs; hence, we recommend the need for massive desensitization of the public aimed at building confidence on whole-body donation in the community.

背景从早期的医学教育开始,解剖学教学就依赖于尸体的使用;因此,本研究评估了学术人员对全身捐献遗体的支持情况:这是一项横断面研究,于 2024 年 1 月至 3 月在乌干达西南部的医学教育学校进行,共有 160 名教职员工参与。研究获得了伦理批准,并向所选医学教育学校的研究参与者发放了结构化问卷:结果:在抽样调查的 160 名教职员工中,分别只有 16% 和 18% 的人支持将自己和亲属/朋友的遗体捐献给解剖学教育。受访者支持捐献遗体的理由是对医学科学的贡献(88.5%)和从某人的遗体中学到知识(53.8%)。担心自己的遗体被滥用(42.5%)、文化信仰(53.7%)和宗教信仰(44.8%)是受访者不支持捐献遗体的原因:这项研究的结论是,学术人员对全身捐献的支持率很低;不支持的原因是担心身体被滥用、宗教和文化信仰;因此,我们建议有必要对公众进行大规模的脱敏教育,以在社会上建立对全身捐献的信心。
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引用次数: 0
Morphology and anatomical variability of the external auditory canal: A population-based MRI study 外耳道的形态和解剖变异:基于人群的磁共振成像研究
IF 2 3区 医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152319

Background

The external auditory canal (EAC) exhibits a complex morphology and strong inter-individual variations. However, these have not yet been comprehensively described in the literature.

Purpose

This study aims to determine the width, height and cross-sectional area of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC and to describe the three-dimensional morphology and variability of different EACs.

Methods

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 870 subjects (401 male, 469 female, resulting in 1740 EACs) who participated in the longitudinal, population-based cohort study ‘Study of Health in Pomerania–START-3’. The height and width were measured in the cartilaginous part of the EAC, between the first and second bend. The variability of the EAC morphology was visualized in three-dimensional models.

Results

The mean height (vertical length) of the EAC was 8.62 mm (SD = 2.42) on the right, 8.47 mm (SD = 2.36) on the left. The width (horizontal length) was 4.08 mm (SD = 1.6) on the right, 3.93 mm (SD = 1.64) on the left. The EAC cross-section was 28.6 mm2 (SD = 15.19) on the right, 27.15 mm2 (SD = 14.33) on the left. The average cross-sectional area of the EAC in men was higher than in women. Subjects with larger body size had larger cross-sectional areas. Subjects with higher body mass index tended to have smaller cross-sections. Although the average EAC had an oval shape, a three-dimensional comparison of different EACs revealed strong individual variation in morphology.

Conclusion

This study enhances the understanding of otolaryngologists and anatomists regarding the complex morphology and variability of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC.

背景:外耳道(EAC)形态复杂,个体差异很大。目的:本研究旨在确定外耳道软骨部分的宽度、高度和横截面积,并描述不同外耳道的三维形态和变异性:对参加纵向人群队列研究 "波美拉尼亚健康研究-START-3 "的 870 名受试者(401 名男性,469 名女性,共 1740 个 EAC)进行了磁共振成像。EAC的高度和宽度是在第一弯和第二弯之间的软骨部分测量的。EAC形态的变化在三维模型中可视化:结果:EAC的平均高度(垂直长度)右侧为8.62毫米(SD = 2.42),左侧为8.47毫米(SD = 2.36)。宽度(水平长度)右侧为 4.08 毫米(SD = 1.6),左侧为 3.93 毫米(SD = 1.64)。EAC横截面右侧为28.6平方毫米(SD = 15.19),左侧为27.15平方毫米(SD = 14.33)。男性 EAC 的平均横截面积高于女性。体型越大,横截面积越大。体重指数较高的受试者横截面积往往较小。虽然 EAC 的平均形状为椭圆形,但不同 EAC 的三维比较显示其形态存在很大的个体差异:这项研究加深了耳鼻喉科医生和解剖学家对 EAC 软骨部分复杂形态和可变性的了解。
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Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger
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