Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152337
In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature. Here, we have revisited the content of the transverse foramen in C7 by macroscopic dissection of 32 human specimens. We found that the 7th transverse foramen never contained the vertebral artery. Instead, it enclosed in 35 % of the cases both vertebral vein and vertebral nerve, in 20 % of the cases only the vertebral nerve, in 11 % of the cases only the vertebral vein, and in 34 % of the cases it contained no macroscopically visible neurovascular structure at all but only adipose connective tissue.
{"title":"The content of the transverse foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature. Here, we have revisited the content of the transverse foramen in C7 by macroscopic dissection of 32 human specimens. We found that the 7th transverse foramen never contained the vertebral artery. Instead, it enclosed in 35 % of the cases both vertebral vein and vertebral nerve, in 20 % of the cases only the vertebral nerve, in 11 % of the cases only the vertebral vein, and in 34 % of the cases it contained no macroscopically visible neurovascular structure at all but only adipose connective tissue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001298/pdfft?md5=15e51ccef6b966f75f0689d7e15597ff&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001298-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142156918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152329
Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method.
Methods
A total of 20 patients with localised Cairo class II gingival recession were randomly separated into two groups; 10 patients were treated with FGG and 10 patients treated with GUG. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, the initial position of the gingiva and KGW were recorded for all the patients and plaster models were formed from the obtained impressions with the traditional method. The plaster models were transferred to a digital environment by scanning with a model scanner. Using a software program, changes in gingival papillary height and gingival volume and thickness were compared between the groups and according to the baseline values from The Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files obtained.
Results
Compared to the baseline values, a significant increase was determined in the KGW, and a significant decrease in pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingiva recession depth in all the groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the changes in mean gingiva thickness, gingiva volume, and mean vertical papillary height (p>0.05).
Conclusion
The study results showed that GUG treatment for Cairo class II localised gingival recession is an effective method in respect of increasing gingiva volume and thickness, increasing KGW, coverage of the root surface, and forming tissue contours that allow the patient to easily maintain oral hygiene. However, there was not seen to be any adventage of GUG and FGG over each other.
{"title":"Volumetric changes in free gingival graft and gingival unit graft treatments evaluated using an indirect digital method","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152329","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152329","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 20 patients with localised Cairo class II gingival recession were randomly separated into two groups; 10 patients were treated with FGG and 10 patients treated with GUG. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, the initial position of the gingiva and KGW were recorded for all the patients and plaster models were formed from the obtained impressions with the traditional method. The plaster models were transferred to a digital environment by scanning with a model scanner. Using a software program, changes in gingival papillary height and gingival volume and thickness were compared between the groups and according to the baseline values from The Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files obtained.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Compared to the baseline values, a significant increase was determined in the KGW, and a significant decrease in pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingiva recession depth in all the groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the changes in mean gingiva thickness, gingiva volume, and mean vertical papillary height (p>0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The study results showed that GUG treatment for Cairo class II localised gingival recession is an effective method in respect of increasing gingiva volume and thickness, increasing KGW, coverage of the root surface, and forming tissue contours that allow the patient to easily maintain oral hygiene. However, there was not seen to be any adventage of GUG and FGG over each other.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001213/pdfft?md5=b11ded40efbdb7ac7b297002468dbd95&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001213-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152336
Background
The anatomy of the retrotympanum is highly variable, and surgical access is challenging. In the medial retrotympanum, a descending series of recesses are found: the posterior tympanic sinus, the sinus tympani (ST), and the subtympanic sinus (STS). Most of the previous anatomical studies of the ST evaluated it as a single depression of variable width and depth, without recesses, just on axial sections.
Method
The ST was evaluated bilaterally in all the anatomical planes on a lot of 100 cases. Two sagittal anatomical types of the ST were defined and counted: type 0 (saccular ST), with absent postero-inferior recess (PIR) of the ST, and type 1, ST with PIR (bowl-shaped ST).
Results
In 200 sides, 144 type 0 ST (72 %) and 56 types 1 (PIRs) of the ST were found (28 %). On the right/left sides the type 0 ST was found in 74 %/70 % and the type 1, with PIR, in 26 %/30 %. There were no significant correlations between sex and the ST types on both sides. In the general lot, bilaterally symmetrical types 0 were found in 68 %, bilaterally symmetrical types 1 in 24 %, and the bilaterally asymmetrical combination 0+1 in just 8 %.
Conclusions
The PIR of the ST is not a scarce anatomical variation in the retrotympanum. It is hidden deep to the ST and difficult to access through the middle ear. It also could retain residual cholesteatoma. A retrofacial approach could access the PIR of the ST if no other anatomical limitations occur.
背景:鼓膜后的解剖结构千变万化,手术入路极具挑战性。在鼓室后内侧,有一系列依次下降的凹陷:鼓室后窦、鼓室窦(ST)和鼓室下窦(STS)。以往对 ST 的解剖研究大多将其评价为宽度和深度不一的单一凹陷,没有凹陷,仅在轴切面上进行评价:方法:对 100 个病例的所有解剖平面进行双侧 ST 评估。对 ST 的两种矢状解剖类型进行了定义和统计:0 型(囊状 ST),ST 后下方凹陷(PIR)缺失;1 型,ST 后下方凹陷(碗状 ST):在 200 个侧位中,发现了 144 个 0 型 ST(72%)和 56 个 1 型 ST(PIR)(28%)。在左右两侧,74%/70%的人发现了 0 型 ST,26%/30%的人发现了带有 PIR 的 1 型 ST。性别与两侧的 ST 类型之间没有明显的相关性。在普通人群中,双侧对称的 0 型占 68%,双侧对称的 1 型占 24%,而双侧不对称的 0+1 组合仅占 8%:结论:ST 的 PIR 并不是耳后罕见的解剖变异。它隐藏在 ST 的深处,很难通过中耳进入。它还可能残留胆脂瘤。如果没有其他解剖学限制,面后入路可以进入 ST 的 PIR。
{"title":"The posterior-inferior recess of the sinus tympani, an anatomical novelty","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The anatomy of the retrotympanum is highly variable, and surgical access is challenging. In the medial retrotympanum, a descending series of recesses are found: the posterior tympanic sinus, the sinus tympani (ST), and the subtympanic sinus (STS). Most of the previous anatomical studies of the ST evaluated it as a single depression of variable width and depth, without recesses, just on axial sections.</p></div><div><h3>Method</h3><p>The ST was evaluated bilaterally in all the anatomical planes on a lot of 100 cases. Two sagittal anatomical types of the ST were defined and counted: type 0 (saccular ST), with absent postero-inferior recess (PIR) of the ST, and type 1, ST with PIR (bowl-shaped ST).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In 200 sides, 144 type 0 ST (72 %) and 56 types 1 (PIRs) of the ST were found (28 %). On the right/left sides the type 0 ST was found in 74 %/70 % and the type 1, with PIR, in 26 %/30 %. There were no significant correlations between sex and the ST types on both sides. In the general lot, bilaterally symmetrical types 0 were found in 68 %, bilaterally symmetrical types 1 in 24 %, and the bilaterally asymmetrical combination 0+1 in just 8 %.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The PIR of the ST is not a scarce anatomical variation in the retrotympanum. It is hidden deep to the ST and difficult to access through the middle ear. It also could retain residual cholesteatoma. A retrofacial approach could access the PIR of the ST if no other anatomical limitations occur.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001286/pdfft?md5=33f71a9473f1d1b0dc594785a8f913ae&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001286-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317
Background
Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality which can be used to study the anatomy and morphology of live or deceased animals in-situ. In cetaceans, existing CT anatomy studies mostly focused on the head and thoracic regions. Using postmortem CT (PMCT) scans of Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), this study describes the cross-sectional imaging anatomy of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs for the first time.
Methods
PMCT scans of finless porpoises stranded in Hong Kong waters were reviewed, of which two freshly dead cases, one male and one female, were selected for illustration. In addition, a contrast-enhanced PMCT scan was performed on the female subject as a trial for a PMCT-angiography study (PMCTA) in cetaceans. A total of 18 axial PMCT images were acquired at selected vertebral levels in the abdomen and supplemented with a series of corresponding labeled anatomical diagrams.
Results
By applying different image rendering techniques, most osseous and soft tissue structures in the finless porpoise abdomen were successfully depicted and annotated on PMCT, including the male and female reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The application of contrast medium in PMCT created artificial radiodensity differences which improved the ability to visualize and differentiate soft organs and vasculature. The merits and limitations of CT compared to other imaging modalities, as well as the future directions of PMCT in stranding investigation, were discussed.
Conclusions
The findings from this study significantly enhance the applications of CT in cetaceans by assisting researchers and veterinarians in the interpretation of cetacean abdomino-pelvic CT for morphological and pathological assessment during clinical or postmortem examination.
{"title":"Illustrated cross-sectional computed tomography of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality which can be used to study the anatomy and morphology of live or deceased animals <em>in-situ</em>. In cetaceans, existing CT anatomy studies mostly focused on the head and thoracic regions. Using postmortem CT (PMCT) scans of Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (<em>Neophocaena phocaenoides</em>), this study describes the cross-sectional imaging anatomy of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs for the first time.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>PMCT scans of finless porpoises stranded in Hong Kong waters were reviewed, of which two freshly dead cases, one male and one female, were selected for illustration. In addition, a contrast-enhanced PMCT scan was performed on the female subject as a trial for a PMCT-angiography study (PMCTA) in cetaceans. A total of 18 axial PMCT images were acquired at selected vertebral levels in the abdomen and supplemented with a series of corresponding labeled anatomical diagrams.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>By applying different image rendering techniques, most osseous and soft tissue structures in the finless porpoise abdomen were successfully depicted and annotated on PMCT, including the male and female reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The application of contrast medium in PMCT created artificial radiodensity differences which improved the ability to visualize and differentiate soft organs and vasculature. The merits and limitations of CT compared to other imaging modalities, as well as the future directions of PMCT in stranding investigation, were discussed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings from this study significantly enhance the applications of CT in cetaceans by assisting researchers and veterinarians in the interpretation of cetacean abdomino-pelvic CT for morphological and pathological assessment during clinical or postmortem examination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152323
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required for the specification and formation of the epibranchial placodes, which give rise to the distal part of the cranial sensory ganglia. However, it remains unclear whether FGFs play a role in regulating the neurite outgrowth of the epibranchial placode-derived ganglia during further development. Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) promotes neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion in vitro. However, these studies did not distinguish between the neural crest- and placode-derived components of the sensory ganglia. In this study, we focused on the petrosal and nodose ganglia as representatives of the epibranchial ganglia and investigated their axonal outgrowth under the influence of FGF8 signaling protein in vitro. To precisely isolate the placode-derived ganglion part, we labeled the placode and its derivatives with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) through electroporation. The isolated ganglia were then collected for qRT-PCR assay and cultured in a collagen gel with and without FGF8 protein. Our findings revealed that both placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia expressed FGFR1 and FGFR2. In culture, FGF8 exerted a neural trophic effect on the axon outgrowth of both ganglia. While the expression levels of FGFR1/2 were similar between the two ganglia, the petrosal ganglion exhibited greater sensitivity to FGF8 compared to the nodose ganglion. This indicates that the placode-derived ganglia have differential responsiveness to FGF8 signaling during axonal extension. Thus, FGF8 is not only required for the early development of the epibranchial placode, as shown in previous studies, but also promotes neurite outgrowth of placode-derived ganglia.
{"title":"Fibroblast growth factor 8 promotes in vitro neurite outgrowth of placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia to varying degrees","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required for the specification and formation of the epibranchial placodes, which give rise to the distal part of the cranial sensory ganglia. However, it remains unclear whether FGFs play a role in regulating the neurite outgrowth of the epibranchial placode-derived ganglia during further development. Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) promotes neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion <em>in vitro</em>. However, these studies did not distinguish between the neural crest- and placode-derived components of the sensory ganglia. In this study, we focused on the petrosal and nodose ganglia as representatives of the epibranchial ganglia and investigated their axonal outgrowth under the influence of FGF8 signaling protein <em>in vitro</em>. To precisely isolate the placode-derived ganglion part, we labeled the placode and its derivatives with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) through electroporation. The isolated ganglia were then collected for qRT-PCR assay and cultured in a collagen gel with and without FGF8 protein. Our findings revealed that both placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia expressed <em>FGFR1</em> and <em>FGFR2</em>. In culture, FGF8 exerted a neural trophic effect on the axon outgrowth of both ganglia. While the expression levels of <em>FGFR1/2</em> were similar between the two ganglia, the petrosal ganglion exhibited greater sensitivity to FGF8 compared to the nodose ganglion. This indicates that the placode-derived ganglia have differential responsiveness to FGF8 signaling during axonal extension. Thus, FGF8 is not only required for the early development of the epibranchial placode, as shown in previous studies, but also promotes neurite outgrowth of placode-derived ganglia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001158/pdfft?md5=a864fe8ced5c6f8bbf66d8a6937e95c7&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001158-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152318
Background
Estrogen deficiency and Diabetes mellitus (DM) cause joint tissue deterioration, although the mechanisms are uncertain. This study evaluated the immunoexpression of autophagy and NLRP3-inflammasome markers, in rat articular cartilage with estrogen deficiency and DM.
Methods
Twenty rats were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and equally allocated into four groups: SHAM and OVX groups administered with vehicle solution; SHAM and OVX groups treated with 60 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin, intraperitoneally, to induce DM (SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups). After seven weeks, the rats were euthanized, and their joint knees were processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, safranin-O/fast-green or subjected to picrosirius-red-polarisation method; immunohistochemistry to detect beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 (autophagy markers), NLRP3 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (inflammasome activation markers), along with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were performed.
Results
Deterioration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone were greater in SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups. Higher percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes to NLRP3, IL-1β, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, as well as lower percentages of chondrocytes immunolabeled to autophagy markers, were noticed in estrogen-deficient and diabetic groups. These differences were greater in the OVX-DM group. Percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes showed negative correlation between autophagy markers v.s IL-1β, NLRP-3, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, along with positive correlation between VEGF-A vs. MMP-9, NFκB, IL-1β, and NLRP3, and MMP-9 vs. NFκB.
Conclusions
In conclusion, autophagy reduction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chondrocytes may be implicated in articular cartilage degradation, under estrogen-deficient and DM conditions. Moreover, the combination of estrogen deficiency and DM may potentiate those effects.
{"title":"Relationship between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome during articular cartilage degradation in oestrogen-deficient rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Estrogen deficiency and Diabetes mellitus (DM) cause joint tissue deterioration, although the mechanisms are uncertain. This study evaluated the immunoexpression of autophagy and NLRP3-inflammasome markers, in rat articular cartilage with estrogen deficiency and DM.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twenty rats were sham-operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX) and equally allocated into four groups: SHAM and OVX groups administered with vehicle solution; SHAM and OVX groups treated with 60 mg/kg/body weight of streptozotocin, intraperitoneally, to induce DM (SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups). After seven weeks, the rats were euthanized, and their joint knees were processed for paraffin embedding. Sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, safranin-O/fast-green or subjected to picrosirius-red-polarisation method; immunohistochemistry to detect beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1B-light chain 3 (autophagy markers), NLRP3 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (inflammasome activation markers), along with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), and Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were performed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Deterioration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone were greater in SHAM-DM and OVX-DM groups. Higher percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes to NLRP3, IL-1β, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, as well as lower percentages of chondrocytes immunolabeled to autophagy markers, were noticed in estrogen-deficient and diabetic groups. These differences were greater in the OVX-DM group. Percentages of immunolabeled chondrocytes showed negative correlation between autophagy markers <em>v.s</em> IL-1β, NLRP-3, MMP-9, NFκB, and VEGF-A, along with positive correlation between VEGF-A <em>vs</em>. MMP-9, NFκB, IL-1β, and NLRP3, and MMP-9 <em>vs</em>. NFκB.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In conclusion, autophagy reduction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in chondrocytes may be implicated in articular cartilage degradation, under estrogen-deficient and DM conditions. Moreover, the combination of estrogen deficiency and DM may potentiate those effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001109/pdfft?md5=1af16873e349d784392f48ed1ec184bd&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001109-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152328
{"title":"In memoriam Prof. Dr. Michail S. Davidoff","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001201/pdfft?md5=5637b1d1321f8cdbcfde2cbf414d026b&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001201-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142117377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152326
Aim
Human skeletal repositories are crucial resources for research and education in human biology, variation, anatomy, biocultural frameworks, forensic/medico-legal casework, heritage and understanding the past. In this review paper, we assess the composition of human skeletal repositories in South Africa, along with the ethical and legal frameworks that safeguard their curation.
Methods
The data and information pertaining to local human skeletal repositories were gathered through a combination of literature review and direct contact with local curators for information. Data pertaining to source origins, sample demographics, and temporal distribution (where applicable) were extracted and reporting trends across publications were assessed.
Results
South Africa has 12 main human skeletal repositories, six affiliated with universities and six with museums. There are over 12 300 human skeletal remains housed across these repositories, mainly of cadaveric, archaeological, forensic (medico-legal), and unknown origin. Universities are primarily stewards of large cadaveric collections (n = ± 6 200); however, a few manage archaeological (n = ± 1 300) and forensic repositories (n = ± 1 000). Museums exclusively curate repositories of archaeological origin and approximately ± 3 700 archaeological individuals can be found countrywide.
Conclusions
The ethical challenges faced by South African repositories are deeply connected to the country's colonial and apartheid history. Concerns related to consent, autonomy, cultural sensitivity, data availability and the respectful treatment of the deceased, require constant attention and consideration. We highlight several initiatives undertaken to address these issues, including the implementation of new management approaches by repositories, a shift away from using unclaimed bodies, efforts in deaccessioning and repatriation and an increased focus on community engagement.
{"title":"A consolidated summary of South African human skeletal repositories","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Human skeletal repositories are crucial resources for research and education in human biology, variation, anatomy, biocultural frameworks, forensic/medico-legal casework, heritage and understanding the past. In this review paper, we assess the composition of human skeletal repositories in South Africa, along with the ethical and legal frameworks that safeguard their curation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The data and information pertaining to local human skeletal repositories were gathered through a combination of literature review and direct contact with local curators for information. Data pertaining to source origins, sample demographics, and temporal distribution (where applicable) were extracted and reporting trends across publications were assessed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>South Africa has 12 main human skeletal repositories, six affiliated with universities and six with museums. There are over 12 300 human skeletal remains housed across these repositories, mainly of cadaveric, archaeological, forensic (medico-legal), and unknown origin. Universities are primarily stewards of large cadaveric collections (n = ± 6 200); however, a few manage archaeological (n = ± 1 300) and forensic repositories (n = ± 1 000). Museums exclusively curate repositories of archaeological origin and approximately ± 3 700 archaeological individuals can be found countrywide.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The ethical challenges faced by South African repositories are deeply connected to the country's colonial and apartheid history. Concerns related to consent, autonomy, cultural sensitivity, data availability and the respectful treatment of the deceased, require constant attention and consideration. We highlight several initiatives undertaken to address these issues, including the implementation of new management approaches by repositories, a shift away from using unclaimed bodies, efforts in deaccessioning and repatriation and an increased focus on community engagement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001183/pdfft?md5=d13fa8b161f3dedff4e2997d47711f48&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001183-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152327
Background
The teaching of anatomy from early days of medical education relied on the use of cadaver; hence, the present study assessed the support for whole-body donation among academic staff.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2024 in Southwestern Ugandan medical educational schools among 160 academic staff. Ethical approval was obtained and structured questionnaires were distributed to study participants in the selected Medical Educational Schools.
Results
Among the 160 sampled academic staff, only 16 % and 18 % supported the donation of their whole-body and the bodies of their relatives/friends for anatomical education respectively. The reason put forward for respondents support for whole-body donation were contribution to medical science (88.5 %) and learnt from someone’s body (53.8 %). The fear of misuse of their body (42.5 %), cultural (53.7 %) and religious (44.8 %) belief were the reasons for non-support for whole-body donation among the study participants.
Conclusion
This study concluded that support for whole-body donation among academic staff was low; reasons for non-support were fear of misuse of body, religious and cultural beliefs; hence, we recommend the need for massive desensitization of the public aimed at building confidence on whole-body donation in the community.
{"title":"Support for whole-body donation among educational staff in Southwestern Ugandan medical educational schools","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The teaching of anatomy from early days of medical education relied on the use of cadaver; hence, the present study assessed the support for whole-body donation among academic staff.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to March 2024 in Southwestern Ugandan medical educational schools among 160 academic staff. Ethical approval was obtained and structured questionnaires were distributed to study participants in the selected Medical Educational Schools.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among the 160 sampled academic staff, only 16 % and 18 % supported the donation of their whole-body and the bodies of their relatives/friends for anatomical education respectively. The reason put forward for respondents support for whole-body donation were contribution to medical science (88.5 %) and learnt from someone’s body (53.8 %). The fear of misuse of their body (42.5 %), cultural (53.7 %) and religious (44.8 %) belief were the reasons for non-support for whole-body donation among the study participants.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study concluded that support for whole-body donation among academic staff was low; reasons for non-support were fear of misuse of body, religious and cultural beliefs; hence, we recommend the need for massive desensitization of the public aimed at building confidence on whole-body donation in the community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001195/pdfft?md5=5788a7c087a87944b2163ad72cbcaa8f&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001195-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152319
Background
The external auditory canal (EAC) exhibits a complex morphology and strong inter-individual variations. However, these have not yet been comprehensively described in the literature.
Purpose
This study aims to determine the width, height and cross-sectional area of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC and to describe the three-dimensional morphology and variability of different EACs.
Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 870 subjects (401 male, 469 female, resulting in 1740 EACs) who participated in the longitudinal, population-based cohort study ‘Study of Health in Pomerania–START-3’. The height and width were measured in the cartilaginous part of the EAC, between the first and second bend. The variability of the EAC morphology was visualized in three-dimensional models.
Results
The mean height (vertical length) of the EAC was 8.62 mm (SD = 2.42) on the right, 8.47 mm (SD = 2.36) on the left. The width (horizontal length) was 4.08 mm (SD = 1.6) on the right, 3.93 mm (SD = 1.64) on the left. The EAC cross-section was 28.6 mm2 (SD = 15.19) on the right, 27.15 mm2 (SD = 14.33) on the left. The average cross-sectional area of the EAC in men was higher than in women. Subjects with larger body size had larger cross-sectional areas. Subjects with higher body mass index tended to have smaller cross-sections. Although the average EAC had an oval shape, a three-dimensional comparison of different EACs revealed strong individual variation in morphology.
Conclusion
This study enhances the understanding of otolaryngologists and anatomists regarding the complex morphology and variability of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC.
{"title":"Morphology and anatomical variability of the external auditory canal: A population-based MRI study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The external auditory canal (EAC) exhibits a complex morphology and strong inter-individual variations. However, these have not yet been comprehensively described in the literature.</p></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to determine the width, height and cross-sectional area of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC and to describe the three-dimensional morphology and variability of different EACs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 870 subjects (401 male, 469 female, resulting in 1740 EACs) who participated in the longitudinal, population-based cohort study ‘Study of Health in Pomerania–START-3’. The height and width were measured in the cartilaginous part of the EAC, between the first and second bend. The variability of the EAC morphology was visualized in three-dimensional models.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The mean height (vertical length) of the EAC was 8.62 mm (SD = 2.42) on the right, 8.47 mm (SD = 2.36) on the left. The width (horizontal length) was 4.08 mm (SD = 1.6) on the right, 3.93 mm (SD = 1.64) on the left. The EAC cross-section was 28.6 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD = 15.19) on the right, 27.15 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD = 14.33) on the left. The average cross-sectional area of the EAC in men was higher than in women. Subjects with larger body size had larger cross-sectional areas. Subjects with higher body mass index tended to have smaller cross-sections. Although the average EAC had an oval shape, a three-dimensional comparison of different EACs revealed strong individual variation in morphology.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study enhances the understanding of otolaryngologists and anatomists regarding the complex morphology and variability of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0940960224001110/pdfft?md5=487ab6ce7cdec3e414fe6bd64ac22015&pid=1-s2.0-S0940960224001110-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}