Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger最新文献_第2页

Revisiting the anatomy of the pectoral nerves and nerve loops of the brachial plexus in the goat (Capra hircus) 重新审视山羊（Capra hircus）胸神经和臂丛神经环路的解剖结构。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152340

Younes Kamali

Background

The anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the two nerve loops on the course of the axillary artery was revisited to complement current general descriptions as well as to argue whether the nerves contributing to the formation of the pectoral loop are the cranial pectoral nerves. Besides, the positional relationship between the scalene muscles and the nerve roots of the brachial plexus, which contribute to the nerves aimed in this study, was also examined at the same time as the dissection.

Methods

Twenty brachial plexuses of 10 domestic adult goats (8 females and 2 males) were examined using gross dissection in this study.

Results

In many dissections (95 %), the last bundle of scalenus ventralis muscle was found to pass between the roots of C7 and C8, dividing the brachial plexus into the cranial (ventral) and caudal (dorsal) parts. Two pectoral nerves were noted to contribute to the formation of the first nerve loop around the axillary artery. The first pectoral nerve arose predominantly from the ventral branches of C6 and C7 in company with the n. musculocutaneus, while the second pectoral nerve arose directly from C8 in 70 % of the dissections or as the first branch of the n. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1) in the remaining 30 %. After the nerve loop, the second pectoral nerve branched off to innervate the superficial surface of the m. pectoralis profundus toward its insertion. The m. subclavius was found to receive its innervation from several sources, including the ventral branches of the brachial plexus. Interestingly, in 4 of the 14 dissections a communication between the n. subclavius and the n. phrenicus heretofore not found in the animal anatomy literature was found. In 16 of the 20 dissections (60 %), the ramus muscularis proximalis of the n. musculocutaneus received the communicating branch(s) from the n. medianus at the site of the second nerve loop, ansa axillaris.

Conclusion

The second pectoral nerve contributing to the pectoral loop would be better described as the caudal pectoral nerve rather than the cranial pectoral nerve. Besides the evolutionary perspectives, understanding the findings of this study would be helpful for teaching veterinary anatomy.

背景：我们重新研究了胸神经和腋动脉上两个神经环路的解剖结构，以补充目前的一般描述，并论证有助于形成胸神经环路的神经是否为头颅胸神经。此外，在解剖的同时，还研究了头皮肌与臂丛神经根之间的位置关系，这也是本研究的目标神经：方法：本研究使用大体解剖法对 10 只家养成年山羊（8 只雌性和 2 只雄性）的 20 条臂丛神经进行了检查：结果：在许多解剖中（95%），发现鳞状腹肌的最后一束穿过 C7 和 C8 的根部之间，将臂丛分为头侧（腹侧）和尾侧（背侧）两部分。在腋动脉周围形成的第一个神经环中有两条胸神经。在70%的解剖中，第一条胸神经主要来自C6和C7的腹侧分支，与胸大肌（n. musculocutaneus）伴生；而在其余30%的解剖中，第二条胸神经直接来自C8，或作为胸侧神经（n. thoracicus lateralis，C8，T1）的第一分支。在神经环路之后，第二胸神经分支支配胸大肌浅表，向其插入处延伸。研究发现，锁骨下神经的神经支配来自多个来源，包括臂丛神经的腹侧分支。有趣的是，在 14 例解剖中的 4 例中，发现了迄今为止在动物解剖学文献中尚未发现的锁骨下肌和膈肌之间的沟通。在 20 例解剖中的 16 例（60%）中，正中肌近侧的横纹肌在第二神经环路腋窝的位置接受了来自正中肌的沟通分支：结论：有助于形成胸肌环的第二胸神经最好称为尾胸神经，而不是颅胸神经。除了从进化角度看问题外，了解这项研究的结果对兽医解剖学教学也有帮助。

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引用次数: 0

Τhe styloid process length and the stylohyoid chain ossification affect its relationship with the carotid arteries Τ styloid process 长度和 stylohyoid chain 骨化程度影响其与颈动脉的关系

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152342

George Triantafyllou , George Botis , Katerina Vassiou , Marianna Vlychou , George Tsakotos , Theodosis Kalamatianos , George Matsopoulos , Maria Piagkou

Purpose

The elongated styloid process (SP) is associated with internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection, due to its close relationship with the vessel. However, the relationship with the variable ossified stylohyoid chain (SHC) has been scarcely studied. The current study investigated the relationship between the temporal bone's SP and the external and internal carotid arteries (ECA and ICA). The hypothesis was that the morphological variants of the SP influence this relationship.

Methods

Sixty multidetector computed tomography angiographies (120 heminecks) were randomly selected and retrospectively analyzed. SP elongation and the degree of SHC ossification were assessed. The distances (mm) between the SP and the carotid arteries (CAs) were measured.

Results

Elongated SPs were present in 21 patients (35 %), while 18 patients (30 %) exhibited variable degrees of SHC ossification. The mean distance from the SP tip and ECA was 5.45 ± 3.01 mm from the ECA and 6.16 ± 3.11 mm to the ICA. The minimum distance between SP and ECA was 3.96 ± 2.74 mm, and between SP and ICA was 4.72 ± 2.73 mm. A statistically significant reduction in SP-ICA distance was observed in cases with elongated SP and SHC ossification, while the SP-ECA distance was statistically significantly shorter in cases of SP elongation. Additionally, three novel topographical patterns between the SP and surrounding vascular structures were identified.

Conclusions

SP elongation and variable SHC ossification may impact the spatial relationship between the SP and the ICA/ECA. The proximity of the SP to the carotid arteries, particularly the ICA, holds clinical significance, as a reduced distance may predispose patients to carotid artery dissection, increasing the risk of stroke.

目的由于伸长的花柱（SP）与颈内动脉（ICA）关系密切，因此与颈内动脉夹层有关。然而，有关其与可变骨化的蝶骨链（SHC）之间关系的研究却很少。本研究调查了颞骨 SP 与颈内外动脉（ECA 和 ICA）之间的关系。方法随机选择并回顾性分析了六十例多载体计算机断层扫描血管造影（120 例半月板）。评估了 SP 的伸长和 SHC 的骨化程度。结果21名患者（35%）的SP延长，18名患者（30%）的SHC骨化程度不一。SP顶端与ECA的平均距离为5.45 ± 3.01 mm，与ICA的平均距离为6.16 ± 3.11 mm。SP 与 ECA 之间的最小距离为 3.96 ± 2.74 mm，SP 与 ICA 之间的最小距离为 4.72 ± 2.73 mm。据统计，在SP和SHC骨化伸长的病例中，SP-ICA间距明显缩短，而在SP伸长的病例中，SP-ECA间距明显缩短。此外，还发现了 SP 与周围血管结构之间的三种新的地形模式。SP与颈动脉（尤其是ICA）的距离具有临床意义，因为距离缩短可能使患者容易发生颈动脉夹层，从而增加中风的风险。

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引用次数: 0

B-learning in human anatomy: Comparative analysis of academic achievement between face-to-face and e-learning modalities B-learning in human anatomy：面授和电子学习模式的学业成绩比较分析。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152339

Josep Nebot-Cegarra , Carlos Nebot-Bergua , Jordi Gascón-Bayarri , Enric Macarulla-Sanz , Sílvia Ricart

Introduction

In recent years, modern technologies have become established in most educational fields. Thus, e-learning tends to be an integral part of the learner-centered learning process, with the teacher acting as a facilitator. However, the methodologies used to study the impact of e-learning have been varied and imprecise, making comparison and meta-analysis difficult. This study attempts to overcome these obstacles with a large and homogeneous sample to compare (1) the academic outcomes obtained with face-to-face and e-learning in a blended module of human anatomy and (2) the response attempts (response index) of each student in answering questions specific to each learning modality.

Material and methods

The results of the multiple-choice exams under study were collected. All students (n=1160) were from four consecutive academic years following the same teaching program with a b-learning method: 13 topics were presented face to face by the same lecturers, and six via e-learning with the same online resources. Two variables were compared: (1) the academic grade, based on the score for correct answers and the penalty for incorrect ones, and (2) the response index, based on the number of correct and incorrect answers.

Results

(1) 73.45 % of the examinees passed the test. In the sample as a whole, results were better in face-to-face than in e-learning. In the quartiles ordered by overall academic performance, this superiority was limited to the top half of the higher-performing students. In contrast, lower-scoring students performed better in e-learning. However, these differences were modest (≤ 0.54 points). (2) In proportion, the questions on topics learned face-to-face were the most frequently answered. A strong correlation was observed between the variables in the whole sample and the students with the highest academic scores (first quartile) on the global exam and the questions on topics learned in each modality. In the remaining quartiles, the correlation was also strong in the e-learning content.

Conclusions

(1) Both modalities included in b-learning are academically effective. (2) Proportionally, students take more risks when answering content questions learned in face-to-face classes, and there is a strong correlation between response attempts and academic grades, especially, on the brightest exams and e-learning content.

引言近年来，现代技术已在大多数教育领域得到应用。因此，电子学习往往成为以学习者为中心的学习过程中不可或缺的一部分，而教师则扮演着促进者的角色。然而，用于研究电子学习影响的方法多种多样，而且不精确，因此很难进行比较和元分析。本研究试图克服这些障碍，采用大量同质样本，比较(1)在人体解剖学混合模块中通过面授和电子学习获得的学术成果，以及(2)每个学生在回答每种学习方式的特定问题时的反应尝试（反应指数）：收集所研究的选择题考试成绩。所有学生（n=1160）均来自连续四个学年的同一教学计划，并采用 b-learning 方法：13个题目由相同的讲师面授，6个题目通过相同的在线资源进行在线学习。比较了两个变量：(1) 基于正确答案得分和错误答案惩罚的学业成绩；(2) 基于正确和错误答案数量的反应指数。在整个样本中，面授学习的成绩好于网络学习。在按总学业成绩排序的四分位数中，这种优势仅限于成绩较好学生的前半部分。相比之下，分数较低的学生在网络学习中的表现更好。不过，这些差异不大（≤ 0.54 分）。(2) 在比例上，面对面学习的题目是最常回答的。在整个样本中观察到的变量，以及在全球考试中学习成绩最高（第一四分位数）的学生与每种模式下所学题目之间存在很强的相关性。在其余四分位数中，电子学习内容的相关性也很强。结论：(1) b-learning 中的两种模式在学术上都很有效。(2) 从比例上看，学生在回答面授课程所学内容的问题时会冒更大的风险，而且回答尝试次数与学习成绩之间有很强的相关性，尤其是在最亮眼的考试和电子学习内容上。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling proteomic targets in the hypothalamus of ovariectomized and estradiol-treated rats: Insights into menopausal syndrome mechanisms 揭示卵巢切除大鼠和雌二醇处理大鼠下丘脑中的蛋白质组靶点：洞察更年期综合征机制

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152341

Yanrong Sun , Wenjuan Wang , Yao Li , Hanfei Wang , Lining Liang , Xiangqiu Wang , Ke Wang , Wenpei Bai , Liju Luan , Lihua Qin

Background

Menopausal syndrome profoundly affects the physical and mental health of many women, drawing increasing attention from the medical community. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. These symptoms are primarily driven by hormonal fluctuation. The hypothalamus, a key regulator of hormonal balance, potentially playing a critical role in the manifestation of menopausal syndrome.

Methods

We simulated the low-estrogen menopausal state using ovariectomized rats, confirmed the success of ovariectomy via histological analysis of the uterus and vagina, followed by estrogen treatment. TMT-labeled quantitative proteomics, RTqPCR, targeted proteomics and Western blotting were used to identify differentially expressed proteins and their functions in the hypothalamus under low-estrogen conditions.

Results

One-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) identified 295 differentially expressed proteins across the sham, ovariectomized and estrogen-treated groups. Post-ovariectomy, 103 differentially expressed proteins were upregulated and 93 were downregulated. Among these, 50 proteins were involved in hormones and neurotransmitters, immunity, metabolism and cardiovascular function. Notably, four proteins—Prkcg, Hsp90ab1, Ywhae, and Gad2—were identified as crucial regulators.

Conclusions

This study elucidates the central molecular mechanism of menopausal syndrome through bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the hypothalamus under low-estrogen conditions, providing novel targets for the treatment of related symptoms.

背景更年期综合征严重影响着许多女性的身心健康，日益引起医学界的关注。然而，其发病机制仍不清楚。这些症状主要是由荷尔蒙波动引起的。方法我们用卵巢切除的大鼠模拟低雌激素绝经状态，通过子宫和阴道的组织学分析确认卵巢切除成功，然后进行雌激素治疗。结果单因素方差分析（p <0.05）确定了假体组、卵巢切除组和雌激素处理组中有295种不同表达的蛋白质。卵巢切除术后，103 个差异表达蛋白上调，93 个下调。其中，50 个蛋白质涉及激素和神经递质、免疫、新陈代谢和心血管功能。结论本研究通过对低雌激素条件下下丘脑差异表达蛋白的生物信息学分析，阐明了更年期综合征的核心分子机制，为相关症状的治疗提供了新的靶点。

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引用次数: 0

Stereological study of cerebellar morphology in feline fetuses: Insights from the final gestational stage 猫科胎儿小脑形态的立体学研究：妊娠末期的启示

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152338

Vinícius Pedro Silva de Oliveira , Tais Harumi de Castro Sasahara , Gabriela Salim de Castro , Lara Carolina Mario , Bruno Cesar Schimming , José Roberto Kfoury Júnior , Silvio Pires Gomes

This study aimed to conduct a morphoquantitative and stereological evaluation, analyzing the cerebellum of domestic cat fetuses in the latter third of the gestational period. Fetal samples were obtained from a neutering campaign conducted in the municipality of Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil. The procedures and protocols used in this work adhere to the guidelines established by the ethics committee of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at the University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), under the number CEUA 1935251121. The five selected fetuses were fixed in 4 % formaldehyde, and their gestational age was determined by Crown Rump (CR) measurements, followed by an assessment of external characteristics. The cerebella were subjected to the evaluation of morphometric parameters and histological processing using stereology techniques. The obtained means for the cerebellar parameters were as follows: length: 1.0-centimeter, width: 0.54 centimeters, thickness: 0.44 centimeters, and weight: 0.84 g. Using stereology, the following parameters were determined: cerebellar volume, averaging 0.847 cm³; volume density of the cortex: 0.496 or 49 % (molecular layer), 0.0314 or 3.14 % (Purkinje cell layer), 0.232 or 23 % (granular layer), and 0.234 or 23 % (medullary white center). Consequently, the average total volume of the cerebellar cortex is 0.419 cm³ for the molecular layer, 0.026 cm³ for the Purkinje cell layer, 0.196 cm³ for the granular layer, and 0.196 cm³ for the medullary white center. The findings presented here have contributed to an in-depth discussion of the neuro-motor development and cerebellum of domestic cats.

本研究旨在对妊娠期后三分之一的家猫胎儿的小脑进行形态定量和立体学评估分析。胎儿样本来自巴西圣保罗瓜鲁柳斯市的一次绝育手术。这项工作中使用的程序和方案符合圣保罗大学兽医和动物科学学院（FMVZ/USP）伦理委员会制定的指导方针，编号为 CEUA 1935251121。所选的五个胎儿被固定在4%的甲醛中，通过测量冠臀围（CR）确定胎龄，然后评估外部特征。对小脑进行形态计量参数评估，并利用立体学技术进行组织学处理。小脑参数的平均值如下：长：1.0 厘米，宽：0.54 厘米，厚：0.44 厘米，重：0.84 克。使用立体学方法确定了以下参数：小脑体积，平均为 0.847 立方厘米；皮层体积密度：0.496 或 49%（分子层），0.0314 或 3.14%（浦肯野细胞层），0.232 或 23%（颗粒层），以及 0.234 或 23%（髓质白中心）。因此，小脑皮质的平均总体积为：分子层 0.419 立方厘米，浦肯野细胞层 0.026 立方厘米，颗粒层 0.196 立方厘米，髓白中心 0.196 立方厘米。本文的研究结果有助于深入探讨家猫的神经运动发育和小脑。

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引用次数: 0

The content of the transverse foramen of the seventh cervical vertebra 第七颈椎横向孔的内容。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152337

Thomas Kagel, Martin Scaal, Margarethe Draga

In human anatomy, the vertebral artery, in its passage from the subclavian artery to the foramen magnum of the skull, enters the transverse foramina of the vertebral column generally at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra. Nevertheless, even though avoided by the vertebral artery, also the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) contains a transverse foramen. The content of this transverse foramen in C7 has been unclear, with different descriptions found in textbooks and in original literature. Here, we have revisited the content of the transverse foramen in C7 by macroscopic dissection of 32 human specimens. We found that the 7th transverse foramen never contained the vertebral artery. Instead, it enclosed in 35 % of the cases both vertebral vein and vertebral nerve, in 20 % of the cases only the vertebral nerve, in 11 % of the cases only the vertebral vein, and in 34 % of the cases it contained no macroscopically visible neurovascular structure at all but only adipose connective tissue.

在人体解剖学中，椎动脉从锁骨下动脉进入颅骨大孔时，一般在第 6 颈椎水平进入椎体横孔。不过，尽管被椎动脉避开，第 7 颈椎（C7）也包含一个横向孔。关于 C7 椎横向孔的内容一直不明确，教科书和原始文献中也有不同的描述。在此，我们通过对 32 个人体标本进行宏观解剖，重新审视了 C7 中横孔的内容。我们发现第七横孔从未包含椎动脉。相反，在 35% 的病例中，它同时包含椎静脉和椎神经；在 20% 的病例中，它只包含椎神经；在 11% 的病例中，它只包含椎静脉；在 34% 的病例中，它根本不包含宏观可见的神经血管结构，而只包含脂肪结缔组织。

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引用次数: 0

Volumetric changes in free gingival graft and gingival unit graft treatments evaluated using an indirect digital method 使用间接数字方法评估游离龈移植和龈单位移植治疗的体积变化。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152329

Eda Çeti̇n Özdemi̇r , Esra Bozkurt , Taha Yaşar Manav

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical one-dimensional changes such as root surface coverage, decrease seen in the amount of gingival recession and keratinised gingival width (KGW) obtained throughout a 6-month follow-up period following the treatment of Cairo class II gingival recession with free gingival graft (FGG) and gingival unit graft (GUG). Three-dimensional changes in gingival volume and thickness were also compared digitally using an indirect method.

Methods

A total of 20 patients with localised Cairo class II gingival recession were randomly separated into two groups; 10 patients were treated with FGG and 10 patients treated with GUG. Preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively, the initial position of the gingiva and KGW were recorded for all the patients and plaster models were formed from the obtained impressions with the traditional method. The plaster models were transferred to a digital environment by scanning with a model scanner. Using a software program, changes in gingival papillary height and gingival volume and thickness were compared between the groups and according to the baseline values from The Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files obtained.

Results

Compared to the baseline values, a significant increase was determined in the KGW, and a significant decrease in pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and gingiva recession depth in all the groups (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the changes in mean gingiva thickness, gingiva volume, and mean vertical papillary height (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The study results showed that GUG treatment for Cairo class II localised gingival recession is an effective method in respect of increasing gingiva volume and thickness, increasing KGW, coverage of the root surface, and forming tissue contours that allow the patient to easily maintain oral hygiene. However, there was not seen to be any adventage of GUG and FGG over each other.

背景：本研究旨在评估使用游离龈移植（FGG）和龈单位移植（GUG）治疗开罗II度牙龈退缩后6个月随访期间的临床一维变化，如牙根表面覆盖率、牙龈退缩量减少和角化龈宽度（KGW）。此外，还采用间接方法对牙龈体积和厚度的三维变化进行了数字化比较：将 20 名局部开罗 II 级牙龈退缩患者随机分为两组：10 名患者接受 FGG 治疗，10 名患者接受 GUG 治疗。术前和术后 6 个月，记录所有患者的牙龈和 KGW 的初始位置，并根据获得的印模用传统方法制作石膏模型。石膏模型通过模型扫描仪扫描后转移到数字化环境中。使用软件程序，根据标准网格语言（STL）文件获得的基线值，比较各组间牙龈乳头高度、牙龈体积和厚度的变化：与基线值相比，各组的KGW均显著增加，而袋深度、临床附着水平和牙龈退缩深度均显著减少（P0.05）：研究结果表明，GUG 治疗开罗 II 类局部牙龈退缩是一种有效的方法，可以增加牙龈体积和厚度、增加 KGW、覆盖牙根表面并形成组织轮廓，使患者能够轻松保持口腔卫生。然而，GUG 和 FGG 之间并不存在任何优势。

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引用次数: 0

The posterior-inferior recess of the sinus tympani, an anatomical novelty 鼓窦后下凹，解剖学上的新发现。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152336

Mugurel Constantin Rusu , Marius Ioan Rusu , Alexandra Diana Vrapciu

Background

The anatomy of the retrotympanum is highly variable, and surgical access is challenging. In the medial retrotympanum, a descending series of recesses are found: the posterior tympanic sinus, the sinus tympani (ST), and the subtympanic sinus (STS). Most of the previous anatomical studies of the ST evaluated it as a single depression of variable width and depth, without recesses, just on axial sections.

Method

The ST was evaluated bilaterally in all the anatomical planes on a lot of 100 cases. Two sagittal anatomical types of the ST were defined and counted: type 0 (saccular ST), with absent postero-inferior recess (PIR) of the ST, and type 1, ST with PIR (bowl-shaped ST).

Results

In 200 sides, 144 type 0 ST (72 %) and 56 types 1 (PIRs) of the ST were found (28 %). On the right/left sides the type 0 ST was found in 74 %/70 % and the type 1, with PIR, in 26 %/30 %. There were no significant correlations between sex and the ST types on both sides. In the general lot, bilaterally symmetrical types 0 were found in 68 %, bilaterally symmetrical types 1 in 24 %, and the bilaterally asymmetrical combination 0+1 in just 8 %.

Conclusions

The PIR of the ST is not a scarce anatomical variation in the retrotympanum. It is hidden deep to the ST and difficult to access through the middle ear. It also could retain residual cholesteatoma. A retrofacial approach could access the PIR of the ST if no other anatomical limitations occur.

背景：鼓膜后的解剖结构千变万化，手术入路极具挑战性。在鼓室后内侧，有一系列依次下降的凹陷：鼓室后窦、鼓室窦（ST）和鼓室下窦（STS）。以往对 ST 的解剖研究大多将其评价为宽度和深度不一的单一凹陷，没有凹陷，仅在轴切面上进行评价：方法：对 100 个病例的所有解剖平面进行双侧 ST 评估。对 ST 的两种矢状解剖类型进行了定义和统计：0 型（囊状 ST），ST 后下方凹陷（PIR）缺失；1 型，ST 后下方凹陷（碗状 ST）：在 200 个侧位中，发现了 144 个 0 型 ST（72%）和 56 个 1 型 ST（PIR）（28%）。在左右两侧，74%/70%的人发现了 0 型 ST，26%/30%的人发现了带有 PIR 的 1 型 ST。性别与两侧的 ST 类型之间没有明显的相关性。在普通人群中，双侧对称的 0 型占 68%，双侧对称的 1 型占 24%，而双侧不对称的 0+1 组合仅占 8%：结论：ST 的 PIR 并不是耳后罕见的解剖变异。它隐藏在 ST 的深处，很难通过中耳进入。它还可能残留胆脂瘤。如果没有其他解剖学限制，面后入路可以进入 ST 的 PIR。

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引用次数: 0

Illustrated cross-sectional computed tomography of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs 印度-太平洋江豚腹盆腔器官横断面计算机断层扫描图。

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317

Brian Chin Wing Kot , Jessie Wei Yeng Yeong , Aurora Shuk Yee Kwan , Gabrielle Yick Hey Ho , Heysen Hei Nam Ho , Henry Chun Lok Tsui , Tabris Yik To Chung , Tommaso Gerussi

Background

Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality which can be used to study the anatomy and morphology of live or deceased animals in-situ. In cetaceans, existing CT anatomy studies mostly focused on the head and thoracic regions. Using postmortem CT (PMCT) scans of Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), this study describes the cross-sectional imaging anatomy of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs for the first time.

Methods

PMCT scans of finless porpoises stranded in Hong Kong waters were reviewed, of which two freshly dead cases, one male and one female, were selected for illustration. In addition, a contrast-enhanced PMCT scan was performed on the female subject as a trial for a PMCT-angiography study (PMCTA) in cetaceans. A total of 18 axial PMCT images were acquired at selected vertebral levels in the abdomen and supplemented with a series of corresponding labeled anatomical diagrams.

Results

By applying different image rendering techniques, most osseous and soft tissue structures in the finless porpoise abdomen were successfully depicted and annotated on PMCT, including the male and female reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The application of contrast medium in PMCT created artificial radiodensity differences which improved the ability to visualize and differentiate soft organs and vasculature. The merits and limitations of CT compared to other imaging modalities, as well as the future directions of PMCT in stranding investigation, were discussed.

Conclusions

The findings from this study significantly enhance the applications of CT in cetaceans by assisting researchers and veterinarians in the interpretation of cetacean abdomino-pelvic CT for morphological and pathological assessment during clinical or postmortem examination.

背景：计算机断层扫描（CT）是一种无创诊断成像模式，可用于现场研究活体或死亡动物的解剖和形态。对于鲸目动物，现有的 CT 解剖研究大多集中在头部和胸部区域。本研究利用印度-太平洋江豚（Neophocaena phocaenoides）的死后 CT（PMCT）扫描，首次描述了鲸类动物腹盆腔器官的横截面成像解剖：方法：研究人员回顾了在香港水域搁浅的江豚的 PMCT 扫描图像，并选取了其中一雄一雌两只新近死亡的江豚进行说明。此外，还对雌性江豚进行了对比增强 PMCT 扫描，作为鲸类 PMCT 血管造影研究（PMCTA）的试验。在腹部选定的椎骨水平共采集了 18 幅轴向 PMCT 图像，并辅以一系列相应的标注解剖图：结果：通过应用不同的图像渲染技术，江豚腹部的大部分骨和软组织结构都成功地在 PMCT 上得到了描述和标注，包括骨盆区域的雌雄生殖器官。在 PMCT 中应用造影剂会造成人为的放射密度差异，从而提高观察和区分软器官和血管的能力。讨论了 CT 与其他成像模式相比的优点和局限性，以及 PMCT 在搁浅调查中的未来发展方向：本研究的结果大大提高了 CT 在鲸类动物中的应用，有助于研究人员和兽医在临床或尸体解剖中对鲸类动物腹盆腔 CT 进行形态和病理评估。

{"title":"Illustrated cross-sectional computed tomography of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs","authors":"Brian Chin Wing Kot , Jessie Wei Yeng Yeong , Aurora Shuk Yee Kwan , Gabrielle Yick Hey Ho , Heysen Hei Nam Ho , Henry Chun Lok Tsui , Tabris Yik To Chung , Tommaso Gerussi","doi":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging modality which can be used to study the anatomy and morphology of live or deceased animals <em>in-situ</em>. In cetaceans, existing CT anatomy studies mostly focused on the head and thoracic regions. Using postmortem CT (PMCT) scans of Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (<em>Neophocaena phocaenoides</em>), this study describes the cross-sectional imaging anatomy of the cetacean abdomino-pelvic organs for the first time.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>PMCT scans of finless porpoises stranded in Hong Kong waters were reviewed, of which two freshly dead cases, one male and one female, were selected for illustration. In addition, a contrast-enhanced PMCT scan was performed on the female subject as a trial for a PMCT-angiography study (PMCTA) in cetaceans. A total of 18 axial PMCT images were acquired at selected vertebral levels in the abdomen and supplemented with a series of corresponding labeled anatomical diagrams.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>By applying different image rendering techniques, most osseous and soft tissue structures in the finless porpoise abdomen were successfully depicted and annotated on PMCT, including the male and female reproductive organs in the pelvic region. The application of contrast medium in PMCT created artificial radiodensity differences which improved the ability to visualize and differentiate soft organs and vasculature. The merits and limitations of CT compared to other imaging modalities, as well as the future directions of PMCT in stranding investigation, were discussed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings from this study significantly enhance the applications of CT in cetaceans by assisting researchers and veterinarians in the interpretation of cetacean abdomino-pelvic CT for morphological and pathological assessment during clinical or postmortem examination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50974,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 152317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142057555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fibroblast growth factor 8 promotes in vitro neurite outgrowth of placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia to varying degrees 成纤维细胞生长因子 8 在不同程度上促进胎座源性瓣神经节和结节神经节的体外神经元生长

IF 2 3区医学 Q2 ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152323

Peng Zhou , Longfei Cheng , Hengxun Tao , Maik Hintze , Yajun Wang , Qin Pu , Xufeng Qi , Dongqing Cai , Stefanie Kuerten , Jianlin Wang , Ruijin Huang

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are required for the specification and formation of the epibranchial placodes, which give rise to the distal part of the cranial sensory ganglia. However, it remains unclear whether FGFs play a role in regulating the neurite outgrowth of the epibranchial placode-derived ganglia during further development. Previous studies have shown that Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) promotes neurite outgrowth from the statoacoustic ganglion in vitro. However, these studies did not distinguish between the neural crest- and placode-derived components of the sensory ganglia. In this study, we focused on the petrosal and nodose ganglia as representatives of the epibranchial ganglia and investigated their axonal outgrowth under the influence of FGF8 signaling protein in vitro. To precisely isolate the placode-derived ganglion part, we labeled the placode and its derivatives with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) through electroporation. The isolated ganglia were then collected for qRT-PCR assay and cultured in a collagen gel with and without FGF8 protein. Our findings revealed that both placode-derived petrosal and nodose ganglia expressed FGFR1 and FGFR2. In culture, FGF8 exerted a neural trophic effect on the axon outgrowth of both ganglia. While the expression levels of FGFR1/2 were similar between the two ganglia, the petrosal ganglion exhibited greater sensitivity to FGF8 compared to the nodose ganglion. This indicates that the placode-derived ganglia have differential responsiveness to FGF8 signaling during axonal extension. Thus, FGF8 is not only required for the early development of the epibranchial placode, as shown in previous studies, but also promotes neurite outgrowth of placode-derived ganglia.

成纤维细胞生长因子（FGFs）是上颅胎座的规格化和形成所必需的，上颅胎座产生了颅感觉神经节的远端部分。然而，FGFs 是否在上颅底神经节的进一步发育过程中起到调节神经元生长的作用仍不清楚。之前的研究表明，成纤维细胞生长因子8（FGF8）可促进体外听神经节神经元的生长。然而，这些研究并未区分感觉神经节的神经嵴和胎座源性成分。在本研究中，我们重点研究了作为外支神经节代表的瓣神经节和结节神经节，并在体外研究了它们在FGF8信号蛋白影响下的轴突生长情况。为了精确分离胎座神经节，我们通过电穿孔用增强型绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）标记了胎座及其衍生物。然后收集分离出的神经节进行qRT-PCR检测，并在含有或不含FGF8蛋白的胶原凝胶中进行培养。我们的研究结果表明，胎座衍生的瓣神经节和结节神经节都表达了FGFR1和FGFR2。在培养过程中，FGF8对这两个神经节的轴突生长具有神经营养作用。虽然两个神经节的FGFR1/2表达水平相似，但与结节神经节相比，瓣神经节对FGF8表现出更高的敏感性。这表明，在轴突延伸过程中，胎座源性神经节对 FGF8 信号的敏感性有所不同。因此，FGF8不仅是上鳃胎座早期发育所必需的，而且还能促进胎座衍生神经节的神经元生长。

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引用次数: 0