Since 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been circulating globally, not only in domestic poultry but also in wild birds, both migratory and resident species. In March to May 2022, March to April 2023, and January to April 2024, crow die-offs were reported in an urban garden in Hokkaido, Japan, raising suspicions of HPAIV infection. Since August 2022, all dead carcasses were investigated for HPAIV detection and isolation. Phylogenetic analysis of the H5 hemagglutinin gene revealed that all detected HPAIVs belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, a dominant lineage in Hokkaido since early 2022. Two distinct subgroups were identified: G2d (in 2022–2024) and G2a (in 2024). A maximum clade credibility tree, based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the isolates, suggested that multiple distinct types of HPAIVs were introduced into the garden in rotation during the winters of 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. Infectious HPAIVs were isolated not only from the lungs and brains but also from the rectal contents of the dead crows, with no apparent difference in viral titers between the two subgroups. The case reproduction numbers of HPAIV infection in the crow flock ranged from 0.52 and 1.57 in the spring of 2022 and from 0.55 to 1.78 in the spring of 2023, suggesting that the contiguous HPAIV infections in the crows were due to multiple introductions into the flock. Crow can play a key role of potential spread to other animals, poultry and wildlife in urban areas or humans in rural areas.
{"title":"Dynamics of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus infection with multiple introductions in a crow flock in an urban park in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"Norikazu Isoda , Takahiro Hiono , Yik Lim Hew , Fumihito Takaya , Bao Linh Nguyen , Daiki Kobayashi , Kaien Fujino , Yoshihiro Sakoda","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2021, high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been circulating globally, not only in domestic poultry but also in wild birds, both migratory and resident species. In March to May 2022, March to April 2023, and January to April 2024, crow die-offs were reported in an urban garden in Hokkaido, Japan, raising suspicions of HPAIV infection. Since August 2022, all dead carcasses were investigated for HPAIV detection and isolation. Phylogenetic analysis of the H5 hemagglutinin gene revealed that all detected HPAIVs belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, a dominant lineage in Hokkaido since early 2022. Two distinct subgroups were identified: G2d (in 2022–2024) and G2a (in 2024). A maximum clade credibility tree, based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the isolates, suggested that multiple distinct types of HPAIVs were introduced into the garden in rotation during the winters of 2022–2023 and 2023–2024. Infectious HPAIVs were isolated not only from the lungs and brains but also from the rectal contents of the dead crows, with no apparent difference in viral titers between the two subgroups. The case reproduction numbers of HPAIV infection in the crow flock ranged from 0.52 and 1.57 in the spring of 2022 and from 0.55 to 1.78 in the spring of 2023, suggesting that the contiguous HPAIV infections in the crows were due to multiple introductions into the flock. Crow can play a key role of potential spread to other animals, poultry and wildlife in urban areas or humans in rural areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 102367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102343
Alisher Safarov , Djalaliddin Azimov , Nozima Mukhitdinova , Haqqul Abdukholikov , Firuza Akramova , Abdurakhim Kuchboev , Adolat Mirzaeva , Hanène Belkahia , Mourad Ben Said
Toxascaris leonina is a significant parasitic agent, affecting domestic carnivores, with implications for public health. This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and phylogenetic relationships of T. leonina in stray dogs and cats in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, while also examining co-infection rates with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tashkent Region of Uzbekistan, focusing on stray dogs and cats. From February 2023 to September 2024, 180 dog and 84 cat necropsies were collected for analysis. Parasitological examinations were performed to identify T. leonina, T. canis, and T. cati. Epidemiological data, including species, sex, age group, and collection location, were recorded. Molecular analysis was conducted on selected T. leonina specimens to assess genetic variations, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. The study revealed a high prevalence of T. leonina in stray dogs (95 %) and cats (63.1 %), with significantly different co-infection patterns identified: 78.89 % of dogs were co-infected with T. canis, while 28.57 % of cats had co-infections with T. cati. Notably, in dogs, the infection rate of T. leonina among different age groups was statistically significant. Genetic analysis revealed 100 % nucleotide identity among local T. leonina isolates. The phylogenetic analysis indicated four distinct clusters within the T. leonina group, with our isolates exclusively forming a cluster, which is genetically close to an isolate infecting a dog from Australia. The findings highlight the urgent need for monitoring and control strategies for T. leonina and its co-infections in stray carnivores in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Understanding the genetic diversity and risk factors associated with these infections will aid in developing effective public health interventions and inform future research in the region.
{"title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and phylogeny of Toxascaris leonina in stray dogs and cats in Tashkent region, Uzbekistan, with a note on co-infection with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati","authors":"Alisher Safarov , Djalaliddin Azimov , Nozima Mukhitdinova , Haqqul Abdukholikov , Firuza Akramova , Abdurakhim Kuchboev , Adolat Mirzaeva , Hanène Belkahia , Mourad Ben Said","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxascaris leonina</em> is a significant parasitic agent, affecting domestic carnivores, with implications for public health. This study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and phylogenetic relationships of <em>T. leonina</em> in stray dogs and cats in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, while also examining co-infection rates with <em>Toxocara canis</em> and <em>Toxocara cati</em>. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tashkent Region of Uzbekistan, focusing on stray dogs and cats. From February 2023 to September 2024, 180 dog and 84 cat necropsies were collected for analysis. Parasitological examinations were performed to identify <em>T. leonina</em>, <em>T. canis</em>, and <em>T. cati</em>. Epidemiological data, including species, sex, age group, and collection location, were recorded. Molecular analysis was conducted on selected <em>T. leonina</em> specimens to assess genetic variations, and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. The study revealed a high prevalence of <em>T. leonina</em> in stray dogs (95 %) and cats (63.1 %), with significantly different co-infection patterns identified: 78.89 % of dogs were co-infected with <em>T. canis</em>, while 28.57 % of cats had co-infections with <em>T. cati</em>. Notably, in dogs, the infection rate of <em>T. leonina</em> among different age groups was statistically significant. Genetic analysis revealed 100 % nucleotide identity among local <em>T. leonina</em> isolates. The phylogenetic analysis indicated four distinct clusters within the <em>T. leonina</em> group, with our isolates exclusively forming a cluster, which is genetically close to an isolate infecting a dog from Australia. The findings highlight the urgent need for monitoring and control strategies for <em>T. leonina</em> and its co-infections in stray carnivores in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Understanding the genetic diversity and risk factors associated with these infections will aid in developing effective public health interventions and inform future research in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-25DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102342
Manel Merradi , Fatma Zohra Chebaani , Nouzha Heleili , Maria V. Alvanou , Ioannis A. Giantsis
The third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacterales strains have been detected worldwide in humans and animals. Hence, in this study, we evaluated the prevalence and genetic characteristics of 3GC-resistant Enterobacterales in animals and their environment from Algeria, a country that combines traditional farming techniques with current efforts of veterinary development. Rectal samples were collected from 126 healthy livestock, poultry, pets and environment surfaces between 2022 and 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Kirby-Bauer method and genes associated with resistance in 3GC-resistant isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed using the red Congo agar and tube methods with molecular study of biofilm genes. We obtained 49 non-duplicated 3GC-resistant Enterobacterales. Different species was isolated and the predominant ones were Escherichia coli 32,65 % (16/49) and Entrobacter cloacae 26,53 % (13/49). ESBL phenotype was detected in 46 strains. ESBL genes were blaTEM, blaOXA, blaCTX-Mg2, blaSHV and blaCTX-Mg1. The combination of blaTEM and blaOXA was present in 25 isolates, blaOXA in 15 isolates, both blaTEM and the combination of blaTEM+blaOXA+blaCTX-Mg1 in 2 isolates, blaTEM+blaOXA+blaCTX-Mg2 and blaOXA+blaSHV+ blaCTX-Mg1 were detected in one isolate. Two colistin resistant strains harbored mcr-1 gene and co-expressing blaTEM+blaOXA ESBL were isolated. Biofilm production was 18,37 % according to Red Congo agar method and 20,41 % in tube method. Biofilm genes csgA and bssb were detected in 20 isolates. Our study findings indicated that blaTEM+blaOXA is predominant in the 3GC resistant strains with the presence of mcr-1.
{"title":"Plasmid mediated colistin resistance in ESBL producing Enterobacterales based on both phenotypic and molecular analysis in companion and farm animals from Algeria","authors":"Manel Merradi , Fatma Zohra Chebaani , Nouzha Heleili , Maria V. Alvanou , Ioannis A. Giantsis","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant <em>Enterobacterales</em> strains have been detected worldwide in humans and animals. Hence, in this study, we evaluated the prevalence and genetic characteristics of 3GC-resistant <em>Enterobacterales</em> in animals and their environment from Algeria, a country that combines traditional farming techniques with current efforts of veterinary development. Rectal samples were collected from 126 healthy livestock, poultry, pets and environment surfaces between 2022 and 2023. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Kirby-Bauer method and genes associated with resistance in 3GC-resistant isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Biofilm formation was assessed using the red Congo agar and tube methods with molecular study of biofilm genes. We obtained 49 non-duplicated 3GC-resistant <em>Enterobacterales</em>. Different species was isolated and the predominant ones were <em>Escherichia coli</em> 32,65 % (16/49) and <em>Entrobacter cloacae</em> 26,53 % (13/49). ESBL phenotype was detected in 46 strains. ESBL genes were <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub>, <em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub>, <em>bla</em><sub><em>CTX-Mg2</em></sub>, <em>bla</em><sub><em>SHV</em></sub> and <em>bla</em><sub><em>CTX-Mg1</em></sub><em>.</em> The combination of <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub> and <em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub> was present in 25 isolates, <em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub> in 15 isolates, both <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub> and the combination of <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>CTX-Mg1</em></sub> in 2 isolates, <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>CTX-Mg2</em></sub> and <em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>SHV</em></sub>+ <em>bla</em><sub><em>CTX-Mg1</em></sub> were detected in one isolate. Two colistin resistant strains harbored <em>mcr-1 gene and</em> co-expressing <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub> ESBL were isolated. Biofilm production was 18,37 % according to Red Congo agar method and 20,41 % in tube method<strong>.</strong> Biofilm genes c<em>sgA</em> and <em>bssb</em> were detected in 20 isolates. Our study findings indicated that <em>bla</em><sub><em>TEM</em></sub>+<em>bla</em><sub><em>OXA</em></sub> is predominant in the 3GC resistant strains with the presence of <em>mcr-1</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102358
Samia Ameziane , Omar Salhi , Nabila Hammami , Salim Zaidi , Amina Amraoui , Aya Bensalem , Meriem Tahraoui , Nassim Ouchene , Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami , Sana Hireche , Amir Agabou
Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious viral infection in poultry, caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), better known as serotype 1 of Marek’s disease virus (MDV-1). It is one of the most concerning diseases in the poultry industry due to its significant economic impact. The disease mainly affects chickens, although other avian species can also be affected. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in fourteen poultry farms in Algeria through autopsy, histopathological analysis and molecular characterization of Marek's disease virus. This study represents one of the first investigations combining macroscopic, histopathological, and molecular analyses to assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of Marek's disease virus in Algerian poultry farms. A survey to assess the current occurrence of Marek's disease in poultry farms in Algeria was conducted from June to December 2024. Tissue samples were collected from 70 chickens, including 35 from broiler breeder farms and 35 from layer farms. Macroscopic and histopathological examinations were performed. Macroscopic pathological alterations, such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, renal hypertrophy, and sciatic nerve enlargement with follicular atresia and lymphomatous infiltration, were observed. Histopathological analyses revealed diffuse and multifocal whitish infiltration of the spleen, neoplastic infiltration of the liver, intrafollicular lymphoid infiltration in the bursa of Fabricius, and infiltration in the sciatic nerves. The molecular characterization of MDV through PCR amplification and sequencing of the meq gene provides novel insights into the circulating strains in Algeria. The samples were screened by PCR amplification of the meq gene. Additionally, we sequenced the meq gene from five samples per flock, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the deduced amino acid sequences of the meq gene. This study is the first to identify and classify MDV strains in Algerian broiler breeder and laying hen farms, revealing the presence of very virulent (vv) MDV pathotypes. Marek's disease remains a major veterinary and economic challenge in the poultry industry, requiring ongoing research to better understand its mechanisms, genetic variations, and control methods.
{"title":"First report on the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of meq oncogene from virulent serotype-1 Marek's disease virus in laying hen flocks and broiler breeders in Algeria","authors":"Samia Ameziane , Omar Salhi , Nabila Hammami , Salim Zaidi , Amina Amraoui , Aya Bensalem , Meriem Tahraoui , Nassim Ouchene , Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami , Sana Hireche , Amir Agabou","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious viral infection in poultry, caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), better known as serotype 1 of Marek’s disease virus (MDV-1). It is one of the most concerning diseases in the poultry industry due to its significant economic impact. The disease mainly affects chickens, although other avian species can also be affected. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in fourteen poultry farms in Algeria through autopsy, histopathological analysis and molecular characterization of Marek's disease virus. This study represents one of the first investigations combining macroscopic, histopathological, and molecular analyses to assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of Marek's disease virus in Algerian poultry farms. A survey to assess the current occurrence of Marek's disease in poultry farms in Algeria was conducted from June to December 2024. Tissue samples were collected from 70 chickens, including 35 from broiler breeder farms and 35 from layer farms. Macroscopic and histopathological examinations were performed. Macroscopic pathological alterations, such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, renal hypertrophy, and sciatic nerve enlargement with follicular atresia and lymphomatous infiltration, were observed. Histopathological analyses revealed diffuse and multifocal whitish infiltration of the spleen, neoplastic infiltration of the liver, intrafollicular lymphoid infiltration in the bursa of Fabricius, and infiltration in the sciatic nerves. The molecular characterization of MDV through PCR amplification and sequencing of the <em>meq</em> gene provides novel insights into the circulating strains in Algeria. The samples were screened by PCR amplification of the <em>meq</em> gene. Additionally, we sequenced the <em>meq</em> gene from five samples per flock, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the deduced amino acid sequences of the <em>meq</em> gene. This study is the first to identify and classify MDV strains in Algerian broiler breeder and laying hen farms, revealing the presence of very virulent (vv) MDV pathotypes. Marek's disease remains a major veterinary and economic challenge in the poultry industry, requiring ongoing research to better understand its mechanisms, genetic variations, and control methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102355
Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos , J. Manuel Matiz-González , C. Alexander Barrero-Rubiano , Juan Diego Villar , Jerson Andrés Cuéllar-Sáenz , Camila López-Rivera , Laura Natalia Robayo-Sánchez , José J. Henao-Osorio , Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo , Julián A. Mejorano-Fonseca , Piedad Agudelo-Flórez , Jesús Alfredo Cortés-Vecino , Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez , Claudia Cuervo , Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves , Marylin Hidalgo , Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
Leptospira is a bacterial genus which includes several pathogenic species. Wild mammals can act as reservoir hosts, shedding bacteria in their urine. Leptospirosis is an important health problem in Villeta, but data regarding potential reservoirs hosts and natural sources of infection are still scarce. We aimed to detect and characterize the presence of Leptospira among small wild mammals from Villeta municipality, Colombia. Small wild mammals from three orders: Didelphimorphia, Chiroptera and Rodentia, were sampled in the region. DNA was extracted from kidney samples and screened for Leptospira through real-time PCR targeting a the 16 s rRNA gene. Positive samples were screened through conventional PCR using five complementary genes: adk, icdA, lipL32, lipL41 and secY. Amplicons were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 75 kidney samples were collected from three small wild mammal orders: 62 bats, 5 opossums, and 7 rodents. Leptospira spp. was detected in 38.7 % of the samples, with bats presenting the most frequent infection rate (43.5 %). The infection rate varied by sampling site, with the highest frequency observed in Mave village (57.1 %). Concatenated phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences clustered within the P1/Pathogenic Leptospira major clade, forming three subclades: two bat-related Leptospira subclades, and one subclade including Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira kirschneri, and Leptospira noguchii species. This study describes the presence of Leptospira among bats and opossums from Villeta, Colombia. It also identifies the circulation of several P1/pathogenic Leptospira species among bats forming three clusters, two of them composed exclusively of bat-related leptospires, and one together with recognized pathogenic species.
钩端螺旋体是一种细菌属，包括几种致病性物种。野生哺乳动物可以作为宿主，通过尿液排出细菌。钩端螺旋体病是Villeta的一个重要卫生问题，但关于潜在宿主和自然感染源的数据仍然很少。我们的目的是在哥伦比亚维莱塔市的小型野生哺乳动物中检测和描述钩端螺旋体的存在。本地区有双翅目、翼翅目和啮齿目三目野生小型兽类。从肾脏样本中提取DNA，针对16 s rRNA基因进行实时PCR筛选钩端螺旋体。采用adk、icdA、lipL32、lipL41、secY五个互补基因进行常规PCR筛选阳性样本。扩增子测序并用于系统发育分析。采集了蝙蝠62只、负鼠5只、啮齿动物7只等3目动物肾脏标本75份。38.7 %的样本中检出钩端螺旋体，其中蝙蝠感染率最高（43.5 %）。不同采样点感染率不同，以Mave村感染率最高（57.1% %）。所有序列均聚集在P1/致病性钩端螺旋体主分支中，形成3个亚分支：2个与蝙蝠相关的钩端螺旋体亚分支，1个包括疑问钩端螺旋体、克氏钩端螺旋体和野口钩端螺旋体亚分支。本研究描述了来自哥伦比亚Villeta的蝙蝠和负鼠中钩端螺旋体的存在。它还确定了几种P1/致病性钩端螺旋体在蝙蝠之间的传播，形成三个聚集，其中两个完全由蝙蝠相关的钩端螺旋体组成，另一个与公认的致病物种一起。
{"title":"Molecular detection and characterization of Leptospira species in bats and other small wild mammals from Villeta municipality, Colombia","authors":"Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos , J. Manuel Matiz-González , C. Alexander Barrero-Rubiano , Juan Diego Villar , Jerson Andrés Cuéllar-Sáenz , Camila López-Rivera , Laura Natalia Robayo-Sánchez , José J. Henao-Osorio , Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo , Julián A. Mejorano-Fonseca , Piedad Agudelo-Flórez , Jesús Alfredo Cortés-Vecino , Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez , Claudia Cuervo , Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves , Marylin Hidalgo , Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Leptospira</em> is a bacterial genus which includes several pathogenic species. Wild mammals can act as reservoir hosts, shedding bacteria in their urine. Leptospirosis is an important health problem in Villeta, but data regarding potential reservoirs hosts and natural sources of infection are still scarce. We aimed to detect and characterize the presence of <em>Leptospira</em> among small wild mammals from Villeta municipality, Colombia. Small wild mammals from three orders: Didelphimorphia, Chiroptera and Rodentia, were sampled in the region. DNA was extracted from kidney samples and screened for <em>Leptospira</em> through real-time PCR targeting a the 16 s rRNA gene. Positive samples were screened through conventional PCR using five complementary genes: <em>adk</em>, <em>icdA</em>, <em>lipL32</em>, <em>lipL41</em> and <em>secY</em>. Amplicons were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 75 kidney samples were collected from three small wild mammal orders: 62 bats, 5 opossums, and 7 rodents. <em>Leptospira</em> spp. was detected in 38.7 % of the samples, with bats presenting the most frequent infection rate (43.5 %). The infection rate varied by sampling site, with the highest frequency observed in Mave village (57.1 %). Concatenated phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences clustered within the P1/Pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> major clade, forming three subclades: two bat-related <em>Leptospira</em> subclades, and one subclade including <em>Leptospira interrogans</em>, <em>Leptospira kirschneri</em>, and <em>Leptospira noguchii</em> species. This study describes the presence of <em>Leptospira</em> among bats and opossums from Villeta, Colombia. It also identifies the circulation of several P1/pathogenic <em>Leptospira</em> species among bats forming three clusters, two of them composed exclusively of bat-related leptospires, and one together with recognized pathogenic species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rise of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant public health challenge, with an increasing number of organisms developing resistance to many antimicrobial agents used to treat infections in humans and animals. This study investigated the role of stray dogs and cats as sentinel animals in the urban environment. Therefore, the sampling of healthy skin was performed to isolate bacterial species present and assess their antimicrobial resistance profile. A total of 690 swabs were collected, comprising 351 cutaneous swabs from dogs and 339 from cats. A total of 770 strains were identified, including 381 Gram-positive bacteria (94 %) and 19 Gram-negative bacteria (6 %) from dogs, and 355 Gram-positive bacteria (97 %) and 11 Gram-negative bacteria (3 %) from cats. In dogs, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacterium, with 53 strains identified. Meanwhile, in cats, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common, with Staphylococcus felis being the predominant species, represented by 50 strains. Among the isolated Gram-negative bacteria in both animal species, E. coli was predominant. Among the recovered Gram-positive bacteria, multidrug resistance was observed in 105 out of 129 (81.4 %) canine isolates and 87 out of 143 (60.8 %) feline isolates. Additionally, phenotypic resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin in 42 out of 53 (79.2 %) S. pseudintermedius strains and 8 out of 50 (16.0 %) S. felis strains was identified, suggesting the presence of the methicillin resistance gene. The above findings underscore the need for stricter monitoring of antibiotic resistance specifically in stray dogs and cats which can act as reservoirs for resistant bacteria.
{"title":"The impact of stray animal populations on public health in Naples, Italy: A preliminary study on antimicrobial resistance on the road","authors":"Francesca Paola Nocera , Sinem Arslan , Rossana Schena , Francesca Pizzano , Fatima Mourabiti , Silvia Cappiello , Cristina Di Palma , Barbara Lamagna , Marina Pompameo , Luisa De Martino","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant public health challenge, with an increasing number of organisms developing resistance to many antimicrobial agents used to treat infections in humans and animals. This study investigated the role of stray dogs and cats as sentinel animals in the urban environment. Therefore, the sampling of healthy skin was performed to isolate bacterial species present and assess their antimicrobial resistance profile. A total of 690 swabs were collected, comprising 351 cutaneous swabs from dogs and 339 from cats. A total of 770 strains were identified, including 381 Gram-positive bacteria (94 %) and 19 Gram-negative bacteria (6 %) from dogs, and 355 Gram-positive bacteria (97 %) and 11 Gram-negative bacteria (3 %) from cats. In dogs, <em>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius</em> was the most frequently isolated Gram-positive bacterium, with 53 strains identified. Meanwhile, in cats, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common, with <em>Staphylococcus felis</em> being the predominant species, represented by 50 strains. Among the isolated Gram-negative bacteria in both animal species, <em>E. coli</em> was predominant. Among the recovered Gram-positive bacteria, multidrug resistance was observed in 105 out of 129 (81.4 %) canine isolates and 87 out of 143 (60.8 %) feline isolates. Additionally, phenotypic resistance to penicillin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin in 42 out of 53 (79.2 %) <em>S. pseudintermedius</em> strains and 8 out of 50 (16.0 %) <em>S. felis</em> strains was identified, suggesting the presence of the methicillin resistance gene. The above findings underscore the need for stricter monitoring of antibiotic resistance specifically in stray dogs and cats which can act as reservoirs for resistant bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to assess the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with Mareke’s disease occurrence in indigenous Tilili breed chickens and its crosses. A cross-sectional serological study and questionnaire survey were conducted in seven districts of the Amhara region, Ethiopia, from November 2023 to June 2024. Using multi-stage sampling, 17 Kebeles (peasant associations) were selected from the seven districts. A total of 768 chicken sera were sampled and tested for presence of Mareke’s disease virus antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay test. According to the study, the overall apparent seroprevalence of MDV was 74.6 %, with Ankesha district having the lowest prevalence (57.5 %) and Banja district having the highest (93.8 %).The prevalence varied significantly across the studied districts, and there was a statistically significant variation in disease distribution among the peasant associations. Key risk factors associated with Marek’s disease virus seropositivity in Tilili breeds included contact with other birds in the vicinity, sex, age group, and sanitation of the housing. However, factors such as breed, rearing method, and farming type were not significantly associated with Marek’s disease sero-status. This high seroprevalence of the disease in this chicken ecotype indicates active circulation of the virus in the area, underscoring the need for stringent control measures. Further molecular studies and identification of MDV DNA in active outbreaks is critical to characterize the circulating virus and assess the economic impact of the disease on these valuable indigenous chickens of Ethiopia.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and risk factor modeling of marek’s disease virus in indigenous tilili breed chickens of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia","authors":"Kassahun Berrie , Wudu Temesgen , Animaw Shite , Bemrew Admassu , Achenef Melaku , Mastewal Birhan , Kalkidan Getenet , Melkie Dagnaw Fenta , Mebrie Zemene Kinde , Abebe Belete Bitew , Asnakew Mulaw , Yesuneh Tefera Mekasha","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to assess the seroprevalence and potential risk factors associated with Mareke’s disease occurrence in indigenous Tilili breed chickens and its crosses. A cross-sectional serological study and questionnaire survey were conducted in seven districts of the Amhara region, Ethiopia, from November 2023 to June 2024. Using multi-stage sampling, 17 Kebeles (peasant associations) were selected from the seven districts. A total of 768 chicken sera were sampled and tested for presence of Mareke’s disease virus antibodies using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay test. According to the study, the overall apparent seroprevalence of MDV was 74.6 %, with Ankesha district having the lowest prevalence (57.5 %) and Banja district having the highest (93.8 %).The prevalence varied significantly across the studied districts, and there was a statistically significant variation in disease distribution among the peasant associations. Key risk factors associated with Marek’s disease virus seropositivity in Tilili breeds included contact with other birds in the vicinity, sex, age group, and sanitation of the housing. However, factors such as breed, rearing method, and farming type were not significantly associated with Marek’s disease sero-status. This high seroprevalence of the disease in this chicken ecotype indicates active circulation of the virus in the area, underscoring the need for stringent control measures. Further molecular studies and identification of MDV DNA in active outbreaks is critical to characterize the circulating virus and assess the economic impact of the disease on these valuable indigenous chickens of Ethiopia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102341"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-05-07DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102345
Yi-Xiang Wang , Yi-Dan Ma , Hui-Hui Li , Wen-Juan Duo , Qi-Wang Jin , Kai-Jun Zhou , Yan-Ran Gao , Jun-Nan He , Yu-Jie Xie , Liang Chu , Xiao-Di Yang
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication caused by the overwhelming immune response to bacterial infection leading to the fatal organ damage and even death. Helminth infections modulate host’s immune system through secreting functional proteins to reduce host immune attack as a survival strategy, therefore have been used for the therapy of some inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Sj-Cys is a cysteine protease inhibitor secreted by Schistosoma japonicum exerting strong immunomodulatory function which has been used to treat sepsis, however, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we expressed Sj-Cys as recombinant protein (rSj-Cys) in prokaryotic system and rSj-Cys was used to incubate with mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. Our study revealed that rSj-Cys was able to induce differentiation of BMDCs to tolerant property (TolDCs). Adoptive transfer of rSj-Cys induced-TolDCs into mice with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis conferred a significant therapeutic effect on CLP-induced sepsis in mice with reduced mortality and vital organ damage. The therapeutic effect of Sj-Cys-induced TolDCs was associated with upregulation of CD3+CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reduced inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and boosted level of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. The results identified in this study further suggest rSj-Cys has the potential to be developed into a drug substance for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases due to its immunomodulatory effect on tolerant dendritic cells and regulatory T cells.
{"title":"Schistosoma japonicum cystatin attenuated CLP-induced sepsis in mice though inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells","authors":"Yi-Xiang Wang , Yi-Dan Ma , Hui-Hui Li , Wen-Juan Duo , Qi-Wang Jin , Kai-Jun Zhou , Yan-Ran Gao , Jun-Nan He , Yu-Jie Xie , Liang Chu , Xiao-Di Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sepsis is a life-threatening complication caused by the overwhelming immune response to bacterial infection leading to the fatal organ damage and even death. Helminth infections modulate host’s immune system through secreting functional proteins to reduce host immune attack as a survival strategy, therefore have been used for the therapy of some inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. <em>Sj</em>-Cys is a cysteine protease inhibitor secreted by <em>Schistosoma japonicum</em> exerting strong immunomodulatory function which has been used to treat sepsis, however, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we expressed <em>Sj</em>-Cys as recombinant protein (r<em>Sj</em>-Cys) in prokaryotic system and r<em>Sj</em>-Cys was used to incubate with mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) <em>in vitro</em>. Our study revealed that r<em>Sj</em>-Cys was able to induce differentiation of BMDCs to tolerant property (TolDCs). Adoptive transfer of r<em>Sj</em>-Cys induced-TolDCs into mice with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis conferred a significant therapeutic effect on CLP-induced sepsis in mice with reduced mortality and vital organ damage. The therapeutic effect of <em>Sj</em>-Cys-induced TolDCs was associated with upregulation of CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup>Foxp3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reduced inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and boosted level of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. The results identified in this study further suggest r<em>Sj</em>-Cys has the potential to be developed into a drug substance for the treatment of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases due to its immunomodulatory effect on tolerant dendritic cells and regulatory T cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Comparative efficacy of recombinant VP6 protein based in-house Latex Agglutination test with other diagnostic assays for detection of Rotavirus A from calves, piglets and children” [Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 119 (2025) 102336]","authors":"Bilal Ahmad Malla , Zunjar Baburao Dubal , Ajay Kumar , Obli Rajendran VinodhKumar , Aquil Mohmad , Pashupathi Mani , Kaushal Kishor Rajak , Kiran Narayan Bhilegaonkar","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102339","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102339"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01Epub Date: 2025-04-26DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102340
Reza Ataee Disfani , Ali Asghari , Ali Pouryousef , Laya Shamsi , Amir Farzam , Mohammad Ghafari-Cherati , Behzad Bijani , Farajolah Maleki
This study aimed to investigate the global prevalence, species diversity, and geographical distribution of Sarcocystis spp. in Old World Camelids (OWCs) and New World Camelids (NWCs). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, covering studies up to December 22, 2024. The analysis included 36 studies (28 on OWCs and 8 on NWCs), comprising data from 5942 camelids (4850 OWCs and 1092 NWCs) across 13 countries in three continents. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence rates, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. The overall prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in camelids was 57.7 % (95 % CI: 49.4–65.6 %). NWCs exhibited a significantly higher pooled prevalence (77.6 %, 95 % CI: 55–90.8 %) compared to OWCs (55.1 %, 95 % CI: 46.4–63.6 %). The highest regional pooled prevalence was observed in South America (82.3 %), particularly in the WHO AMR region (82.3 %), with Peru reporting the highest pooled prevalence at 99.3 %. The oesophagus was the most frequently infected tissue. Four valid Sarcocystis species were identified in camelids: S. cameli and S. ippeni in OWCs, and S. aucheniae and S. masoni in NWCs. Many positive samples were classified only as Sarcocystis spp. Although none of these species poses a zoonotic risk, some like S. cameli and S. aucheniae are particularly significant due to their economic and veterinary impact on camelids. Their ability to form macroscopic cysts can negatively affect meat quality, leading to considerable economic losses in the camel industry. Targeted surveillance and control measures are recommended, particularly in high-prevalence regions.
{"title":"Comparative global epidemiology and species distribution of Sarcocystis spp. in new and old world camelids: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Reza Ataee Disfani , Ali Asghari , Ali Pouryousef , Laya Shamsi , Amir Farzam , Mohammad Ghafari-Cherati , Behzad Bijani , Farajolah Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the global prevalence, species diversity, and geographical distribution of <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. in Old World Camelids (OWCs) and New World Camelids (NWCs). A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, covering studies up to December 22, 2024. The analysis included 36 studies (28 on OWCs and 8 on NWCs), comprising data from 5942 camelids (4850 OWCs and 1092 NWCs) across 13 countries in three continents. A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence rates, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. The overall prevalence of <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. in camelids was 57.7 % (95 % CI: 49.4–65.6 %). NWCs exhibited a significantly higher pooled prevalence (77.6 %, 95 % CI: 55–90.8 %) compared to OWCs (55.1 %, 95 % CI: 46.4–63.6 %). The highest regional pooled prevalence was observed in South America (82.3 %), particularly in the WHO AMR region (82.3 %), with Peru reporting the highest pooled prevalence at 99.3 %. The oesophagus was the most frequently infected tissue. Four valid <em>Sarcocystis</em> species were identified in camelids: <em>S. cameli</em> and <em>S. ippeni</em> in OWCs, and <em>S. aucheniae</em> and <em>S. masoni</em> in NWCs. Many positive samples were classified only as <em>Sarcocystis</em> spp. Although none of these species poses a zoonotic risk, some like <em>S. cameli</em> and <em>S. aucheniae</em> are particularly significant due to their economic and veterinary impact on camelids. Their ability to form macroscopic cysts can negatively affect meat quality, leading to considerable economic losses in the camel industry. Targeted surveillance and control measures are recommended, particularly in high-prevalence regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 102340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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