Pub Date : 2025-01-31DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100979
Derek Turner
The arrival of two young women gardeners at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1896 marked a watershed in English history of professional gardening. Assisted by new opportunities in science education for women, especially the horticultural training colleges for women like the pioneering, model campus established at Swanley, Kent, and by the willingness of the director at Kew to conduct the “experiment” of admitting women as gardeners, Annie Gulvin, Alice Hutchings, and the eight other women who followed them to Kew until 1903, demonstrated that their gardening knowledge and skills equalled those of the Kew men. The women students proved that they could obtain senior horticultural posts on completing their training, thus providing role models and inspiration for the rapidly increasing number of professional women gardeners who followed their example. The lives and careers of the Kew ladies confirm the findings of other scholars of the resistance by the male horticultural establishment to allowing women into their profession but nuances the view that it was only middle-class women who were able to achieve this break-through, demonstrating that the more important cause of their success, other than their own personal qualities, was access to a good scientific education independent of social class. This article offers an unprecedented analysis of the pioneering Kew ladies’ backgrounds, education, career outcomes, and impact in the gendered, professional world of horticulture.
{"title":"“The ladies in bloomers who gardened at Kew”: Pioneer professional women gardeners in late nineteenth century England","authors":"Derek Turner","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The arrival of two young women gardeners at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1896 marked a watershed in English history of professional gardening. Assisted by new opportunities in science education for women, especially the horticultural training colleges for women like the pioneering, model campus established at Swanley, Kent, and by the willingness of the director at Kew to conduct the “experiment” of admitting women as gardeners, Annie Gulvin, Alice Hutchings, and the eight other women who followed them to Kew until 1903, demonstrated that their gardening knowledge and skills equalled those of the Kew men. The women students proved that they could obtain senior horticultural posts on completing their training, thus providing role models and inspiration for the rapidly increasing number of professional women gardeners who followed their example. The lives and careers of the Kew ladies confirm the findings of other scholars of the resistance by the male horticultural establishment to allowing women into their profession but nuances the view that it was only middle-class women who were able to achieve this break-through, demonstrating that the more important cause of their success, other than their own personal qualities, was access to a good scientific education independent of social class. This article offers an unprecedented analysis of the pioneering Kew ladies’ backgrounds, education, career outcomes, and impact in the gendered, professional world of horticulture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"49 1","pages":"Article 100979"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100967
J. Dane , C. Verhoef
During a network analysis of the Dutch astronomer and psychologist Rebekka Aleida Biegel (1886–1943), we stumbled upon an often investigated group photo that most likely shows two of her close friends and a third woman posing with Albert Einstein among others in a chemistry laboratory in Zurich while having a tea party. Using data from the Dark Web, face recognition, open source intelligence (OSINT) tools, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, we found in total four group portraits of this gathering and were able to determine the true identities of the three women, as well as one of the unknown men in one of the photos, with a very high degree of certainty. Moreover, we determined the exact day and time the photographs were taken: June 30, 1913 around 4:30 PM. After more than a century, the many riddles surrounding these group photos have been solved. By resolving the many questions regarding the (material) historical context of this iconic photograph of Einstein, three years before he published his theory of relativity, new light has been shed on one of the most exciting periods in the history of science. Our innovative research methodology—including AI, Dark Web, and OSINT—enabled us to reconstruct elements of the past of these totally forgotten and heavily marginalized women from many and diverse scattered and unassuming sources and revealed that their place in the history of physics is even more significant than thought. They, too, were part of Einstein’s huge sounding board in the form of his weekly colloquium and had precise astrophysical calculations to add; an indispensible ingredient for proving Einstein’s theory of relativity.
{"title":"Who’s that lady? — Applying open source intelligence in a history context","authors":"J. Dane , C. Verhoef","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During a network analysis of the Dutch astronomer and psychologist Rebekka Aleida Biegel (1886–1943), we stumbled upon an often investigated group photo that most likely shows two of her close friends and a third woman posing with Albert Einstein among others in a chemistry laboratory in Zurich while having a tea party. Using data from the Dark Web, face recognition, open source intelligence (OSINT) tools, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, we found in total four group portraits of this gathering and were able to determine the true identities of the three women, as well as one of the unknown men in one of the photos, with a very high degree of certainty. Moreover, we determined the exact day and time the photographs were taken: June 30, 1913 around 4:30 PM. After more than a century, the many riddles surrounding these group photos have been solved. By resolving the many questions regarding the (material) historical context of this iconic photograph of Einstein, three years before he published his theory of relativity, new light has been shed on one of the most exciting periods in the history of science. Our innovative research methodology—including AI, Dark Web, and OSINT—enabled us to reconstruct elements of the past of these totally forgotten and heavily marginalized women from many and diverse scattered and unassuming sources and revealed that their place in the history of physics is even more significant than thought. They, too, were part of Einstein’s huge sounding board in the form of his weekly colloquium and had precise astrophysical calculations to add; an indispensible ingredient for proving Einstein’s theory of relativity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 4","pages":"Article 100967"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100965
Maria Rentetzi
{"title":"Colonial cultures of vision: How to locate a diamond in a human body","authors":"Maria Rentetzi","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100965","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 4","pages":"Article 100965"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966
Olga Yu. Elina
In 1903, a female student named Zhozefina Kossko-Sudakevich was officially accepted into the Moscow Agricultural Institute, marking the first instance of such admission in the history of the Russian Empire. In 1909, she achieved another historic milestone by becoming the first Russian woman to graduate in agronomy.
Since the late nineteenth century, there have been many within Russian society who have advocated for increased opportunities in higher agricultural education for women. Nonetheless, breaking the stereotype of agronomy as an exclusively male occupation was a formidable challenge. To seek a degree in agriculture, Russian women had to go to Western Europe where agricultural education was more frequently extended to female students.
This paper focuses on the motivations and obstacles facing women entering the fields of agriculture and horticulture in Russia. Despite the prevailing model of higher education in the Russian Empire being a predominantly state-led institution, broader public initiatives aimed at providing higher education to women proved to be of no lesser value. In this context, I review the impact of the Society for the Advancement of Women’s Agricultural Education (1899) on actualizing the discourse of female education and launching a chain of non-governmental schools for women. As an example of such an initiative, I analyze the Golitsyn Higher Agricultural Women’s Courses (1908) in terms of this institution’s ideology and curriculum, and its students’ social composition and professional development after graduation.
1903年，一位名叫zhzefina Kossko-Sudakevich的女学生正式被莫斯科农业学院录取，这是俄罗斯帝国历史上第一次这样的录取。1909年，她成为第一个毕业于农学专业的俄罗斯女性，实现了另一个历史性的里程碑。自19世纪后期以来，俄罗斯社会中有许多人主张增加妇女接受高等农业教育的机会。尽管如此，打破农学是男性专属职业的刻板印象是一项艰巨的挑战。为了获得农业学位，俄罗斯妇女不得不去西欧，那里的农业教育更多地面向女学生。本文主要研究俄罗斯妇女进入农业和园艺领域的动机和障碍。尽管俄罗斯帝国高等教育的主要模式是国家主导的机构，但旨在为妇女提供高等教育的更广泛的公共倡议证明了同样重要的价值。在此背景下，我回顾了妇女农业教育促进会（Society for the Advancement for the Women’s Agricultural Education, 1899）在实现女性教育话语和启动一系列非政府女性学校方面的影响。本文以Golitsyn高等农业妇女课程（1908）为例，分析了该机构的思想和课程，以及学生毕业后的社会构成和专业发展。
{"title":"Women’s education and career development in agriculture in Russia in the early twentieth century","authors":"Olga Yu. Elina","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 1903, a female student named Zhozefina Kossko-Sudakevich was officially accepted into the Moscow Agricultural Institute, marking the first instance of such admission in the history of the Russian Empire. In 1909, she achieved another historic milestone by becoming the first Russian woman to graduate in agronomy.</div><div>Since the late nineteenth century, there have been many within Russian society who have advocated for increased opportunities in higher agricultural education for women. Nonetheless, breaking the stereotype of agronomy as an exclusively male occupation was a formidable challenge. To seek a degree in agriculture, Russian women had to go to Western Europe where agricultural education was more frequently extended to female students.</div><div>This paper focuses on the motivations and obstacles facing women entering the fields of agriculture and horticulture in Russia. Despite the prevailing model of higher education in the Russian Empire being a predominantly state-led institution, broader public initiatives aimed at providing higher education to women proved to be of no lesser value. In this context, I review the impact of the Society for the Advancement of Women’s Agricultural Education (1899) on actualizing the discourse of female education and launching a chain of non-governmental schools for women. As an example of such an initiative, I analyze the Golitsyn Higher Agricultural Women’s Courses (1908) in terms of this institution’s ideology and curriculum, and its students’ social composition and professional development after graduation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 4","pages":"Article 100966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954
Rawda Morkus-Makhoul
Palestinian peasant families had to adapt and survive under political and economic conditions dictated by European occupation and Zionist settler colonialism. Women had a major role in contributing to the efforts for survival and acquiring their status in the rural economy and the wider national struggle against British policies. Rural Arab families constituted the vast majority of the Palestinian population before the Nakba, or those displaced from their villages during the war on Palestine in 1948, and the formation of the State of Israel. The agricultural knowledge Palestinian women had and passed from one generation to the other was an important element for the survival of the peasant families under the different periods in which colonial countries and Zionist settlement shook the base of their economic existence.
{"title":"From grandmothers to granddaughters: Generational agricultural knowledge among rural women in British Mandate Palestine","authors":"Rawda Morkus-Makhoul","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palestinian peasant families had to adapt and survive under political and economic conditions dictated by European occupation and Zionist settler colonialism. Women had a major role in contributing to the efforts for survival and acquiring their status in the rural economy and the wider national struggle against British policies. Rural Arab families constituted the vast majority of the Palestinian population before the Nakba, or those displaced from their villages during the war on Palestine in 1948, and the formation of the State of Israel. The agricultural knowledge Palestinian women had and passed from one generation to the other was an important element for the survival of the peasant families under the different periods in which colonial countries and Zionist settlement shook the base of their economic existence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951
Hang Zhang , Hongguang Zhang , Fuling Nie
As in most countries, the Republic of China’s development of amateur radio benefited from the appeal of the amateur radio medium as well as characteristics of its technology, and it was also impacted by external factors such as war. Against a background of tradition, newly formed, but extremely strong, popular scientific beliefs fueled conflicts between state power and folk forces which played a key role in China’s amateur radio development. In this study we will explore the tensions between the Chinese government’s concerns for national security and distrust of folk radio research, and the rising, public demand for amateur radio. We consider how negotiations between state power and folk forces happen, and what further factors influence the construction and development of radio technology. Our analysis adopts the constructivist approach of Social Shaping of Technology (SST) theory, which focuses on the role of social factors in processes of co-construction and negotiation in technological development. We identify the folk forces, represented by the interaction between private enterprises and amateurs, as well as state power, as two of the main social factors that influenced the development of radio technology in China. From 1912 to 1937, the Chinese government was suspicious of amateur radio activities, and as a result, they instituted policies unfavorable to its development. In contrast, the Yamei Radio Co. Ltd. led the private radio manufacturing enterprises in promoting the development of amateur radio and the popularization of related technologies. In tandem, radio amateurs assisted in the promotion and technological innovation of Yamei products. From 1937 to 1949, with the government’s semi-supportive and semi-skeptical attitude, amateur radio associations did make some progress. Benefiting from the early work performed by private enterprises, these associations grew into a new folk force to challenge government control, and they continued to promote the popularization and development of radio technology. Our study illuminates complex relationship among government control, non-governmental reaction, and technological development in a specific context. When there is a conflict, folk forces have the ability to mobilize against policy-driven obstacles, thus to counterbalance government control. This study not only provides a new case for SST research, but it also adds to our understanding of China’s radio technology, amateur radio, and radio manufacturing industry.
{"title":"Government controls, non-government reactions: Private radio manufacturing and the development of amateur radio in China (1912–1949)","authors":"Hang Zhang , Hongguang Zhang , Fuling Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As in most countries, the Republic of China’s development of amateur radio benefited from the appeal of the amateur radio medium as well as characteristics of its technology, and it was also impacted by external factors such as war. Against a background of tradition, newly formed, but extremely strong, popular scientific beliefs fueled conflicts between state power and folk forces which played a key role in China’s amateur radio development. In this study we will explore the tensions between the Chinese government’s concerns for national security and distrust of folk radio research, and the rising, public demand for amateur radio. We consider how negotiations between state power and folk forces happen, and what further factors influence the construction and development of radio technology. Our analysis adopts the constructivist approach of Social Shaping of Technology (SST) theory, which focuses on the role of social factors in processes of co-construction and negotiation in technological development. We identify the folk forces, represented by the interaction between private enterprises and amateurs, as well as state power, as two of the main social factors that influenced the development of radio technology in China. From 1912 to 1937, the Chinese government was suspicious of amateur radio activities, and as a result, they instituted policies unfavorable to its development. In contrast, the Yamei Radio Co. Ltd. led the private radio manufacturing enterprises in promoting the development of amateur radio and the popularization of related technologies. In tandem, radio amateurs assisted in the promotion and technological innovation of Yamei products. From 1937 to 1949, with the government’s semi-supportive and semi-skeptical attitude, amateur radio associations did make some progress. Benefiting from the early work performed by private enterprises, these associations grew into a new folk force to challenge government control, and they continued to promote the popularization and development of radio technology. Our study illuminates complex relationship among government control, non-governmental reaction, and technological development in a specific context. When there is a conflict, folk forces have the ability to mobilize against policy-driven obstacles, thus to counterbalance government control. This study not only provides a new case for SST research, but it also adds to our understanding of China’s radio technology, amateur radio, and radio manufacturing industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952
Romina Akemi Green Rioja
This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.
{"title":"Educating gender: The economic and spiritual battles over land and Mapuche children in Araucanía, Chile, 1897–1922","authors":"Romina Akemi Green Rioja","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955
Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief)
{"title":"Editorial: Care and scholarship in times of war","authors":"Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100955"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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