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Hoops, loops and eyewitness reliability: a history of biologically impossible aquatic monsters 环,环和目击者的可靠性:生物学上不可能的水生怪物的历史
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.101005
C.G.M. Paxton , A.J. Shine
Here we outline the history of serpentiform aquatic monster reports and images that contain a zoological impossibility: the presence of loops or arches of the body above the water in a vertically flexing animal body. Images of such serpentiform animals have been common ever since the sixteenth century yet the actual proportion of such eyewitness reports, especially at Loch Ness, has until recently been extremely low, far lower than the proportion of hooped imagery in art portraying the Loch Ness Monster. As the biological impossibility of such arched animals is not widely known, yet the images of such monsters both historically and contemporaneously are extremely common, this allows a test of contemporary eyewitness testimony. Few reports mention vertical arches in freshwater or marine contexts. This low proportion suggests cultural background has not influenced the content of aquatic monster reports, in contrast to previous work in the field. This insight supports the contention that the majority of eyewitness reports are actually based on some underlying physical reality, even if not representing an actual encounter with an unknown species.
在这里,我们概述了蛇形水生怪物的报告和图像的历史,这些报告和图像包含了动物学上的不可能:在垂直弯曲的动物身体中,在水中存在环状或拱形的身体。自16世纪以来,这种蛇形动物的形象就很常见,但直到最近,这种目击报告的实际比例,特别是在尼斯湖,一直非常低,远远低于尼斯湖怪物的艺术形象的比例。由于这种弓形动物在生物学上的不可能性并不广为人知,但这种怪物的形象在历史上和当代都非常普遍,这使得对当代目击者证词的检验成为可能。很少有报告提到淡水或海洋环境中的垂直拱形。这一低比例表明文化背景并未影响水生怪物报告的内容,这与该领域以前的工作形成了对比。这一见解支持了这样一种观点,即大多数目击者的报告实际上是基于一些潜在的物理现实,即使没有代表与未知物种的实际遭遇。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Ceres: Gendered histories of agricultural and horticultural sciences 谷神星导论:农业和园艺科学的性别历史
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100995
Erela Teharlev Ben-Shachar , Donald L. Opitz
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引用次数: 0
The figure of Darwin in colloquial science 达尔文在通俗科学中的形象
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100993
Jamie Freestone
In works of colloquial science, by Richard Dawkins and Jerry Coyne, Charles Darwin appears as a Great Man. The authors cite substantial biographies of Darwin and serious histories of science. Yet the figure of Darwin that makes it into these colloquial texts is conveyed in just a few sentences and represents not so much an outline sketch of the full portrait found in the biographies, as a mythic hero, one that needs no introduction. We can assume that the authors assume that their audiences meet the text with cultural knowledge of Darwin, priming them to see him as a singular, ahistorical figure. This cultural knowledge is what Adrian Wilson has called “science’s imagined pasts”—a set of stories perpetuated by scientists today, about how science has progressed in the last few centuries. This prompts an irony of the sub-genre, i.e. books advocating Darwinism using Darwin. In communicating the blind and purposeless process of natural selection, they rely on a pre-scientific and teleological notion of human action: history happens because of the designs of Great Men like Darwin. For critical readers of these texts, there is another irony to heed. We are in a position analogous to the biologist trying to understand the functions of an organism’s traits. Dawkins and Coyne read traits as reflections of the environment in which ancestors evolved: an imagined past of a different kind. But as with organisms, so with texts; this interpretive strategy is reliable in proportion to how long its target has survived.
在理查德·道金斯(Richard Dawkins)和杰里·科因(Jerry Coyne)的通俗科学著作中,查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)以伟人的形象出现。作者引用了大量的达尔文传记和严肃的科学史。然而,在这些口语化的文本中,达尔文的形象只用几句话就表达了出来,与其说是传记中完整肖像的轮廓,不如说是一个神话般的英雄,一个不需要介绍的英雄。我们可以假设,作者假设他们的读者对达尔文有文化上的了解,使他们把他看作一个独特的、非历史的人物。这种文化知识就是阿德里安·威尔逊所说的“科学想象的过去”——一组由今天的科学家所延续的故事,讲述了过去几个世纪里科学是如何进步的。这引发了一种亚类型的讽刺,即主张达尔文主义的书使用达尔文。在传达盲目和无目的的自然选择过程时,他们依赖于一种前科学和目的论的人类行为概念:历史的发生是因为像达尔文这样的伟人的设计。对这些文本持批判态度的读者来说,还需要注意另一个讽刺。我们所处的位置类似于试图理解生物体特征的功能的生物学家。道金斯和科因将这些特征解读为祖先进化环境的反映:一种想象中的不同的过去。但就像有机体一样,文本也是如此;这种解释策略的可靠性与目标存活的时间成正比。
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引用次数: 0
Charles Bogue Luffman, Ina Higgins, and science at the Burnley School of horticulture in Melbourne, Australia, 1891–1919 1891-1919年,澳大利亚墨尔本伯恩利园艺学校的查尔斯·博格·拉夫曼、伊娜·希金斯和科学
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100994
Sandra E. Pullman
This appraisal investigates the development of scientifically based horticultural education in Australia. At the end of the nineteenth century, the discipline of horticulture underwent a major shift from a craft-based occupation to a scientific-based profession. Within this context, two Australian horticultural pioneers emerged—Charles Bogue Luffman (1862–1920) and Ina Higgins (1860–1948). Both are considered in the context of being connected to Australia’s first horticultural college opening in 1891, the Burnley School of Horticultural. This appraisal discusses the Victorian Colonial Government progressive attitude to horticultural education to addressed the lack of skills and knowledge of orchardists and the introduction of women students. The appraisal’s analysis investigates the models of curriculum used and discusses whether there were any intercolonial connections to other British colonies. Through the historiography of literature, the appraisal shows that new interest in Higgins and Luffman has emerged especially in garden design and employment for women nevertheless horticultural education still lags. And finally, the new information presented discusses why horticultural was more progressive than agriculture and acknowledges there were prejudices towards education women in the rural industries. This including exposing banning women from 1909 to 1911 was not gender based but financial and Burnley’s connection with the women’s movement of Victoria overcame this banning hurdle. Presented throughout the appraisal is the contribution Higgins and Luffman made individually and together.
本评价调查了澳大利亚以科学为基础的园艺教育的发展。19世纪末,园艺学经历了一次重大转变,从一个以工艺为基础的职业转变为一个以科学为基础的职业。在这种背景下,出现了两位澳大利亚园艺先驱——查尔斯·博格·卢夫曼(charles Bogue Luffman, 1862-1920)和伊娜·希金斯(Ina Higgins, 1860-1948)。两者都被认为与1891年澳大利亚第一所园艺学院伯恩利园艺学院有关。本评价讨论了维多利亚殖民政府对园艺教育的进步态度,以解决园艺师缺乏技能和知识的问题,并引入了女学生。评估的分析调查了所使用的课程模式,并讨论了是否与其他英国殖民地有任何殖民地间的联系。通过文学史学,评估表明,对希金斯和卢夫曼的新兴趣已经出现,特别是在园林设计和妇女就业方面,然而园艺教育仍然滞后。最后,提出的新信息讨论了为什么园艺比农业更进步,并承认在农村工业中存在对受教育妇女的偏见。这包括揭露从1909年到1911年禁止女性不是基于性别,而是经济上的,伯恩利与维多利亚妇女运动的联系克服了这一禁令的障碍。贯穿整个评价的是希金斯和卢夫曼各自和共同做出的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100992
Harry Wels
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引用次数: 0
Review of Emma K. Sutton, William James, MD: Philosopher, Psychologist, Physician. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2023. 261 pp. ISBN 9780226828961 回顾艾玛K.萨顿,威廉詹姆斯,医学博士:哲学家,心理学家,医生。芝加哥:芝加哥大学出版社,2023。261页,ISBN 9780226828961
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100990
Michela Bella
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引用次数: 0
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-03-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100991
Isabella Clarke
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引用次数: 0
The gendering of agriculture in late nineteenth century colonial Hokkaido: The case of Kane Watanabe (1859–1945) 19世纪末殖民时期北海道农业的性别化——以渡边谦(1859-1945)为例
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100989
Setsu Tachibana
This paper uses a case study of the life history of the Japanese agriculturalist Kane Watanabe (1859–1945) to examine the gendering of agriculture in late nineteenth century Hokkaido. Hokkaido was in the process of being colonised by the Japanese during the Meiji period. Watanabe studied English, Japanese, and Chinese literature, and a range of other scientific and technical subjects, at Kyoritsu Women’s College, Yokohama, graduating in 1882. She and her husband Masaru Watanabe joined a pioneering agricultural company, the Banseisha Company, led by the charismatic pioneer Benzo Yoda, based at Hokkaido. The Watanabe family settled in Tokachi, where Kane opened a small private school for the children of both the indigenous Ainu and colonial settlers. This article analyses the male-dominated views found in records of the Banseisha company with Kane Watanabe’s narratives, shedding light on distinctive gendered perspectives on Hokkaido land and its people. A diary kept by Masaru and Kane Watanabe also reveals the processes involved in contesting and accommodating indigenous Ainu knowledge of the local habitat and environment.
本文以日本农学家渡边凯恩(1859-1945)的生活史为个案,探讨19世纪末北海道农业的性别化问题。北海道在明治时期正处于被日本殖民的过程中。渡边在横滨的共立女子学院学习英语、日语和中国文学,以及一系列其他科学和技术学科,并于1882年毕业。她和丈夫渡边雅鲁(Masaru Watanabe)加入了一家开创性的农业公司——Banseisha company,该公司由颇具魅力的先驱Yoda本三(Benzo Yoda)领导,总部位于北海道。渡边一家在德胜定居,凯恩在那里为土著阿伊努人和殖民定居者的孩子开设了一所小型私立学校。本文结合渡边谦的叙述,分析了坂成社记录中男性主导的观点,揭示了北海道土地和人民独特的性别视角。Masaru和Kane Watanabe保存的日记也揭示了关于当地栖息地和环境的土著阿伊努人知识的争论和适应过程。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular biology as a “playground” in the life sciences: Questions on the current status of molecular biology 分子生物学作为生命科学的“游乐场”:关于分子生物学现状的几个问题
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100981
Zeki Topcu , Matthis Krischel , Heiner Fangerau
In the 21st century, we are witnessing remarkable advancements in the life sciences, medicine, agriculture, and other fields, many of which are specifically attributable to advancements in molecular biology. Using literature reports and quantitative evaluations, this essay highlights molecular biology’s unique characteristics within the frame of its current practice to understand their influence on the widespread use of molecular approaches among life sciences such as veterinary, fisheries, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and nursery sciences. We evaluate the progress of molecular biology within the context of sociological theories of scientific change to suggest a new perspective that views molecular biology as a playground.
在21世纪,我们见证了生命科学、医学、农业和其他领域的显著进步,其中许多都归功于分子生物学的进步。利用文献报告和定量评估,本文强调了分子生物学在其当前实践框架内的独特特征,以了解它们对生命科学(如兽医、渔业、制药、农业和苗圃科学)中广泛使用分子方法的影响。我们在科学变化的社会学理论背景下评估分子生物学的进展,以提出一种将分子生物学视为游乐场的新观点。
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引用次数: 0
Keeping the house clean: Women and germ theories in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Britain 保持房屋清洁:19世纪末和20世纪初英国的妇女和细菌理论
IF 0.5 4区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2025.100980
Labna Fernandez Erana
This paper argues that the domestic science movement played a central role, until now underappreciated, in the dissemination and reception of germ theories. By the turn of the twentieth century, germ theories of disease causation had become widely accepted in Victorian society, and germs became part of the everyday lives of men and women. Led by women, the domestic science movement advocated for a science-based housewifery education for girls, and it incorporated the new bacteriological knowledge into primary and secondary curriculums. Reading the discourses in textbooks and lectures alongside photographic documentation of educational practices allows a better understanding of how theoretical and practical knowledge of bacteriology was developed and encountered by different audiences. Women promoters of domestic science appropriated germ theories to best serve their causes. In this article I particularly focus on the English headmistress Margaret Pillow, née Scott, whose advocacy work strongly influenced the direction of domestic science movement.
本文认为,国内科学运动在细菌理论的传播和接受方面发挥了核心作用,直到现在还没有得到重视。到20世纪之交,细菌致病理论在维多利亚时代的社会被广泛接受,细菌成为人们日常生活的一部分。在妇女的领导下,家政科学运动倡导对女孩进行以科学为基础的家政教育,并将新的细菌学知识纳入中小学课程。阅读教科书和讲座中的话语,以及教育实践的摄影记录,可以更好地理解细菌学的理论和实践知识是如何发展和被不同的受众所遇到的。家务科学的女性推动者利用细菌理论来最好地服务于她们的事业。在这篇文章中,我特别关注英国女校长玛格丽特·皮罗,她的倡导工作强烈地影响了国内科学运动的方向。
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引用次数: 0
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