Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966
Olga Yu. Elina
In 1903, a female student named Zhozefina Kossko-Sudakevich was officially accepted into the Moscow Agricultural Institute, marking the first instance of such admission in the history of the Russian Empire. In 1909, she achieved another historic milestone by becoming the first Russian woman to graduate in agronomy.
Since the late nineteenth century, there have been many within Russian society who have advocated for increased opportunities in higher agricultural education for women. Nonetheless, breaking the stereotype of agronomy as an exclusively male occupation was a formidable challenge. To seek a degree in agriculture, Russian women had to go to Western Europe where agricultural education was more frequently extended to female students.
This paper focuses on the motivations and obstacles facing women entering the fields of agriculture and horticulture in Russia. Despite the prevailing model of higher education in the Russian Empire being a predominantly state-led institution, broader public initiatives aimed at providing higher education to women proved to be of no lesser value. In this context, I review the impact of the Society for the Advancement of Women’s Agricultural Education (1899) on actualizing the discourse of female education and launching a chain of non-governmental schools for women. As an example of such an initiative, I analyze the Golitsyn Higher Agricultural Women’s Courses (1908) in terms of this institution’s ideology and curriculum, and its students’ social composition and professional development after graduation.
1903年，一位名叫zhzefina Kossko-Sudakevich的女学生正式被莫斯科农业学院录取，这是俄罗斯帝国历史上第一次这样的录取。1909年，她成为第一个毕业于农学专业的俄罗斯女性，实现了另一个历史性的里程碑。自19世纪后期以来，俄罗斯社会中有许多人主张增加妇女接受高等农业教育的机会。尽管如此，打破农学是男性专属职业的刻板印象是一项艰巨的挑战。为了获得农业学位，俄罗斯妇女不得不去西欧，那里的农业教育更多地面向女学生。本文主要研究俄罗斯妇女进入农业和园艺领域的动机和障碍。尽管俄罗斯帝国高等教育的主要模式是国家主导的机构，但旨在为妇女提供高等教育的更广泛的公共倡议证明了同样重要的价值。在此背景下，我回顾了妇女农业教育促进会（Society for the Advancement for the Women’s Agricultural Education, 1899）在实现女性教育话语和启动一系列非政府女性学校方面的影响。本文以Golitsyn高等农业妇女课程（1908）为例，分析了该机构的思想和课程，以及学生毕业后的社会构成和专业发展。
{"title":"Women’s education and career development in agriculture in Russia in the early twentieth century","authors":"Olga Yu. Elina","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 1903, a female student named Zhozefina Kossko-Sudakevich was officially accepted into the Moscow Agricultural Institute, marking the first instance of such admission in the history of the Russian Empire. In 1909, she achieved another historic milestone by becoming the first Russian woman to graduate in agronomy.</div><div>Since the late nineteenth century, there have been many within Russian society who have advocated for increased opportunities in higher agricultural education for women. Nonetheless, breaking the stereotype of agronomy as an exclusively male occupation was a formidable challenge. To seek a degree in agriculture, Russian women had to go to Western Europe where agricultural education was more frequently extended to female students.</div><div>This paper focuses on the motivations and obstacles facing women entering the fields of agriculture and horticulture in Russia. Despite the prevailing model of higher education in the Russian Empire being a predominantly state-led institution, broader public initiatives aimed at providing higher education to women proved to be of no lesser value. In this context, I review the impact of the Society for the Advancement of Women’s Agricultural Education (1899) on actualizing the discourse of female education and launching a chain of non-governmental schools for women. As an example of such an initiative, I analyze the Golitsyn Higher Agricultural Women’s Courses (1908) in terms of this institution’s ideology and curriculum, and its students’ social composition and professional development after graduation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 4","pages":"Article 100966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142782223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954
Rawda Morkus-Makhoul
Palestinian peasant families had to adapt and survive under political and economic conditions dictated by European occupation and Zionist settler colonialism. Women had a major role in contributing to the efforts for survival and acquiring their status in the rural economy and the wider national struggle against British policies. Rural Arab families constituted the vast majority of the Palestinian population before the Nakba, or those displaced from their villages during the war on Palestine in 1948, and the formation of the State of Israel. The agricultural knowledge Palestinian women had and passed from one generation to the other was an important element for the survival of the peasant families under the different periods in which colonial countries and Zionist settlement shook the base of their economic existence.
{"title":"From grandmothers to granddaughters: Generational agricultural knowledge among rural women in British Mandate Palestine","authors":"Rawda Morkus-Makhoul","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Palestinian peasant families had to adapt and survive under political and economic conditions dictated by European occupation and Zionist settler colonialism. Women had a major role in contributing to the efforts for survival and acquiring their status in the rural economy and the wider national struggle against British policies. Rural Arab families constituted the vast majority of the Palestinian population before the Nakba, or those displaced from their villages during the war on Palestine in 1948, and the formation of the State of Israel. The agricultural knowledge Palestinian women had and passed from one generation to the other was an important element for the survival of the peasant families under the different periods in which colonial countries and Zionist settlement shook the base of their economic existence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951
Hang Zhang , Hongguang Zhang , Fuling Nie
As in most countries, the Republic of China’s development of amateur radio benefited from the appeal of the amateur radio medium as well as characteristics of its technology, and it was also impacted by external factors such as war. Against a background of tradition, newly formed, but extremely strong, popular scientific beliefs fueled conflicts between state power and folk forces which played a key role in China’s amateur radio development. In this study we will explore the tensions between the Chinese government’s concerns for national security and distrust of folk radio research, and the rising, public demand for amateur radio. We consider how negotiations between state power and folk forces happen, and what further factors influence the construction and development of radio technology. Our analysis adopts the constructivist approach of Social Shaping of Technology (SST) theory, which focuses on the role of social factors in processes of co-construction and negotiation in technological development. We identify the folk forces, represented by the interaction between private enterprises and amateurs, as well as state power, as two of the main social factors that influenced the development of radio technology in China. From 1912 to 1937, the Chinese government was suspicious of amateur radio activities, and as a result, they instituted policies unfavorable to its development. In contrast, the Yamei Radio Co. Ltd. led the private radio manufacturing enterprises in promoting the development of amateur radio and the popularization of related technologies. In tandem, radio amateurs assisted in the promotion and technological innovation of Yamei products. From 1937 to 1949, with the government’s semi-supportive and semi-skeptical attitude, amateur radio associations did make some progress. Benefiting from the early work performed by private enterprises, these associations grew into a new folk force to challenge government control, and they continued to promote the popularization and development of radio technology. Our study illuminates complex relationship among government control, non-governmental reaction, and technological development in a specific context. When there is a conflict, folk forces have the ability to mobilize against policy-driven obstacles, thus to counterbalance government control. This study not only provides a new case for SST research, but it also adds to our understanding of China’s radio technology, amateur radio, and radio manufacturing industry.
{"title":"Government controls, non-government reactions: Private radio manufacturing and the development of amateur radio in China (1912–1949)","authors":"Hang Zhang , Hongguang Zhang , Fuling Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As in most countries, the Republic of China’s development of amateur radio benefited from the appeal of the amateur radio medium as well as characteristics of its technology, and it was also impacted by external factors such as war. Against a background of tradition, newly formed, but extremely strong, popular scientific beliefs fueled conflicts between state power and folk forces which played a key role in China’s amateur radio development. In this study we will explore the tensions between the Chinese government’s concerns for national security and distrust of folk radio research, and the rising, public demand for amateur radio. We consider how negotiations between state power and folk forces happen, and what further factors influence the construction and development of radio technology. Our analysis adopts the constructivist approach of Social Shaping of Technology (SST) theory, which focuses on the role of social factors in processes of co-construction and negotiation in technological development. We identify the folk forces, represented by the interaction between private enterprises and amateurs, as well as state power, as two of the main social factors that influenced the development of radio technology in China. From 1912 to 1937, the Chinese government was suspicious of amateur radio activities, and as a result, they instituted policies unfavorable to its development. In contrast, the Yamei Radio Co. Ltd. led the private radio manufacturing enterprises in promoting the development of amateur radio and the popularization of related technologies. In tandem, radio amateurs assisted in the promotion and technological innovation of Yamei products. From 1937 to 1949, with the government’s semi-supportive and semi-skeptical attitude, amateur radio associations did make some progress. Benefiting from the early work performed by private enterprises, these associations grew into a new folk force to challenge government control, and they continued to promote the popularization and development of radio technology. Our study illuminates complex relationship among government control, non-governmental reaction, and technological development in a specific context. When there is a conflict, folk forces have the ability to mobilize against policy-driven obstacles, thus to counterbalance government control. This study not only provides a new case for SST research, but it also adds to our understanding of China’s radio technology, amateur radio, and radio manufacturing industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142335079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952
Romina Akemi Green Rioja
This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.
{"title":"Educating gender: The economic and spiritual battles over land and Mapuche children in Araucanía, Chile, 1897–1922","authors":"Romina Akemi Green Rioja","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state’s support for the Capuchin order’s evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100952"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100953
Ana Duarte Rodrigues
In the second half of the nineteenth century gardening flourished in Portugal’s public sphere, having considerably expanded beyond the private realms of palaces and villas. Envisioned as a sophisticated branch of knowledge, horticulture became a hub for citizen science, commercial activities, public education, and civic events. This was a context that fostered and advanced women’s involvement and status as gardeners, horticulturists, and educators, a development influenced by popular Portuguese perceptions of women as protectors. The Royal Society of Horticulture of Portugal (founded in Lisbon as “National” in 1898, decreed “Royal” in 1900), instantiated this enmeshment of perception with status by designating women members as ‘Lady Guardians’ while promoting their participation, especially as competitors and jurists in the society’s flower exhibitions. The women of the society offer a window into the more general identities and professional statuses of women horticulturalists as ‘guardians’ in a generalized sense: they included landowners, writers, gardeners, and family business owners, with many assuming greater responsibility in widowhood. At a time when women’s participation in science was highly constricted, horticulture as a field, and the Royal Society of Horticulture as its premier institution, constituted a remarkable opportunity for women to be publicly engaged and recognized for their expertise as amateur botanists alongside their male counterparts. This article’s analysis demonstrates that women horticulturalists in Portugal were a quite heterogenous group, consisting of women from the highest ranks of the nobility, participating alongside women from further social ranks, inclusive of the aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and urban middle classes. Their participation in the society not only afforded them opportunities locally and civically, but also internationally, as will be illustrated by a few careers that reflect how education, travels, and professional engagement demonstrated the broad reach of Portuguese women’s horticultural activities.
{"title":"‘Lady Guardians’ of the Royal Society of Horticulture of Portugal, 1898–1906","authors":"Ana Duarte Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the second half of the nineteenth century gardening flourished in Portugal’s public sphere, having considerably expanded beyond the private realms of palaces and villas. Envisioned as a sophisticated branch of knowledge, horticulture became a hub for citizen science, commercial activities, public education, and civic events. This was a context that fostered and advanced women’s involvement and status as gardeners, horticulturists, and educators, a development influenced by popular Portuguese perceptions of women as protectors. The Royal Society of Horticulture of Portugal (founded in Lisbon as “National” in 1898, decreed “Royal” in 1900), instantiated this enmeshment of perception with status by designating women members as ‘Lady Guardians’ while promoting their participation, especially as competitors and jurists in the society’s flower exhibitions. The women of the society offer a window into the more general identities and professional statuses of women horticulturalists as ‘guardians’ in a generalized sense: they included landowners, writers, gardeners, and family business owners, with many assuming greater responsibility in widowhood. At a time when women’s participation in science was highly constricted, horticulture as a field, and the Royal Society of Horticulture as its premier institution, constituted a remarkable opportunity for women to be publicly engaged and recognized for their expertise as amateur botanists alongside their male counterparts. This article’s analysis demonstrates that women horticulturalists in Portugal were a quite heterogenous group, consisting of women from the highest ranks of the nobility, participating alongside women from further social ranks, inclusive of the aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and urban middle classes. Their participation in the society not only afforded them opportunities locally and civically, but also internationally, as will be illustrated by a few careers that reflect how education, travels, and professional engagement demonstrated the broad reach of Portuguese women’s horticultural activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955
Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief)
{"title":"Editorial: Care and scholarship in times of war","authors":"Donald L. Opitz (Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100955","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 3","pages":"Article 100955"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939
Marsha L. Richmond
Women seeking to work in horticulture in the early twentieth century were the beneficiaries of developments put in motion by the late nineteenth-century women’s rights movement. From the 1860s, feminists and social reformers in Europe and America promoted the opening of higher education to women. After success on this front, by 1900, women’s advocates pushed for expanding work opportunities suitable for middle-class women, including in horticulture. This article contributes to the historiography of women and gender in horticulture and agriculture by tracing the opening of horticultural and agricultural schools and employment opportunities for women in Germany and Austria. The analysis shows that while the new schools were modeled on earlier examples in Britain, the programs’ curricula were based on that of the German and Austrian agricultural colleges. This European expansion of science-based horticultural education provided middle-class women with occupational prospects that proved more fruitful than university degrees until the rise of anti-Semitism in the years leading up to World War II.
{"title":"Horticulture as a profession for middle-class German and Austrian women, 1890–1940","authors":"Marsha L. Richmond","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Women seeking to work in horticulture in the early twentieth century were the beneficiaries of developments put in motion by the late nineteenth-century women’s rights movement. From the 1860s, feminists and social reformers in Europe and America promoted the opening of higher education to women. After success on this front, by 1900, women’s advocates pushed for expanding work opportunities suitable for middle-class women, including in horticulture. This article contributes to the historiography of women and gender in horticulture and agriculture by tracing the opening of horticultural and agricultural schools and employment opportunities for women in Germany and Austria. The analysis shows that while the new schools were modeled on earlier examples in Britain, the programs’ curricula were based on that of the German and Austrian agricultural colleges. This European expansion of science-based horticultural education provided middle-class women with occupational prospects that proved more fruitful than university degrees until the rise of anti-Semitism in the years leading up to World War II.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 2","pages":"Article 100939"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927
Xenobot, the world’s first biological robot, puts numerous philosophical riddles before us. One among them pertains to the cognitive status of these entities. Are these biological robots cognitive? To evaluate the cognitive status of xenobots and to resolve the puzzle of a single mind emerging from smaller sub-units, in this article, I juxtapose the cognitive capacities of xenobots with that of two other minimal models of cognition, i.e., basal cognition and nonliving active matter cognition. Further, the article underlines the essential cognitive capabilities that xenobots need to achieve to enter what I call stage 1 of xenobotic cognition. Stage 1 is characterized by numerous cognitive mechanisms, which are integral for the survival and cognition of basal organisms. Finally, I suggest that developing xenobots that can reach Stage 1 can help us achieve sophistication in the areas of evolution of the human mind, robotics, biology and medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI).
{"title":"An evaluation of the xenobotic cognitive project: Towards Stage 1 of xenobotic cognition","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2024.100927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Xenobot, the world’s first biological robot, puts numerous philosophical riddles before us. One among them pertains to the cognitive status of these entities. Are these biological robots cognitive? To evaluate the cognitive status of xenobots and to resolve the puzzle of a single mind emerging from smaller sub-units, in this article, I juxtapose the cognitive capacities of xenobots with that of two other minimal models of cognition, i.e., basal cognition and nonliving active matter cognition. Further, the article underlines the essential cognitive capabilities that xenobots need to achieve to enter what I call stage 1 of xenobotic cognition. Stage 1 is characterized by numerous cognitive mechanisms, which are integral for the survival and cognition of basal organisms. Finally, I suggest that developing xenobots that can reach Stage 1 can help us achieve sophistication in the areas of evolution of the human mind, robotics, biology and medicine, and artificial intelligence (AI).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51032,"journal":{"name":"Endeavour","volume":"48 2","pages":"Article 100927"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140864170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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