Since the 1970s there has been increasing interest in integrative approaches to psychopathology. Within this framework, numerous models have been developed. The aim of this manuscript is to inventory these models, provide a critical evaluation of them, and offer recommendations for their further development.
Method
We conducted a scoping review based on PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included keywords related to psychotherapy and/or psychopathology, one keyword related to models or conceptualizations, and one keyword associated with the integrative notion. The selected studies focused exclusively on integrative models of psychopathology and/or psychotherapy. The research was carried out using PsycInfo, PubMed, and EMBASE databases.
Results
A total of 61 manuscripts were included in the systematic review. We identified a broad range of conceptual proposals, which can be categorized into three main types of models: 1) Models proposing a general framework for understanding psychopathology, 2) Models focusing on common factors in psychotherapy and 3) Models suggesting that a specific psychotherapy is inherently integrative.
Conclusions
Many of these identified models face criticism for their lack of clear methodological development, limited empirical evidence, and/or restricted applicability to psychotherapeutic interventions. Future models should aim to address these limitations in order to advance the field.
{"title":"Integrative models of psychopathology and psychotherapy: A PRISMA-based scoping review","authors":"Rodolphe Saur , Eva Fourel , Solaine Dos Santos , Thierry Kosinski , Géraldine Tapia , Chrystel Besche-Richard , Arnaud Carré , Robert Courtois , Catherine Bortolon , Céline Baeyens , Fanny Marteau-Chasserieau , Lucia Romo , Yannick Morvan , Alexis Vancappel","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Since the 1970s there has been increasing interest in integrative approaches to psychopathology. Within this framework, numerous models have been developed. The aim of this manuscript is to inventory these models, provide a critical evaluation of them, and offer recommendations for their further development.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We conducted a scoping review based on PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included keywords related to psychotherapy and/or psychopathology, one keyword related to models or conceptualizations, and one keyword associated with the integrative notion. The selected studies focused exclusively on integrative models of psychopathology and/or psychotherapy. The research was carried out using PsycInfo, PubMed, and EMBASE databases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 61 manuscripts were included in the systematic review. We identified a broad range of conceptual proposals, which can be categorized into three main types of models: 1) Models proposing a general framework for understanding psychopathology, 2) Models focusing on common factors in psychotherapy and 3) Models suggesting that a specific psychotherapy is inherently integrative.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Many of these identified models face criticism for their lack of clear methodological development, limited empirical evidence, and/or restricted applicability to psychotherapeutic interventions. Future models should aim to address these limitations in order to advance the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 668-676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-05-23DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007
Maroussia Dumenil , Gabriel Cordova , Wissam El-Hage
<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Current antidepressants have shown certain limitations in the treatment of unipolar depression. Their long onset of action, interactions, and side effects are obstacles to achieving lasting remission of this prevalent, often chronic or recurrent, pathology. Faced with this clinical necessity, research efforts have intensified in recent years around psychedelic drugs, with a particular focus on the mental health benefits of psilocybin. To illustrate this promising approach, we present here the clinical vignette of a student living in France for whom psilocybin led to complete remission after recurrent depressive episodes and a two-year course of Escitalopram.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>Juan, a Mexican student, decided to move to France in 2015 to further his education and broaden his horizons. Since his degree in physiotherapy from Mexico did not qualify him to practice in France, he began studying Biology from 2016 to 2020. Unfortunately, during this period, Juan experienced his first episode of major unipolar depression, marked by feelings of incompetence and academic stagnation. In March 2017, he started an initial course of Escitalopram at 5<!--> <!-->mg, which provided some relief from his depressive symptoms but did not completely alleviate his anxiety and ruminative thoughts. The treatment was discontinued after three months due to a summer travel plan. By January 2018, he encountered a more intense depressive episode for which he resumed Escitalopram at an increased dose of 10<!--> <!-->mg. He continued this treatment until August 2019, although it again proved insufficient for full symptom relief. In January 2020, he faced his most challenging relapse, sometimes unable to get out of bed for weeks. This led him to resume Escitalopram, this time at 15<!--> <!-->mg, but he struggled with significant side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and numbness. Seeking alternative solutions, in the summer of 2020 Juan tried a non-conventional approach in Mexico using psilocybin, a compound found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, under the supervision of a shaman. Following the first administration in July, he noticed a rapid partial improvement in his symptoms; a second administration two weeks later resulted in a full remission of his depressive symptoms. Juan described his experience as profoundly healing, gaining an inner peace and a deep understanding of his struggles. Since 2020, he has remained in full remission without the need for antidepressants. This case highlights the potential role of psilocybin in addressing treatment-resistant depression and the importance of further research into alternative therapeutic options.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Psilocybin, a 5-HT2A serotonergic receptor agonist, affects cortical neural networks by reducing amygdala reactivity to negative emotions and altering brain connectivity. According to David Nutt's drug harm scale, psilocybin ranks among the le
{"title":"Psilocybine dans le traitement d’une dépression résistante unipolaire : à propos d’un cas clinique","authors":"Maroussia Dumenil , Gabriel Cordova , Wissam El-Hage","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Current antidepressants have shown certain limitations in the treatment of unipolar depression. Their long onset of action, interactions, and side effects are obstacles to achieving lasting remission of this prevalent, often chronic or recurrent, pathology. Faced with this clinical necessity, research efforts have intensified in recent years around psychedelic drugs, with a particular focus on the mental health benefits of psilocybin. To illustrate this promising approach, we present here the clinical vignette of a student living in France for whom psilocybin led to complete remission after recurrent depressive episodes and a two-year course of Escitalopram.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>Juan, a Mexican student, decided to move to France in 2015 to further his education and broaden his horizons. Since his degree in physiotherapy from Mexico did not qualify him to practice in France, he began studying Biology from 2016 to 2020. Unfortunately, during this period, Juan experienced his first episode of major unipolar depression, marked by feelings of incompetence and academic stagnation. In March 2017, he started an initial course of Escitalopram at 5<!--> <!-->mg, which provided some relief from his depressive symptoms but did not completely alleviate his anxiety and ruminative thoughts. The treatment was discontinued after three months due to a summer travel plan. By January 2018, he encountered a more intense depressive episode for which he resumed Escitalopram at an increased dose of 10<!--> <!-->mg. He continued this treatment until August 2019, although it again proved insufficient for full symptom relief. In January 2020, he faced his most challenging relapse, sometimes unable to get out of bed for weeks. This led him to resume Escitalopram, this time at 15<!--> <!-->mg, but he struggled with significant side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and numbness. Seeking alternative solutions, in the summer of 2020 Juan tried a non-conventional approach in Mexico using psilocybin, a compound found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, under the supervision of a shaman. Following the first administration in July, he noticed a rapid partial improvement in his symptoms; a second administration two weeks later resulted in a full remission of his depressive symptoms. Juan described his experience as profoundly healing, gaining an inner peace and a deep understanding of his struggles. Since 2020, he has remained in full remission without the need for antidepressants. This case highlights the potential role of psilocybin in addressing treatment-resistant depression and the importance of further research into alternative therapeutic options.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Psilocybin, a 5-HT2A serotonergic receptor agonist, affects cortical neural networks by reducing amygdala reactivity to negative emotions and altering brain connectivity. According to David Nutt's drug harm scale, psilocybin ranks among the le","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 691-694"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144144309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-05-03DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.003
Daniela Polese
{"title":"WHO recommendations on psychotherapy for mental care: The need of group therapy","authors":"Daniela Polese","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 686-687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-06DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.004
Sandrine Bonneton , Aziz Essadek
Introduction
Adolescents supported by child protection services (CPS) represent a population exposed to repeated relational trauma that significantly increases the risk of developing complex trauma characterized by polymorphic symptomatology. The behavioral problems presented by adolescents followed by CPS may fit within this nosographic framework. They can lead to major difficulties in adapting to their environment, especially when the trajectory of polyvictimization is pronounced. Unfortunately, the failure of professionals to recognize this diagnosis remains frequent. As a result, institutional responses are often poorly adapted to the needs of the adolescents concerned, promoting an excessive psychiatrisation of their behavioral manifestations at the expense of a comprehensive and holistic approach rooted in their traumatic history.
Method
This work offers a theoretical-clinical reflection on complex trauma expressed through behavioral problems among adolescents supported by CPS. It is based on the main recent clinical and scientific contributions, particularly research related to integrative and systemic approaches.
Results
Theoretical and clinical data highlight both the importance and the difficulties of identifying manifestations of complex trauma among adolescents supported by CPS, especially when they present behavioral problems. The analysis emphasizes the contributions of clinical support systems and trauma-informed practices in structuring institutional responses. These practices, particularly the Attachment, Regulation of Affect, Competence (ARC) model, by promoting a developmental and relational understanding of behavioral symptoms, provide a structured framework for operationalizing the educational support of adolescents within CPS, moving beyond crisis management logic and enabling the effective use of specific care modalities when necessary.
Discussion
Recognizing traumatic history, often marked by polyvictimization, appears essential to adequately meet the needs of the adolescents concerned. While integrative and systemic approaches represent promising levers for transforming professional practices within CPS, their implementation remains marginal in France. Avenues for reflection and research are discussed to promote the concrete adoption of these models by institutions, particularly in terms of training, team support, and structuring connections between institutions, with the aim of building better-coordinated educational and therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Problèmes comportementaux en protection de l’enfance : comprendre et intervenir à partir du concept de trauma complexe","authors":"Sandrine Bonneton , Aziz Essadek","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Adolescents supported by child protection services (CPS) represent a population exposed to repeated relational trauma that significantly increases the risk of developing complex trauma characterized by polymorphic symptomatology. The behavioral problems presented by adolescents followed by CPS may fit within this nosographic framework. They can lead to major difficulties in adapting to their environment, especially when the trajectory of polyvictimization is pronounced. Unfortunately, the failure of professionals to recognize this diagnosis remains frequent. As a result, institutional responses are often poorly adapted to the needs of the adolescents concerned, promoting an excessive psychiatrisation of their behavioral manifestations at the expense of a comprehensive and holistic approach rooted in their traumatic history.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This work offers a theoretical-clinical reflection on complex trauma expressed through behavioral problems among adolescents supported by CPS. It is based on the main recent clinical and scientific contributions, particularly research related to integrative and systemic approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Theoretical and clinical data highlight both the importance and the difficulties of identifying manifestations of complex trauma among adolescents supported by CPS, especially when they present behavioral problems. The analysis emphasizes the contributions of clinical support systems and trauma-informed practices in structuring institutional responses. These practices, particularly the Attachment, Regulation of Affect, Competence (ARC) model, by promoting a developmental and relational understanding of behavioral symptoms, provide a structured framework for operationalizing the educational support of adolescents within CPS, moving beyond crisis management logic and enabling the effective use of specific care modalities when necessary.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Recognizing traumatic history, often marked by polyvictimization, appears essential to adequately meet the needs of the adolescents concerned. While integrative and systemic approaches represent promising levers for transforming professional practices within CPS, their implementation remains marginal in France. Avenues for reflection and research are discussed to promote the concrete adoption of these models by institutions, particularly in terms of training, team support, and structuring connections between institutions, with the aim of building better-coordinated educational and therapeutic interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages S17-S23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145016561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2024.12.005
Louis Pitois , Aurélie Baillot , Benjamin Pageaux , Ahmed Jérôme Romain
Objectives
Affective response during physical activity can partly determine its adherence in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder. This study examined affective responses to physical activity in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder.
Materials and methods
Two groups (24 adults with severe obesity, body mass index = 44.4 kg/m2, SD = 6.5; 20 adults with severe obesity and mental disorders, body mass index = 44.1 kg/m2, SD = 9.3) completed two 6-min walking exercises with affective responses assessed at each minute.
Results
No between-group effect in the distance walked was found. Results showed a significant time effect indicating a decline in pleasure over time in both groups from the first to the second 6-min walking exercise No interaction effects were detected in both 6-min walking exercise.
Discussion
Affective responses similarly declined in both groups indicating that obesity, rather than the presence of a mental disorder, is partly responsible for this decline.
{"title":"Affective responses in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder during two consecutive 6-min walking exercises","authors":"Louis Pitois , Aurélie Baillot , Benjamin Pageaux , Ahmed Jérôme Romain","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Affective response during physical activity<span> can partly determine its adherence in adults with severe obesity<span> living or not with a mental disorder. This study examined affective responses to physical activity in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder.</span></span></div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div><span><span>Two groups (24 adults with severe obesity, </span>body mass index</span> <!-->=<!--> <!-->44.4<!--> <!-->kg/m<sup>2</sup>, SD<!--> <!-->=<!--> <span><span>6.5; 20 adults with severe obesity and mental disorders, </span>body mass index</span> <!-->=<!--> <!-->44.1<!--> <!-->kg/m<sup>2</sup>, SD<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->9.3) completed two 6-min walking exercises with affective responses assessed at each minute.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No between-group effect in the distance walked was found. Results showed a significant time effect indicating a decline in pleasure over time in both groups from the first to the second 6-min walking exercise No interaction effects were detected in both 6-min walking exercise.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>Affective responses similarly declined in both groups indicating that obesity, rather than the presence of a mental disorder, is partly responsible for this decline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 623-628"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.003
Marion Robin
{"title":"Le trauma complexe dans la réalité clinique quotidienne en pédopsychiatrie","authors":"Marion Robin","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages S50-S51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.06.007
Marion Robin , Michel Spodenkiewicz , Jean Belbèze , Maurice Corcos
The body of knowledge on trauma is rapidly expanding. Since 2022, the WHO has been calling for the history of adversity to be systematically taken into account when assessing the state of health of all individuals. But at this stage, our understanding of the precise mechanisms of complex trauma remains incomplete. In fact, its pathophysiology lies at the crossroads of neurobiological, psychological and relational fields of study. The aim of this review is to set out the key elements of this scientific literature in order to move towards a more global and comprehensive vision, which remains a challenge. The clinical forms of complex trauma are analyzed in the light of the neurobiology of chronic and early stress, cognitive-emotional disorders, and relational and attachment imbalances. Four dimensions each play a major role in the psycho-traumatic equation: characteristics relating to adversity factors, circumstances of onset, any prior vulnerabilities, and environmental resources (particularly relational support). Borderline personality disorder appears to be one of the faces of complex trauma, and a valuable model for understanding a pathophysiology that takes place in two stages, in which previous psychobiological changes contribute to the disproportionate or unrelated appearance of symptoms in relation to current environmental factors. This pathophysiology of a profound link between early experiences, alterations in the self and affective regulation disorders in adolescence or adulthood, raises new questions about the definition and understanding of psychiatric disorders, and first and foremost personality disorders, which are at the crossroads of the shift from “simple” trauma to complex trauma. Understanding the mechanics of trauma ultimately involves a shift from a symptom-centered approach to a dual approach involving the symptom in a synchronic (instantaneous) perspective and the patient's history in a diachronic (temporal evolution) perspective. It is also a shift from the subject to his or her environment, which calls for a global and systemic vision.
{"title":"Vers une physiopathologie intégrative du trauma complexe","authors":"Marion Robin , Michel Spodenkiewicz , Jean Belbèze , Maurice Corcos","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The body of knowledge on trauma is rapidly expanding. Since 2022, the WHO has been calling for the history of adversity to be systematically taken into account when assessing the state of health of all individuals. But at this stage, our understanding of the precise mechanisms of complex trauma remains incomplete. In fact, its pathophysiology lies at the crossroads of neurobiological, psychological and relational fields of study. The aim of this review is to set out the key elements of this scientific literature in order to move towards a more global and comprehensive vision, which remains a challenge. The clinical forms of complex trauma are analyzed in the light of the neurobiology of chronic and early stress, cognitive-emotional disorders, and relational and attachment imbalances. Four dimensions each play a major role in the psycho-traumatic equation: characteristics relating to adversity factors, circumstances of onset, any prior vulnerabilities, and environmental resources (particularly relational support). Borderline personality disorder appears to be one of the faces of complex trauma, and a valuable model for understanding a pathophysiology that takes place in two stages, in which previous psychobiological changes contribute to the disproportionate or unrelated appearance of symptoms in relation to current environmental factors. This pathophysiology of a profound link between early experiences, alterations in the self and affective regulation disorders in adolescence or adulthood, raises new questions about the definition and understanding of psychiatric disorders, and first and foremost personality disorders, which are at the crossroads of the shift from “simple” trauma to complex trauma. Understanding the mechanics of trauma ultimately involves a shift from a symptom-centered approach to a dual approach involving the symptom in a synchronic (instantaneous) perspective and the patient's history in a diachronic (temporal evolution) perspective. It is also a shift from the subject to his or her environment, which calls for a global and systemic vision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages S9-S16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.12.001
Christine A. Courtois
{"title":"A conceptual and paradigm shift whose time has come","authors":"Christine A. Courtois","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages S1-S3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-27DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.002
Jérôme Palazzolo
{"title":"Physical activity and mental health: Neurobiological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","authors":"Jérôme Palazzolo","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 579-581"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144977770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with a lasting functional impact. Our objective was to analyze methylphenidate prescription rates between 2013 and 2021 in Occitanie, to study their evolution over time, disparities within the same region, and factors that could influence them.
Methods
Data were extracted via the national insurance health data system, the inter-regime consumption data mart of the Occitanie region. Prevalence and incidence data were reported based on population data from NISES within the same territories. Deprivation indices of municipalities and classification of territories according to rurality were used as analysis variables.
Results
Between 2013 and 2021, the overall rate of methylphenidate prescription in Occitanie increased by 97.3% with territorial disparities. In 2019, the prescription prevalence across all age groups studied was 0.19%, and the incidence was 0.06%. The abandonment rate represents 22.32% across all ages. The decrease in deliveries in the second quarter of 2020 coincides with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
Our data are consistent with the results observed at the national level, namely an increase in methylphenidate prescriptions of around 12% per year. Similar results are observed in countries using methylphenidate with initially low prescription rates. The level of prescription reached in Occitanie remains significantly lower than that of comparable Occidental countries, with significant territorial disparities.
{"title":"Evolution of methylphenidate prescriptions in the region of Occitanie, France, from 2013 to 2021","authors":"Aurélien Velay , Jennifer Alexis , Laurence Papinaud , Caroline Domerg , Diane Purper Ouakil , Thiébaut-Noël Willig , Hala Kerbage","doi":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.encep.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with a lasting functional impact. Our objective was to analyze methylphenidate prescription rates between 2013 and 2021 in Occitanie, to study their evolution over time, disparities within the same region, and factors that could influence them.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data were extracted via the national insurance health data system, the inter-regime consumption data mart of the Occitanie region. Prevalence and incidence data were reported based on population data from NISES within the same territories. Deprivation indices of municipalities and classification of territories according to rurality were used as analysis variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Between 2013 and 2021, the overall rate of methylphenidate prescription in Occitanie increased by 97.3% with territorial disparities. In 2019, the prescription prevalence across all age groups studied was 0.19%, and the incidence was 0.06%. The abandonment rate represents 22.32% across all ages. The decrease in deliveries in the second quarter of 2020 coincides with the COVID-19 pandemic.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our data are consistent with the results observed at the national level, namely an increase in methylphenidate prescriptions of around 12% per year. Similar results are observed in countries using methylphenidate with initially low prescription rates. The level of prescription reached in Occitanie remains significantly lower than that of comparable Occidental countries, with significant territorial disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51042,"journal":{"name":"Encephale-Revue De Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique","volume":"51 6","pages":"Pages 651-659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143789310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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