{"title":"Comparison of Hossfeld's method and two modern methods for volume estimation of standing trees.","authors":"M. Ducey, MICHAEL S. Williams","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/26.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/26.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"26 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/26.1.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the costs, CO2 emissions and energy balances associated with three potential systems for recovering roadside slash in British Columbia, Canada, in which the biomass is transported as slash, hogfuel or bundles. Costs, CO2 emissions and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size). The results indicate that the hogfuel system is the cheapest, per unit delivered biomass, whereas the bundle system is the most expensive system when transportation distances are short (<100 km) and the slash system is the most expensive when transportation distances exceed 100 km. However, the viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.
{"title":"Costs, CO2 emissions, and energy balances of applying nordic slash recovery methods in British Columbia.","authors":"O. Lindroos, B. Nilsson, T. Sowlati","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/26.1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/26.1.30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the costs, CO2 emissions and energy balances associated with three potential systems for recovering roadside slash in British Columbia, Canada, in which the biomass is transported as slash, hogfuel or bundles. Costs, CO2 emissions and energy balances of all three systems showed strong dependence on transportation distance and considerably weaker dependence on slash amounts at landing (cutting block size). The results indicate that the hogfuel system is the cheapest, per unit delivered biomass, whereas the bundle system is the most expensive system when transportation distances are short (<100 km) and the slash system is the most expensive when transportation distances exceed 100 km. However, the viability of the systems is strongly dependent on payload assumptions.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"26 1","pages":"30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/26.1.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Greene, S. Daniels, M. Kilgore, T. Straka, M. Jacobson
Selected forestry officials in each of the 13 western states were surveyed in 2005 concerning their opinions on the public and private financial incentive programs available to nonindustrial private forest owners in their state. The officials were asked to name and describe the programs and to assess forest owners’ awareness of each one, its appeal among owners aware of it, its effectiveness in encouraging sustainable forestry and enabling owners to meet their objectives, and the percent of program practices that remain in place and enrolled acres that remain in forest over time. They also were asked to suggest ways to improve the programs. The FSP, FLEP, and FLP were among the top-rated federal programs. Programs sponsored by states and private organizations tended to be more narrowly targeted than federal programs and scored well for specific attributes of sustainability. The officials’ suggestions for program improvement largely centered on increasing visibility and availability, ensuring long-term consistency in funding, and simplifying the application and approval processes.
{"title":"Effectiveness of financial incentive programs in promoting sustainable forestry in the west.","authors":"J. Greene, S. Daniels, M. Kilgore, T. Straka, M. Jacobson","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.186","url":null,"abstract":"Selected forestry officials in each of the 13 western states were surveyed in 2005 concerning their opinions on the public and private financial incentive programs available to nonindustrial private forest owners in their state. The officials were asked to name and describe the programs and to assess forest owners’ awareness of each one, its appeal among owners aware of it, its effectiveness in encouraging sustainable forestry and enabling owners to meet their objectives, and the percent of program practices that remain in place and enrolled acres that remain in forest over time. They also were asked to suggest ways to improve the programs. The FSP, FLEP, and FLP were among the top-rated federal programs. Programs sponsored by states and private organizations tended to be more narrowly targeted than federal programs and scored well for specific attributes of sustainability. The officials’ suggestions for program improvement largely centered on increasing visibility and availability, ensuring long-term consistency in funding, and simplifying the application and approval processes.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"186-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mortality and reduced growth rates due to raking accumulated basal duff were evaluated for old, large-diameter ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees on the Lassen National Forest, California. No fire treatments were included to isolate the effect of raking from fire. Trees were monitored annually for 5 years after the raking treatment for mortality and then cored to measure basal area increment. Results showed that raking basal duff and litter to mineral soil from the bole out to 60 cm had no effect on basal area increment or mortality for 5 years posttreatment. Results are pertinent to managers who question whether raking basal duff will decrease tree vigor or increase tree mortality of large and old ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees in northern California.
{"title":"Does Raking Basal Duff Affect Tree Growth Rates or Mortality","authors":"Erin K. Noonan-Wright, S. Hood, D. Cluck","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.199","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality and reduced growth rates due to raking accumulated basal duff were evaluated for old, large-diameter ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees on the Lassen National Forest, California. No fire treatments were included to isolate the effect of raking from fire. Trees were monitored annually for 5 years after the raking treatment for mortality and then cored to measure basal area increment. Results showed that raking basal duff and litter to mineral soil from the bole out to 60 cm had no effect on basal area increment or mortality for 5 years posttreatment. Results are pertinent to managers who question whether raking basal duff will decrease tree vigor or increase tree mortality of large and old ponderosa and Jeffrey pine trees in northern California.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"199-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are important tree mortality agents in western coniferous forests. Protection of individual trees from bark beetle attack has historically involved applications of liquid formulations of contact insecticides to the tree bole using hydraulic sprayers. More recently, researchers looking for more portable and environmentally safe alternatives have examined the effectiveness of injecting small quantities of systemic insecticides directly into trees. In this study, we evaluated trunk injections of experimental formulations of emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing tree mortality due to attack by western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in California, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in Idaho, and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in Utah. Fipronil appeared ineffective for protecting P. ponderosa from mortality due to D. brevicomis over the 3 years in California because of insufficient mortality of untreated, baited control trees the first 2 years and high mortality of the fipronil-treated trees in the third year. Emamectin benzoate was effective in providing protection of P. ponderosa from D. brevicomis during the third year following a single application. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the successful application of a systemic insecticide for protecting individual conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack in the western United States. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during both field seasons in P. contorta because of insufficient mortality in control trees. Both emamectin benzoate and fipronil were ineffective for protecting P. engelmannii from D. rufipennis. Lower ambient and soil temperatures and soil moisture may have limited chemical movement and thus efficacy at the Idaho and Utah sites.
{"title":"Effectiveness of two systemic insecticides for protecting western conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack.","authors":"D. M. Grosman, C. Fettig, C. Jørgensen, A. Munson","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.181","url":null,"abstract":"Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are important tree mortality agents in western coniferous forests. Protection of individual trees from bark beetle attack has historically involved applications of liquid formulations of contact insecticides to the tree bole using hydraulic sprayers. More recently, researchers looking for more portable and environmentally safe alternatives have examined the effectiveness of injecting small quantities of systemic insecticides directly into trees. In this study, we evaluated trunk injections of experimental formulations of emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing tree mortality due to attack by western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in California, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in Idaho, and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in Utah. Fipronil appeared ineffective for protecting P. ponderosa from mortality due to D. brevicomis over the 3 years in California because of insufficient mortality of untreated, baited control trees the first 2 years and high mortality of the fipronil-treated trees in the third year. Emamectin benzoate was effective in providing protection of P. ponderosa from D. brevicomis during the third year following a single application. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the successful application of a systemic insecticide for protecting individual conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack in the western United States. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during both field seasons in P. contorta because of insufficient mortality in control trees. Both emamectin benzoate and fipronil were ineffective for protecting P. engelmannii from D. rufipennis. Lower ambient and soil temperatures and soil moisture may have limited chemical movement and thus efficacy at the Idaho and Utah sites.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"181-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An understory of shade-tolerant species often develops in stands in the Douglas-fir region of western Washington and Oregon and can have a disproportionate effect on relative density indices, such as Reineke stand density index and Curtis relative density. The effects of such understories and of other departures rom the ondition are illustrated with selected stand data. In gener l, the summation methods are less influenced by departures from the even-aged c than are the conventio al c ased on quadratic mean diameter. Recommendations are made for consistent definition of the lower diameter limit of trees to be included in such computations
{"title":"Effect of Diameter Limits and Stand Structure on Relative Density Indices: A Case Study","authors":"R. Curtis","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.169","url":null,"abstract":"An understory of shade-tolerant species often develops in stands in the Douglas-fir region of western Washington and Oregon and can have a disproportionate effect on relative density indices, such as Reineke stand density index and Curtis relative density. The effects of such understories and of other departures rom the ondition are illustrated with selected stand data. In gener l, the summation methods are less influenced by departures from the even-aged c than are the conventio al c ased on quadratic mean diameter. Recommendations are made for consistent definition of the lower diameter limit of trees to be included in such computations","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"169-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estimating aboveground biomass for broadleaf woody plants and young conifers in Sierra Nevada, California, forests","authors":"Thomas W. McGinnis, Christine D. Shook, J. Keeley","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.203","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"203-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Excessive browsing by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and wild ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus L.), sometimes inhibits growth and maturity of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers in Western North America. In areas where aspen stands are in poor condition or declining, protecting suckers from ungulates may be necessary. This study compared the utility of livestock fences, complete wildlife exclosures, barriers created from slash debris, and tree hinging during 2004 and 2005 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. All of the barriers significantly reduced percentage browsing of aspen suckers compared with the pretreatment average (78%) and posttreatment control (79%). Slash treatments and livestock fences decreased ungulate browsing by 19%, hinge treatments decreased it by 39%, and wildlife fences eliminated nearly all incidences of sucker browsing. The average length removed per terminal stem for aspen suckers decreased from 20.8 to 14.4 cm across all treatments. After 1 year, the mean number of suckers above 100 cm height in both the hinge and slash treatments were significantly greater than both the fence treatments and control. Data showed that autumn and winter browsing was primarily by wild ungulates. Slash barriers can replace livestock fences where cattle affect aspen suckers. Hinge barriers are more useful than both slash barriers and livestock fences in areas where wild ungulates are the primary browsers.
{"title":"Evaluation of techniques to protect aspen suckers from ungulate browsing in the Black Hills","authors":"Andrew M. Kota, D. Bartos","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.161","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive browsing by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and wild ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus L.), sometimes inhibits growth and maturity of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers in Western North America. In areas where aspen stands are in poor condition or declining, protecting suckers from ungulates may be necessary. This study compared the utility of livestock fences, complete wildlife exclosures, barriers created from slash debris, and tree hinging during 2004 and 2005 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. All of the barriers significantly reduced percentage browsing of aspen suckers compared with the pretreatment average (78%) and posttreatment control (79%). Slash treatments and livestock fences decreased ungulate browsing by 19%, hinge treatments decreased it by 39%, and wildlife fences eliminated nearly all incidences of sucker browsing. The average length removed per terminal stem for aspen suckers decreased from 20.8 to 14.4 cm across all treatments. After 1 year, the mean number of suckers above 100 cm height in both the hinge and slash treatments were significantly greater than both the fence treatments and control. Data showed that autumn and winter browsing was primarily by wild ungulates. Slash barriers can replace livestock fences where cattle affect aspen suckers. Hinge barriers are more useful than both slash barriers and livestock fences in areas where wild ungulates are the primary browsers.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61109073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.
{"title":"The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon","authors":"D. Azuma","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.176","url":null,"abstract":"Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"176-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution of three dwarf mistletoe species within their host tree crowns.","authors":"F. Baker, J. Guyon","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.4.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.194","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"194-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.4.194","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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