S. Hajong, Krishnappa Rangappa, Harish Ganjalagatta Dasaiah, P. Moirangthem, U. S. Saikia, B. Bhattacharjee, S. Ahlawat, B. Kandpal
Abstract Context. Crop production in Eastern Himalaya is constrained by combined effects of soil acidity and moisture deficit during post monsoon under a changing climate. Aim. This study aimed to identify potential buckwheat genotypes and stress mechanisms in hill environments of Meghalaya (India). Method. Field and microcosm experiments were conducted to study field performance, genotypic variability and physio-morphological efficiency in buckwheat. Key results. Substantial genetic variability for shoot length (30.3–110 cm), crop canopy distribution (3.0–7.5 number of primary branches), leaf area retention (15.7–60.2 cm2/two leaves), 1000 seed weight (16.2–34.7 g) and seed yield (0.088–1.31 metric tonne (MT)/ha) was observed. Mean grain yield of buckwheat genotypes was 0.446 MT/ha whereas IC13411, IC24298 and IC37305 produced significantly higher seed yield (1.31, 1.28 and 1.14 MT/ha, respectively) accounting to 1.93, 1.87 and 1.67 times higher than average yield (0.680 MT/ha). Genotypes like IC42416, EC323730 and EC218784 have lower crop yields (0.8, 1.02, 0.93 MT/ha respectively). Interestingly, few high yielders (IC13411 and IC24298) exhibited higher photosynthetic rate (46.1 and 32.3 μmol/m2.s), increased stomatal conductance (311.0 and 326.2 mmol/m2.s), leaf chlorophyll (2.47 and 2.55 mg/g fresh weight (FW)) and carotenoids (95 and 106.3 μg/g FW). Chlorophyll a and b ratio (3.3 and 3.0) and total chlorophyll to carotenoids (4.2 and 4.0) were higher in high yielders (IC13411 and IC24298) compared to other low yielders. Conclusions. Robust root systems, stomatal structure and higher cuticle wax ideally enhanced water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance in high-yielding buckwheat genotypes. Implications. IC13411 and IC24298 are promising for enhanced productivity in the mountainous ecosystem of Meghalaya.
{"title":"Genotypic variability and physio-morphological efficiency of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) under moisture stress at mid-altitudes of Meghalaya (India)","authors":"S. Hajong, Krishnappa Rangappa, Harish Ganjalagatta Dasaiah, P. Moirangthem, U. S. Saikia, B. Bhattacharjee, S. Ahlawat, B. Kandpal","doi":"10.1071/CP22062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. Crop production in Eastern Himalaya is constrained by combined effects of soil acidity and moisture deficit during post monsoon under a changing climate. Aim. This study aimed to identify potential buckwheat genotypes and stress mechanisms in hill environments of Meghalaya (India). Method. Field and microcosm experiments were conducted to study field performance, genotypic variability and physio-morphological efficiency in buckwheat. Key results. Substantial genetic variability for shoot length (30.3–110 cm), crop canopy distribution (3.0–7.5 number of primary branches), leaf area retention (15.7–60.2 cm2/two leaves), 1000 seed weight (16.2–34.7 g) and seed yield (0.088–1.31 metric tonne (MT)/ha) was observed. Mean grain yield of buckwheat genotypes was 0.446 MT/ha whereas IC13411, IC24298 and IC37305 produced significantly higher seed yield (1.31, 1.28 and 1.14 MT/ha, respectively) accounting to 1.93, 1.87 and 1.67 times higher than average yield (0.680 MT/ha). Genotypes like IC42416, EC323730 and EC218784 have lower crop yields (0.8, 1.02, 0.93 MT/ha respectively). Interestingly, few high yielders (IC13411 and IC24298) exhibited higher photosynthetic rate (46.1 and 32.3 μmol/m2.s), increased stomatal conductance (311.0 and 326.2 mmol/m2.s), leaf chlorophyll (2.47 and 2.55 mg/g fresh weight (FW)) and carotenoids (95 and 106.3 μg/g FW). Chlorophyll a and b ratio (3.3 and 3.0) and total chlorophyll to carotenoids (4.2 and 4.0) were higher in high yielders (IC13411 and IC24298) compared to other low yielders. Conclusions. Robust root systems, stomatal structure and higher cuticle wax ideally enhanced water use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance in high-yielding buckwheat genotypes. Implications. IC13411 and IC24298 are promising for enhanced productivity in the mountainous ecosystem of Meghalaya.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49257507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quratulain Khosa, Q. Zaman, Tingting An, Kamran Ashraf, A. Abbasi, S. Nazir, Riffat Naz, Yinglong Chen
Abstract Context. Defensive action of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses has been augmented by silicon (Si). Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is a cold-tolerant but heat-sensitive crop. Aims and methods. The ability of exogenous application of Si (0, 2, 4 and 6 mmol L−1 in the form of K2SiO3) to alleviate heat stress in spinach cv. Desi Palak was investigated. After an acclimatisation period, plants were grown with or without heat stress for 15 days, followed by Si treatment for 25 days. Plant growth and physiology were assessed at 65 days after sowing. Key results. Heat stress significantly inhibited plant growth, water status and photosynthesis, soluble sugar and protein contents, and osmolyte status in spinach leaves, but increased electrolyte leakage, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and proline content. Application of Si alleviated heat stress by enhancing water status, photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins and essential minerals, and by reducing damage of the plasma membrane. The accumulation of osmolytes counterbalance the osmotic stress imposed by heat. Conclusions. Silicon plays a vital role in alleviating effects of heat stress by improving water status and photosynthetic rate, and accruing osmoprotectants other than proline. Implications. Exogenous application of Si is an efficient strategy to boost tolerance of spinach plants to heat stress, having significant impact on growth and productivity of spinach at higher temperatures.
{"title":"Silicon-mediated improvement of biomass yield and physio-biochemical attributes in heat-stressed spinach (Spinacia oleracea)","authors":"Quratulain Khosa, Q. Zaman, Tingting An, Kamran Ashraf, A. Abbasi, S. Nazir, Riffat Naz, Yinglong Chen","doi":"10.1071/CP22192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. Defensive action of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses has been augmented by silicon (Si). Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a nutritious leafy vegetable that is a cold-tolerant but heat-sensitive crop. Aims and methods. The ability of exogenous application of Si (0, 2, 4 and 6 mmol L−1 in the form of K2SiO3) to alleviate heat stress in spinach cv. Desi Palak was investigated. After an acclimatisation period, plants were grown with or without heat stress for 15 days, followed by Si treatment for 25 days. Plant growth and physiology were assessed at 65 days after sowing. Key results. Heat stress significantly inhibited plant growth, water status and photosynthesis, soluble sugar and protein contents, and osmolyte status in spinach leaves, but increased electrolyte leakage, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and proline content. Application of Si alleviated heat stress by enhancing water status, photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins and essential minerals, and by reducing damage of the plasma membrane. The accumulation of osmolytes counterbalance the osmotic stress imposed by heat. Conclusions. Silicon plays a vital role in alleviating effects of heat stress by improving water status and photosynthetic rate, and accruing osmoprotectants other than proline. Implications. Exogenous application of Si is an efficient strategy to boost tolerance of spinach plants to heat stress, having significant impact on growth and productivity of spinach at higher temperatures.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gustavo Krahl, T. C. Baldissera, C. E. Pinto, F. C. Garagorry, S. Werner, C. F. Lopes, H. R. Ribeiro Filho
Abstract Context. Defoliation management targets applied to forages under the full sun have not yet been properly evaluated for shaded environments such as occur in integrated crop–livestock systems with the presence of trees. AimsThis study aimed to determine defoliation targets under full sun and shaded environments for the shade-tolerant perennial summer grass hybrid Axonopus catharinensis (giant missionary grass), widely used in pasture systems of South Brazil and Argentina. Methods. Four pre-defoliation canopy heights (15, 25, 35 and 45 cm) and four defoliation severities (20%, 40%, 60% and 80% reduction in pre-defoliation canopy height) were evaluated. Plants were grown in 0.15 m3 wooden boxes filled with sand/vermiculite substrate (1:1 v/v) and irrigated with a complete nutrient solution. An artificial shade structure was made with wooden slats, reducing light intensity by 50% for shaded plants. Key results. Herbage accumulation decreased by 54% in shaded plants compared with those under full sun. Regardless of the light environment, the lowest crude protein content (<150 g/kg dry matter) and the highest neutral detergent fibre content (>650 g/kg dry matter) were observed when the defoliation target height was >35 cm. Both shaded and full sun environments showed decreases in tiller density when defoliation severity was >60% of pre-defoliation canopy heights. Conclusions. Pre-defoliation canopy heights >35 cm and defoliation severity >60% of pre-defoliation canopy height should be avoided when managing A. catharinensis, regardless of the light environment. Implications. Recommended targets may be easily implemented by livestock producers and are similar for full sun and shade environments.
{"title":"Can pasture defoliation management targets be similar under full sun and shaded conditions?","authors":"Gustavo Krahl, T. C. Baldissera, C. E. Pinto, F. C. Garagorry, S. Werner, C. F. Lopes, H. R. Ribeiro Filho","doi":"10.1071/CP21592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21592","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. Defoliation management targets applied to forages under the full sun have not yet been properly evaluated for shaded environments such as occur in integrated crop–livestock systems with the presence of trees. AimsThis study aimed to determine defoliation targets under full sun and shaded environments for the shade-tolerant perennial summer grass hybrid Axonopus catharinensis (giant missionary grass), widely used in pasture systems of South Brazil and Argentina. Methods. Four pre-defoliation canopy heights (15, 25, 35 and 45 cm) and four defoliation severities (20%, 40%, 60% and 80% reduction in pre-defoliation canopy height) were evaluated. Plants were grown in 0.15 m3 wooden boxes filled with sand/vermiculite substrate (1:1 v/v) and irrigated with a complete nutrient solution. An artificial shade structure was made with wooden slats, reducing light intensity by 50% for shaded plants. Key results. Herbage accumulation decreased by 54% in shaded plants compared with those under full sun. Regardless of the light environment, the lowest crude protein content (<150 g/kg dry matter) and the highest neutral detergent fibre content (>650 g/kg dry matter) were observed when the defoliation target height was >35 cm. Both shaded and full sun environments showed decreases in tiller density when defoliation severity was >60% of pre-defoliation canopy heights. Conclusions. Pre-defoliation canopy heights >35 cm and defoliation severity >60% of pre-defoliation canopy height should be avoided when managing A. catharinensis, regardless of the light environment. Implications. Recommended targets may be easily implemented by livestock producers and are similar for full sun and shade environments.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47452040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. In order to identify best crop genotypes for recommendation to breeders, and ultimately for use in breeding, evaluation is usually conducted in field trials across a range of environments, known as multi-environment trials. Increasingly, many breeding traits are measured over time, for example with high-throughput phenotyping at different growth stages in annual crops or repeated harvests in perennial crops. Aims. This study aims to provide an efficient, accurate approach for modelling genotype response over time and across environments, accounting for non-genetic sources of variation such as spatial and temporal correlation. Methods. Because the aim is genotype selection, genetic effects are fitted as random effects, and so the approach is based on random regression, in which linear or non-linear models are used to model genotype responses. A method for fitting random regression is outlined in a multi-environment situation, using underlying cubic smoothing splines to model the mean trend over time. This approach is illustrated on six wheat experiments, using data on grain-filling over thermal time. Key results. The method correlates genetic effects over time and environments, providing predicted genotype responses while incorporating spatial and temporal correlation between observations. Conclusions. The approach provides robust genotype predictions by accounting for temporal and spatial effects simultaneously under various situations including those in which trials have different measurement times or where genotypes within trials are not measured at the same times. The approach facilitates investigation into genotype by environment interaction (G × E) both within and across environments. Implications. The models presented have potential to increase accuracy of predictions over measurement times and trials, provide predictions at times other than those observed, and give a greater understanding of G × E interaction, hence improving genotype selection across environments for repeated-measures traits.
{"title":"Random regression models for multi-environment, multi-time data from crop breeding selection trials","authors":"J. De Faveri, A. Verbyla, G. Rebetzke","doi":"10.1071/CP21732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21732","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. In order to identify best crop genotypes for recommendation to breeders, and ultimately for use in breeding, evaluation is usually conducted in field trials across a range of environments, known as multi-environment trials. Increasingly, many breeding traits are measured over time, for example with high-throughput phenotyping at different growth stages in annual crops or repeated harvests in perennial crops. Aims. This study aims to provide an efficient, accurate approach for modelling genotype response over time and across environments, accounting for non-genetic sources of variation such as spatial and temporal correlation. Methods. Because the aim is genotype selection, genetic effects are fitted as random effects, and so the approach is based on random regression, in which linear or non-linear models are used to model genotype responses. A method for fitting random regression is outlined in a multi-environment situation, using underlying cubic smoothing splines to model the mean trend over time. This approach is illustrated on six wheat experiments, using data on grain-filling over thermal time. Key results. The method correlates genetic effects over time and environments, providing predicted genotype responses while incorporating spatial and temporal correlation between observations. Conclusions. The approach provides robust genotype predictions by accounting for temporal and spatial effects simultaneously under various situations including those in which trials have different measurement times or where genotypes within trials are not measured at the same times. The approach facilitates investigation into genotype by environment interaction (G × E) both within and across environments. Implications. The models presented have potential to increase accuracy of predictions over measurement times and trials, provide predictions at times other than those observed, and give a greater understanding of G × E interaction, hence improving genotype selection across environments for repeated-measures traits.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41547098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Chokheli, A. Shmaraeva, I. Kornienko, V. V. Stepanenko, V. Rajput, Abhishek Singh, A. Kumari, P. Dmitriev, A. S. Azarov, T. Minkina, T. Varduni
ABSTRACT Context. Preservation of genetic diversity of species is a pressing issue; in particular, the preservation of the gene pool of many rare and endangered plants is a priority. Species of the genus Crambe (family Brassicaceae) have potential in agriculture and bioremediation. Aims. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity and DNA fingerprint of five rare species of the genus Crambe, and to develop the concept of a genetic passport for rare plants. Methods. DNA fingerprinting was conducted via the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) method, using six ISSR primers. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the species was performed. Key results. In total, 145 polymorphic loci were detected. The studied species formed two different clusters on genetic dendrogram analysis. The first cluster comprised two species, Crambe steveniana and C. tataria from a single subsection (Tatariae), forming a common clade. They were the most genetically close species with genetic similarity of 0.8431. The remaining three species (C. cordifolia, C. maritima, C. pinnatifida), from another subsection of Crambe, formed nodes from the general clade. Conclusions. The findings allow plants to be genetically certified using our methods and informative ISSR primers for rare plants. We were able to propose a genetic formula identifying a species and present an example of a genetic passport for rare plants. The genetic structure of C. pinnatifida was investigated for the first time. Implications. The present findings contribute to the systematics and critical investigation of rare plant species with genetic resource potential. A genetic passport could be used in the protection of copyright of agricultural varieties.
抽象的上下文。保护物种遗传多样性是一个紧迫的问题;特别是对许多珍稀濒危植物基因库的保护是当务之急。芸苔科芸苔属植物在农业和生物修复方面具有潜在的应用价值。目标本研究旨在评估5种稀有植物的遗传多样性和DNA指纹图谱，并提出稀有植物遗传护照的概念。方法。采用简单序列重复法(ISSR)进行DNA指纹鉴定，使用6条ISSR引物。对物种进行了层次聚类分析。关键的结果。共检测到145个多态性位点。研究种在遗传树状图分析上形成两个不同的聚类。第一个聚类包括两个种，Crambe steveniana和C. tataria来自一个分支(Tatariae)，形成一个共同的分支。遗传相似性为0.8431，是遗传最接近的种。其余3种(C. cordifolia, C. maritima, C. pinnatifida)来自克兰贝的另一个分支，在总枝上形成节。结论。这些发现允许植物使用我们的方法和丰富的稀有植物ISSR引物进行基因认证。我们能够提出一个识别一个物种的遗传公式，并提出一个稀有植物遗传护照的例子。本文首次对裙带菜的遗传结构进行了研究。的影响。这些发现有助于对具有遗传资源潜力的稀有植物物种进行系统分类和批判性研究。遗传护照可用于农业品种的版权保护。
{"title":"Assessment of genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting of rare species of the genus Crambe (Brassicaceae)","authors":"V. Chokheli, A. Shmaraeva, I. Kornienko, V. V. Stepanenko, V. Rajput, Abhishek Singh, A. Kumari, P. Dmitriev, A. S. Azarov, T. Minkina, T. Varduni","doi":"10.1071/CP22027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Preservation of genetic diversity of species is a pressing issue; in particular, the preservation of the gene pool of many rare and endangered plants is a priority. Species of the genus Crambe (family Brassicaceae) have potential in agriculture and bioremediation. Aims. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity and DNA fingerprint of five rare species of the genus Crambe, and to develop the concept of a genetic passport for rare plants. Methods. DNA fingerprinting was conducted via the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) method, using six ISSR primers. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the species was performed. Key results. In total, 145 polymorphic loci were detected. The studied species formed two different clusters on genetic dendrogram analysis. The first cluster comprised two species, Crambe steveniana and C. tataria from a single subsection (Tatariae), forming a common clade. They were the most genetically close species with genetic similarity of 0.8431. The remaining three species (C. cordifolia, C. maritima, C. pinnatifida), from another subsection of Crambe, formed nodes from the general clade. Conclusions. The findings allow plants to be genetically certified using our methods and informative ISSR primers for rare plants. We were able to propose a genetic formula identifying a species and present an example of a genetic passport for rare plants. The genetic structure of C. pinnatifida was investigated for the first time. Implications. The present findings contribute to the systematics and critical investigation of rare plant species with genetic resource potential. A genetic passport could be used in the protection of copyright of agricultural varieties.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42842102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. D. Hansen, E. Leonard, M. C. Mitchell, J. Easton, N. Shariati, M. Mortlock, M. Schaefer, D. Lamb
ABSTRACT In Australia, digital agriculture is considered immature and its adoption ad hoc, despite a relatively advanced technology innovation sector. In this review, we focus on the technical, governance and social factors of digital adoption that have created a disconnect between technology development and the end user community (farmers and their advisors). Using examples that reflect both successes and barriers in Australian agriculture, we first explore the current enabling technologies and processes, and then we highlight some of the key socio-technical factors that explain why digital agriculture is immature and ad hoc. Pronounced issues include fragmentation of the innovation system (and digital tools), and a lack of enabling legislation and policy to support technology deployment. To overcome such issues and increase adoption, clear value propositions for change are necessary. These value propositions are influenced by the perceptions and aspirations of individuals, the delivery of digitally-enabled processes and the supporting legislative, policy and educational structures, better use/conversion of data generated through technology applications to knowledge for supporting decision making, and the suitability of the technology. Agronomists and early adopter farmers will play a significant role in closing the technology-end user gap, and will need support and training from technology service providers, government bodies and peer-networks. Ultimately, practice change will only be achieved through mutual understanding, ownership and trust. This will occur when farmers and their advisors are an integral part of the entire digital innovation system.
{"title":"Current status of and future opportunities for digital agriculture in Australia","authors":"B. D. Hansen, E. Leonard, M. C. Mitchell, J. Easton, N. Shariati, M. Mortlock, M. Schaefer, D. Lamb","doi":"10.1071/CP21594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21594","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In Australia, digital agriculture is considered immature and its adoption ad hoc, despite a relatively advanced technology innovation sector. In this review, we focus on the technical, governance and social factors of digital adoption that have created a disconnect between technology development and the end user community (farmers and their advisors). Using examples that reflect both successes and barriers in Australian agriculture, we first explore the current enabling technologies and processes, and then we highlight some of the key socio-technical factors that explain why digital agriculture is immature and ad hoc. Pronounced issues include fragmentation of the innovation system (and digital tools), and a lack of enabling legislation and policy to support technology deployment. To overcome such issues and increase adoption, clear value propositions for change are necessary. These value propositions are influenced by the perceptions and aspirations of individuals, the delivery of digitally-enabled processes and the supporting legislative, policy and educational structures, better use/conversion of data generated through technology applications to knowledge for supporting decision making, and the suitability of the technology. Agronomists and early adopter farmers will play a significant role in closing the technology-end user gap, and will need support and training from technology service providers, government bodies and peer-networks. Ultimately, practice change will only be achieved through mutual understanding, ownership and trust. This will occur when farmers and their advisors are an integral part of the entire digital innovation system.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45633703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Roy, D. Malaviya, P. Kaushal, S. K. Mahanta, R. Tewari, R. Chauhan, A. Chandra
Abstract Context. The genus Sehima is an important component of grasslands worldwide and is the dominant grass of Sehima–Dichanthium grasslands of India. It is an excellent fodder and a good source of lignocellulosic material and several industrially important biomolecules. Aims. We aimed to characterise and conserve locally adapted diverse germplasm of S. nervosum, collected from different agro-climatic zones, for effective utilisation. Methods. Morphological and nutritive traits were measured and statistically analysed for diversity in a germplasm collection of S. nervosum genotypes from diverse agro-climatic conditions of India, and a representative core subset was created. Key results. Morphological traits and nutritive parameters such as crude protein content and digestibility showed wide variability among accessions. Principal component analysis established that plant height, number of tillers per tussock and number of nodes per tiller accounted for half of the variation present. Tiller internode length, stem diameter, and leaf blade length and width also contributed >5 unit points each to the cumulative proportion of variance accounted for. Conclusions. The set of germplasm, possessing substantial variability, is a valuable genetic resource for developing new cultivars. Genotypes identified with high protein content could be used as forage, and those with high cellulose and hemicelluloses as a biofuel resource. Implications. Genotypes can be separately identified for forage and biofuel, and the core subset can effectively be used for evaluation and selection of genotypes in target environments. Additionally, the core subset can be used to establish and rejuvenate sustainable pastures by allowing natural selection.
{"title":"Intraspecific genetic variation among Sehima nervosum genotypes in relation to agro-climatic diversity","authors":"A. Roy, D. Malaviya, P. Kaushal, S. K. Mahanta, R. Tewari, R. Chauhan, A. Chandra","doi":"10.1071/CP22057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. The genus Sehima is an important component of grasslands worldwide and is the dominant grass of Sehima–Dichanthium grasslands of India. It is an excellent fodder and a good source of lignocellulosic material and several industrially important biomolecules. Aims. We aimed to characterise and conserve locally adapted diverse germplasm of S. nervosum, collected from different agro-climatic zones, for effective utilisation. Methods. Morphological and nutritive traits were measured and statistically analysed for diversity in a germplasm collection of S. nervosum genotypes from diverse agro-climatic conditions of India, and a representative core subset was created. Key results. Morphological traits and nutritive parameters such as crude protein content and digestibility showed wide variability among accessions. Principal component analysis established that plant height, number of tillers per tussock and number of nodes per tiller accounted for half of the variation present. Tiller internode length, stem diameter, and leaf blade length and width also contributed >5 unit points each to the cumulative proportion of variance accounted for. Conclusions. The set of germplasm, possessing substantial variability, is a valuable genetic resource for developing new cultivars. Genotypes identified with high protein content could be used as forage, and those with high cellulose and hemicelluloses as a biofuel resource. Implications. Genotypes can be separately identified for forage and biofuel, and the core subset can effectively be used for evaluation and selection of genotypes in target environments. Additionally, the core subset can be used to establish and rejuvenate sustainable pastures by allowing natural selection.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Garbuz, A. Mackay, M. Camps-Arbestain, B. Devantier, M. Minor
ABSTRACT Context. Soil enzyme activities are key regulators of carbon and nutrient cycling in grazed pastures. Aims. We investigated the effect of biochar addition on the activity of seven enzymes involved in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in a Sil-andic Andosol and a Dystric Cambisol under permanent pastures. Methods. The study consisted of a one-year field-based mesocosm experiment involving four pastures under different nutrient and livestock practices: with and without effluent under dairy cow grazing on the Andosol, and with either nil or high phosphorus fertiliser input under sheep grazing on the Cambisol. Soil treatments were: (1) willow biochar added at 1% w/w; (2) lime added at the liming equivalence of biochar (positive control); (3) no amendments (negative control). Key results. Compared with the Cambisol, the Andosol had higher dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and, especially, nitrate-reductase activities, aligning with its higher pH and fertility. In both soils, biochar addition increased the activity of all enzymes, except for acid phosphatase and peroxidase; lime addition increased peroxidase and nitrate-reductase activity. Conclusions. The increased enzyme activity was strongly positively correlated with soil biological activity following biochar addition. Biochar caused a 40–45% increase in cellulase activity, attributed to increased root biomass following biochar addition. The response in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity can be attributed to the impact of biochar and lime addition on soil pH. Implications. The results provide more insights in realising the potential benefits of biochar to the provision of ecosystem services for grazed pastures.
{"title":"Biochar increases soil enzyme activities in two contrasting pastoral soils under different grazing management","authors":"S. Garbuz, A. Mackay, M. Camps-Arbestain, B. Devantier, M. Minor","doi":"10.1071/CP21790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21790","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Soil enzyme activities are key regulators of carbon and nutrient cycling in grazed pastures. Aims. We investigated the effect of biochar addition on the activity of seven enzymes involved in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in a Sil-andic Andosol and a Dystric Cambisol under permanent pastures. Methods. The study consisted of a one-year field-based mesocosm experiment involving four pastures under different nutrient and livestock practices: with and without effluent under dairy cow grazing on the Andosol, and with either nil or high phosphorus fertiliser input under sheep grazing on the Cambisol. Soil treatments were: (1) willow biochar added at 1% w/w; (2) lime added at the liming equivalence of biochar (positive control); (3) no amendments (negative control). Key results. Compared with the Cambisol, the Andosol had higher dehydrogenase, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatase and, especially, nitrate-reductase activities, aligning with its higher pH and fertility. In both soils, biochar addition increased the activity of all enzymes, except for acid phosphatase and peroxidase; lime addition increased peroxidase and nitrate-reductase activity. Conclusions. The increased enzyme activity was strongly positively correlated with soil biological activity following biochar addition. Biochar caused a 40–45% increase in cellulase activity, attributed to increased root biomass following biochar addition. The response in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity can be attributed to the impact of biochar and lime addition on soil pH. Implications. The results provide more insights in realising the potential benefits of biochar to the provision of ecosystem services for grazed pastures.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41851013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. With the widespread use of transgenic soybeans (Glycine max (L. ) Merr.), their nutritional assessment for human food and animal feed is an important aspect of safety evaluation. WRINKLED 1 (WRI1) is a transcriptional activator of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Aims. We aimed to evaluate the effect of overexpression of GmWRI1a in soybean on the nutritional profile of soybean seeds. Methods. Using molecular biology techniques, we identified three transgenic soybean lines stably overexpressing GmWRI1a (GmWRI1a-OE). We quantified the nutritional and anti-nutritional components in seeds of GmWRI1a-OE and wild-type (DN50) soybean, and compared them on the basis of the principle of substantial equivalence. Key results. The GmWRI1a and Bar genes were stably inherited in the three GmWRI1a-OE lines, and GmWRI1a protein content was higher in transgenic soybean seeds than in wild-type seeds. Overexpression of GmWRI1a resulted in changes in fatty acid composition, a significant increase in oil content, and a significant decrease in stachyose content in seeds. Contents of other nutritional components (proximates, amino acids and isoflavones) and anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors and raffinose) in seeds were not significantly different between the wild-type and GmWRI1a-OE lines. Conclusions. Contents of nutritional and anti-nutritional components of GmWRI1a-OE seeds were all within the reference ranges reported for commercially available soybeans and, therefore, are substantially equivalent to those of wild-type seeds. Implications. GmWRI1a-OE soybean seeds are a high-quality product for health-conscious consumers.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of nutritional composition of seeds of wild-type soybean and lines overexpressing GmWRI1a","authors":"Mingming Yang, Chao Yang, Qingyan Zhang, Meng Li, Yuanzhuo Wang, Pin Shang, Baizheng Ren, Zhaohui Zuo, Siqi Xing, W. Teng, Zhikun Wang","doi":"10.1071/CP22161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22161","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. With the widespread use of transgenic soybeans (Glycine max (L. ) Merr.), their nutritional assessment for human food and animal feed is an important aspect of safety evaluation. WRINKLED 1 (WRI1) is a transcriptional activator of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Aims. We aimed to evaluate the effect of overexpression of GmWRI1a in soybean on the nutritional profile of soybean seeds. Methods. Using molecular biology techniques, we identified three transgenic soybean lines stably overexpressing GmWRI1a (GmWRI1a-OE). We quantified the nutritional and anti-nutritional components in seeds of GmWRI1a-OE and wild-type (DN50) soybean, and compared them on the basis of the principle of substantial equivalence. Key results. The GmWRI1a and Bar genes were stably inherited in the three GmWRI1a-OE lines, and GmWRI1a protein content was higher in transgenic soybean seeds than in wild-type seeds. Overexpression of GmWRI1a resulted in changes in fatty acid composition, a significant increase in oil content, and a significant decrease in stachyose content in seeds. Contents of other nutritional components (proximates, amino acids and isoflavones) and anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors and raffinose) in seeds were not significantly different between the wild-type and GmWRI1a-OE lines. Conclusions. Contents of nutritional and anti-nutritional components of GmWRI1a-OE seeds were all within the reference ranges reported for commercially available soybeans and, therefore, are substantially equivalent to those of wild-type seeds. Implications. GmWRI1a-OE soybean seeds are a high-quality product for health-conscious consumers.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41655601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Biochar application not only remediates soils contaminated by heavy metals but also improves soil fertility and plant growth in salt-affected soils. Aims. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of water source salinity and biochar on soil properties and growth of a marigold (Tagetes erecta) crop. Methods. This pot study used a factorial completely randomised design with four levels of salinity of the water source (0.04, 2.01, 3.32 and 5.16 dS m−1) and five biochar doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t ha−1). Salinity treatments contained different proportions of treated tannery effluent, and biochar was derived from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient contents and enzyme activities, and plant biomass, were measured during crop growth and post-harvest. Key results. Water salinity level and biochar dose both had significant effects on soil properties. Higher salinity of water and biochar dose increased soil pH, whereas electrical conductivity decreased with biochar application in soils receiving higher salinity water. Soil organic carbon and available nutrients were significantly affected by salinity level and biochar dose. Irrespective of salinity level, biochar application at 10 t ha−1 increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by 40.5%, 23.1%, 15.2% and 30.5% in post-harvest soils. Enzyme activities and plant growth were significantly reduced at higher salt levels, whereas application of biochar improved these parameters. Conclusions. The results indicate that application of biochar at 10 t ha−1 significantly promotes nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soils with various levels of salinity. Biochar application enables plant growth primarily by trapping the soluble salts on the pore space available in its surface. Implications. Biochar application may help to mitigate nutrient deficiency and crop failure under salt-stress conditions.
摘要上下文。施用生物炭不仅可以修复受重金属污染的土壤，还可以改善受盐影响土壤的土壤肥力和植物生长。目标。本研究的目的是研究水源盐度和生物炭对万寿菊作物土壤性质和生长的影响。方法。这项盆栽研究使用了一项因子完全随机设计，包括四个水源盐度水平（0.04、2.01、3.32和5.16 dS m−1）和五个生物炭剂量（0、2.5、5.0、7.5和10 t ha−1）。盐度处理含有不同比例的制革废水，生物炭来源于凤眼莲。在作物生长和收获后测量了土壤的物理化学性质、养分含量和酶活性以及植物生物量。关键成果。盐度和生物炭用量对土壤性质均有显著影响。较高盐度的水和生物炭剂量增加了土壤pH，而在接受较高盐度水的土壤中，随着生物炭的施用，电导率降低。盐度和生物炭用量对土壤有机碳和有效养分有显著影响。无论盐度水平如何，在收获后土壤中，施用10 t ha−1生物炭可使土壤有机碳和有效氮、磷和钾分别增加40.5%、23.1%、15.2%和30.5%。在高盐水平下，酶活性和植物生长显著降低，而施用生物炭改善了这些参数。结论。结果表明，在不同盐度水平的土壤中，施用10 t ha−1的生物炭显著提高了养分的有效性和酶活性。生物炭的应用主要通过将可溶性盐捕获在其表面可用的孔隙空间上来实现植物生长。含义。施用生物炭可能有助于缓解盐胁迫条件下的营养缺乏和作物歉收。
{"title":"Effect of biochar doses under various levels of salt stress on soil nutrient availability, soil enzyme activities and plant growth in a marigold crop","authors":"R. Premalatha, P. Malarvizhi, E. Parameswari","doi":"10.1071/CP21542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21542","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Biochar application not only remediates soils contaminated by heavy metals but also improves soil fertility and plant growth in salt-affected soils. Aims. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of water source salinity and biochar on soil properties and growth of a marigold (Tagetes erecta) crop. Methods. This pot study used a factorial completely randomised design with four levels of salinity of the water source (0.04, 2.01, 3.32 and 5.16 dS m−1) and five biochar doses (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t ha−1). Salinity treatments contained different proportions of treated tannery effluent, and biochar was derived from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient contents and enzyme activities, and plant biomass, were measured during crop growth and post-harvest. Key results. Water salinity level and biochar dose both had significant effects on soil properties. Higher salinity of water and biochar dose increased soil pH, whereas electrical conductivity decreased with biochar application in soils receiving higher salinity water. Soil organic carbon and available nutrients were significantly affected by salinity level and biochar dose. Irrespective of salinity level, biochar application at 10 t ha−1 increased soil organic carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by 40.5%, 23.1%, 15.2% and 30.5% in post-harvest soils. Enzyme activities and plant growth were significantly reduced at higher salt levels, whereas application of biochar improved these parameters. Conclusions. The results indicate that application of biochar at 10 t ha−1 significantly promotes nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soils with various levels of salinity. Biochar application enables plant growth primarily by trapping the soluble salts on the pore space available in its surface. Implications. Biochar application may help to mitigate nutrient deficiency and crop failure under salt-stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49565888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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