ABSTRACT Context. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important legume forage in temperate agricultural zones. Evaluation of self- and cross-pollination fertility is important for setting up an effective breeding-program scale. However, the outcrossing rate of red clover under open-pollination conditions is not certain. Development of a reliable and time-saving marker system is needed to quantify and characterise outcrossing rates. Aim. We aimed to develop a duplex PCR-based protocol based on a genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) screen, and to determine the outcrossing rate of red clover under open-pollination environments. Methods. We screened 209 SSR markers with pooled DNA samples of 60 plants from 20 red clover accessions, and selected 185 SSR markers that produced clear scorable bands for testing with 24 individual DNA samples to determine polymorphism. We selected 70 primer pairs, and then assembled a core set of 24 loci into 12 sets of duplex markers, which were used for outcrossing behaviour analysis of 60 maternal parents and their respective 22 half-sib progenies. Key results. Mean polymorphic information content (PIC) for the 70 markers was 0.490 (range 0.117–0.878). Minimum, mean and maximum PIC values for the 24 markers constituting the 12 duplexes were 0.226, 0.594 and 0.781, respectively. The outcrossing rate was identified as 99.4% for red clover in a natural environment. Conclusion. We successfully developed a duplex SSR-based PCR protocol consisting of 24 markers. This SSR system was applied to determine the outcrossing rate of red clover in a natural environment.
{"title":"Development and application of a duplex simple sequence repeat panel for outcrossing fertility evaluation in red clover (Trifolium pratense) under open-pollination conditions","authors":"F. Huang, Jun Li, Shengyan Zhou, Zhiyong Li","doi":"10.1071/CP22131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22131","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important legume forage in temperate agricultural zones. Evaluation of self- and cross-pollination fertility is important for setting up an effective breeding-program scale. However, the outcrossing rate of red clover under open-pollination conditions is not certain. Development of a reliable and time-saving marker system is needed to quantify and characterise outcrossing rates. Aim. We aimed to develop a duplex PCR-based protocol based on a genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) screen, and to determine the outcrossing rate of red clover under open-pollination environments. Methods. We screened 209 SSR markers with pooled DNA samples of 60 plants from 20 red clover accessions, and selected 185 SSR markers that produced clear scorable bands for testing with 24 individual DNA samples to determine polymorphism. We selected 70 primer pairs, and then assembled a core set of 24 loci into 12 sets of duplex markers, which were used for outcrossing behaviour analysis of 60 maternal parents and their respective 22 half-sib progenies. Key results. Mean polymorphic information content (PIC) for the 70 markers was 0.490 (range 0.117–0.878). Minimum, mean and maximum PIC values for the 24 markers constituting the 12 duplexes were 0.226, 0.594 and 0.781, respectively. The outcrossing rate was identified as 99.4% for red clover in a natural environment. Conclusion. We successfully developed a duplex SSR-based PCR protocol consisting of 24 markers. This SSR system was applied to determine the outcrossing rate of red clover in a natural environment.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew T. Newell, R. Haling, R. Hayes, Adam Stefanski, Guangdi D. Li, R. Simpson
ABSTRACT Context. There is interest in using serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in permanent pastures of the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. However, there is little information concerning levels of hardseededness or patterns of seed softening in these environments. Aim. This study quantified seed softening of serradella species in comparison with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the Southern Tablelands and Central Slopes districts of eastern Australia. Methods. Mature seeds were placed in mesh pouches on the soil surface and were retrieved periodically to assess residual hard seed proportions throughout the growing season(s) in four experiments conducted over 2018 and 2019. Key results. Patterns of seed softening among adapted cultivars of subterranean clover were consistent: initially high proportions of hard seed, followed by rapid softening from mid-summer to the end of autumn with the remnant portion of seeds remaining hard. In contrast, diverse patterns of seed softening were observed among serradella cultivars, ranging from highly soft-seeded through to high initial hard seed portions that either softened rapidly or softened over a lengthy period. Rates of seed softening were faster in the warmer/drier environment of Cowra compared to the wetter/cooler environment of Canberra. Conclusions. The study revealed seed softening patterns among serradellas to be diverse and different to subterranean clover. This will affect management and suitability of serradella cultivars for permanent pastures. Implications. In permanent pastures, serradellas that soften slowly over several years are likely to have limited regeneration in the year after pasture establishment with a high potential for weed invasion.
{"title":"Hard seed breakdown patterns of serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in two contrasting environments of south-eastern Australia","authors":"Matthew T. Newell, R. Haling, R. Hayes, Adam Stefanski, Guangdi D. Li, R. Simpson","doi":"10.1071/CP22199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. There is interest in using serradella (Ornithopus spp.) in permanent pastures of the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. However, there is little information concerning levels of hardseededness or patterns of seed softening in these environments. Aim. This study quantified seed softening of serradella species in comparison with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in the Southern Tablelands and Central Slopes districts of eastern Australia. Methods. Mature seeds were placed in mesh pouches on the soil surface and were retrieved periodically to assess residual hard seed proportions throughout the growing season(s) in four experiments conducted over 2018 and 2019. Key results. Patterns of seed softening among adapted cultivars of subterranean clover were consistent: initially high proportions of hard seed, followed by rapid softening from mid-summer to the end of autumn with the remnant portion of seeds remaining hard. In contrast, diverse patterns of seed softening were observed among serradella cultivars, ranging from highly soft-seeded through to high initial hard seed portions that either softened rapidly or softened over a lengthy period. Rates of seed softening were faster in the warmer/drier environment of Cowra compared to the wetter/cooler environment of Canberra. Conclusions. The study revealed seed softening patterns among serradellas to be diverse and different to subterranean clover. This will affect management and suitability of serradella cultivars for permanent pastures. Implications. In permanent pastures, serradellas that soften slowly over several years are likely to have limited regeneration in the year after pasture establishment with a high potential for weed invasion.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49034680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samiullah Naik, Reetika Mahajan, P. Sofi, I. Abidi, G. Ali, F. Nehvi, Imran Khan, S. Bhat, M. A. Bhat, B. Bhat, W. A. Dar, S. Zargar
ABSTRACT Content. Knowledge about genetic variability parameters is imperative for improving crop plants for traits of economic importance. This paper reports the characterisation of a large germplasm set of an underutilised pseudocereal Buckwheat endemic to northwestern Himalayas in order to elucidate the nature of variability as well as identify trait specific genotypes for use in buckwheat breeding programmes. Aim. The major aim was to estimate the genetic variability of yield and related traits in diverse germplasm lines of buckwheat collected from different regions of the north-western Himalayas. Methods. The material was evaluated in a randomised complete block design with five replications at two different locations in SKUAST-K, Shuhama and MAR & ES Izmarg, Gurez, during the years 2020 and 2021. For assessing diversity patterns, the clustering of the germplasm from both locations was done by Tocher’s method. Key results. The results indicated significant variability in the buckwheat germplasm for all morphological traits across locations. The phenotypic cofficient of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV, GCV), broad sense heritability and genetic advance values varied between locations. Pooled across locations, the highest PCV values were recorded for number of primary branches. Heritability ranged from low for number of secondary branches to medium for days to 50% flowering. Conclusion. The present study provided valuable insights about the variability and trait diversity in buckwheat germplasm under Northwestern Himalayan conditions. Implications. The information on variability parameters can be harnessed to develop an effective breeding strategy for improving buckwheat for traits of economic interest.
抽象的内容。关于遗传变异参数的知识对于改善作物的经济性状是必要的。本文报道了喜马拉雅西北地区特有的一种未被充分利用的假谷物荞麦的一大种质资源集的特征，以阐明变异性的本质，并确定性状特异性基因型，用于荞麦育种计划。的目标。主要目的是估计喜玛拉雅山西北不同地区荞麦不同种质系产量及相关性状的遗传变异。方法。该材料在2020年和2021年期间在SKUAST-K, Shuhama和MAR & ES Izmarg, Gurez的两个不同地点进行了5个重复的随机完全块设计。为了评估多样性模式，采用Tocher方法对两个地点的种质资源进行聚类。关键的结果。结果表明，荞麦种质的所有形态性状在不同地点存在显著差异。表型变异系数和基因型变异系数(PCV、GCV)、广义遗传力和遗传超前值在不同地区存在差异。汇集在各个地点，最高的PCV值记录了主分支的数量。遗传率从低次枝数到中等日数到50%开花。结论。本研究为了解西北喜马拉雅条件下荞麦种质资源的变异性和性状多样性提供了有价值的见解。的影响。变异参数的信息可以用来制定有效的育种策略，以改善荞麦的经济利益性状。
{"title":"Characterisation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) diversity of the northwestern Himalayas","authors":"Samiullah Naik, Reetika Mahajan, P. Sofi, I. Abidi, G. Ali, F. Nehvi, Imran Khan, S. Bhat, M. A. Bhat, B. Bhat, W. A. Dar, S. Zargar","doi":"10.1071/CP22278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22278","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Content. Knowledge about genetic variability parameters is imperative for improving crop plants for traits of economic importance. This paper reports the characterisation of a large germplasm set of an underutilised pseudocereal Buckwheat endemic to northwestern Himalayas in order to elucidate the nature of variability as well as identify trait specific genotypes for use in buckwheat breeding programmes. Aim. The major aim was to estimate the genetic variability of yield and related traits in diverse germplasm lines of buckwheat collected from different regions of the north-western Himalayas. Methods. The material was evaluated in a randomised complete block design with five replications at two different locations in SKUAST-K, Shuhama and MAR & ES Izmarg, Gurez, during the years 2020 and 2021. For assessing diversity patterns, the clustering of the germplasm from both locations was done by Tocher’s method. Key results. The results indicated significant variability in the buckwheat germplasm for all morphological traits across locations. The phenotypic cofficient of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation (PCV, GCV), broad sense heritability and genetic advance values varied between locations. Pooled across locations, the highest PCV values were recorded for number of primary branches. Heritability ranged from low for number of secondary branches to medium for days to 50% flowering. Conclusion. The present study provided valuable insights about the variability and trait diversity in buckwheat germplasm under Northwestern Himalayan conditions. Implications. The information on variability parameters can be harnessed to develop an effective breeding strategy for improving buckwheat for traits of economic interest.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48686238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. N. Curti, P. Ortega-Baes, Santiago Ratto, D. Bertero
ABSTRACT Context. Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is rapidly expanding worldwide. Characterisation of populations of Chenopodium hircinum Schard., its wild ancestor, which thrives in some of the hottest environments in South America, may provide adaptations to new environments. Aim. This study evaluated the developmental patterns of populations of C. hircinum collected from a range of agroecological environments in Argentina, in order to quantify variability among sites of origin and to explore the association between climatic data from environments of provenance and variation in development. Methods. Thirty-three populations of C. hircinum from contrasting sites of origin in Argentina were multiplied in a common-garden experiment under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient availability. Plants were sampled once or twice weekly (according to parameter) for estimation of the duration of developmental phases, leaf number, and dates of initiation of branching on the main stem. Key results. Significant variation was detected for all phenological traits, and populations were categorised into six groups based on similarity of patterns of variation. We found positive association of the duration of development phases and the number of leaves on the main-stem with maximum temperature during the growing season, and negative association with altitude of origin, consistent with variation in growing-season duration. Conclusions. The finding that late-flowering populations are associated with warmest climates reveals that longer vegetative growth is an adaptive strategy to cope with heat stress in Chenopodium spp. Implications. Time to flowering should be considered in attempts to improve quinoa performance under heat-stress conditions. Further work is needed to understand the genetic basis controlling this response in wild populations of C. hircinum.
{"title":"Harnessing phenological traits of wild ancestor Chenopodium hircinum to improve climate adaptation of quinoa","authors":"R. N. Curti, P. Ortega-Baes, Santiago Ratto, D. Bertero","doi":"10.1071/CP22187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22187","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Cultivation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is rapidly expanding worldwide. Characterisation of populations of Chenopodium hircinum Schard., its wild ancestor, which thrives in some of the hottest environments in South America, may provide adaptations to new environments. Aim. This study evaluated the developmental patterns of populations of C. hircinum collected from a range of agroecological environments in Argentina, in order to quantify variability among sites of origin and to explore the association between climatic data from environments of provenance and variation in development. Methods. Thirty-three populations of C. hircinum from contrasting sites of origin in Argentina were multiplied in a common-garden experiment under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient availability. Plants were sampled once or twice weekly (according to parameter) for estimation of the duration of developmental phases, leaf number, and dates of initiation of branching on the main stem. Key results. Significant variation was detected for all phenological traits, and populations were categorised into six groups based on similarity of patterns of variation. We found positive association of the duration of development phases and the number of leaves on the main-stem with maximum temperature during the growing season, and negative association with altitude of origin, consistent with variation in growing-season duration. Conclusions. The finding that late-flowering populations are associated with warmest climates reveals that longer vegetative growth is an adaptive strategy to cope with heat stress in Chenopodium spp. Implications. Time to flowering should be considered in attempts to improve quinoa performance under heat-stress conditions. Further work is needed to understand the genetic basis controlling this response in wild populations of C. hircinum.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49593064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Shi, Yanrong Fu, Yuqian Guo, Yuwen Ma, Shuxin Li, Jixiang Lin, Jinghong Wang
ABSTRACT Context. Photosynthetic electron transport and apparatus are highly susceptible to abiotic stressors during photosynthesis. Hordeum jubatum L. is an ornamental grass with excellent salt tolerance, used for soil improvement and ecological restoration in Northeast China. However, the comparative effects of salt, alkali and drought conditions on the photosynthetic apparatus of H. jubatum under uniform water potential are little known. Aims. We explored the photosynthetic response of H. jubatum to uniform levels of water potential stress induced by three different stressors: salt, alkali and drought. Methods. Seedlings of H. jubatum were irrigated with three concentrations of NaCl, NaHCO3 and PEG-6000 to induce water potentials of −0.21, −0.47 and −0.82 MPa. Transient fluorescence of chlorophyll a in the seedlings was measured, and JIP-test parameters were obtained. Key results. Lower values of J–I phase fluorescence intensity and appearance of a K-band under stress treatments indicated restricted electron transfer from the oxygen-evolving complex in the donor of photosystem II. In addition, the values of ΔI-band and parameters MO and N increased, whereas those of Sm, ϕEo and ψO decreased, indicating interruption of electron flow between electron acceptors pheophytin and NADP+. Serious adverse effects of alkali stress on the acceptors were observed; the low water potential induced by NaHCO3 damaged the thylakoid membrane on the chloroplast, resulting in increased degradation of D1 protein. Conclusions. The results suggest that H. jubatum seedlings have greater tolerance to salt and drought stress, but are highly sensitive to alkali stress in the photosynthetic system. Implications. This study provides physiological information for the successful cultivation of H. jubatum under adverse environment conditions.
{"title":"Comparative effects of water potential stress induced by salt, alkali and drought on photosynthetic electron transport and apparatus in Hordeum jubatum seedlings","authors":"C. Shi, Yanrong Fu, Yuqian Guo, Yuwen Ma, Shuxin Li, Jixiang Lin, Jinghong Wang","doi":"10.1071/CP22202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22202","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Photosynthetic electron transport and apparatus are highly susceptible to abiotic stressors during photosynthesis. Hordeum jubatum L. is an ornamental grass with excellent salt tolerance, used for soil improvement and ecological restoration in Northeast China. However, the comparative effects of salt, alkali and drought conditions on the photosynthetic apparatus of H. jubatum under uniform water potential are little known. Aims. We explored the photosynthetic response of H. jubatum to uniform levels of water potential stress induced by three different stressors: salt, alkali and drought. Methods. Seedlings of H. jubatum were irrigated with three concentrations of NaCl, NaHCO3 and PEG-6000 to induce water potentials of −0.21, −0.47 and −0.82 MPa. Transient fluorescence of chlorophyll a in the seedlings was measured, and JIP-test parameters were obtained. Key results. Lower values of J–I phase fluorescence intensity and appearance of a K-band under stress treatments indicated restricted electron transfer from the oxygen-evolving complex in the donor of photosystem II. In addition, the values of ΔI-band and parameters MO and N increased, whereas those of Sm, ϕEo and ψO decreased, indicating interruption of electron flow between electron acceptors pheophytin and NADP+. Serious adverse effects of alkali stress on the acceptors were observed; the low water potential induced by NaHCO3 damaged the thylakoid membrane on the chloroplast, resulting in increased degradation of D1 protein. Conclusions. The results suggest that H. jubatum seedlings have greater tolerance to salt and drought stress, but are highly sensitive to alkali stress in the photosynthetic system. Implications. This study provides physiological information for the successful cultivation of H. jubatum under adverse environment conditions.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ehsan Rabieyan, M. Bihamta, Mohsen Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, V. Mohammadi, H. Alipour
ABSTRACT Context. Morphometric digital analysis of plant seeds enables taxonomic discrimination of species based on morpho-colorimetric traits, and may be used to classify genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Aims. This study was focused on the isolation and classification of cultivars and landraces of Iranian wheat based on morpho-colorimetric traits, and the prediction of yield and seedling vigour based on these traits. Methods. In total, 133 wheat genotypes (91 native landraces and 42 cultivars) were evaluated by alpha lattice design in two crop years (2018–19 and 2019–20) under rainfed and conditions. After seed harvesting, 40 morpho-colorimetric traits of wheat seeds were measured by imaging. Seed colour, morphometric seed, seed vigour and yield were also assessed. Key results. Using linear discriminant analysis based on morpho-colorimetric traits, wheat cultivars and landraces were separated with high validation percentage (90% in well-watered and 98.6% in rainfed conditions). Morpho-colorimetric traits L, Whiteness index, Chroma, a, Feret and Rectang were found to be the most discriminant variables in the rainfed field. In analysis based on seed colour according to descriptors of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, wheat genotypes were classified into four groups with high accuracy by using linear discriminant analysis. Specifically, 97.3% could be identified as yellow and 99.7% as medium-red wheat groups. Conclusions. Our observations suggest that seed digital analysis is an affordable and valuable approach for evaluating phenotypic variety among a large number of wheat genotypes. Morphometric analysis of cultivars and native populations can provide an effective step in classifying genotypes and predicting yield and seedling vigour. Implications. Morphometric databases will help plant breeders when selecting genotypes in breeding programs.
{"title":"Morpho-colorimetric seed traits for the discrimination, classification and prediction of yield in wheat genotypes under rainfed and well-watered conditions","authors":"Ehsan Rabieyan, M. Bihamta, Mohsen Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, V. Mohammadi, H. Alipour","doi":"10.1071/CP22127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Morphometric digital analysis of plant seeds enables taxonomic discrimination of species based on morpho-colorimetric traits, and may be used to classify genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Aims. This study was focused on the isolation and classification of cultivars and landraces of Iranian wheat based on morpho-colorimetric traits, and the prediction of yield and seedling vigour based on these traits. Methods. In total, 133 wheat genotypes (91 native landraces and 42 cultivars) were evaluated by alpha lattice design in two crop years (2018–19 and 2019–20) under rainfed and conditions. After seed harvesting, 40 morpho-colorimetric traits of wheat seeds were measured by imaging. Seed colour, morphometric seed, seed vigour and yield were also assessed. Key results. Using linear discriminant analysis based on morpho-colorimetric traits, wheat cultivars and landraces were separated with high validation percentage (90% in well-watered and 98.6% in rainfed conditions). Morpho-colorimetric traits L, Whiteness index, Chroma, a, Feret and Rectang were found to be the most discriminant variables in the rainfed field. In analysis based on seed colour according to descriptors of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants and International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, wheat genotypes were classified into four groups with high accuracy by using linear discriminant analysis. Specifically, 97.3% could be identified as yellow and 99.7% as medium-red wheat groups. Conclusions. Our observations suggest that seed digital analysis is an affordable and valuable approach for evaluating phenotypic variety among a large number of wheat genotypes. Morphometric analysis of cultivars and native populations can provide an effective step in classifying genotypes and predicting yield and seedling vigour. Implications. Morphometric databases will help plant breeders when selecting genotypes in breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48412029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Boéro, F. G. Gutierrez Boem, P. Prystupa, C. G. Veliz, M. V. Criado, F. M. Gomez, C. Caputo
ABSTRACT Context. In the malting industry, the low protein content of barley grains is a major issue. A useful strategy to overcome this problem is to complement the initial fertilisation with a foliar application of nitrogen (N) near anthesis. Aims. This study aimed to advance knowledge of the metabolic adjustments displayed by plants grown under common management practices in response to foliar N fertilisation at anthesis. Methods. Field experiments with two different rates of foliar N application near anthesis were performed at three commercial sites under the common practice of each farmer. Key results. Grain protein content increased upon foliar fertilisation in all sites without affecting leaf senescence or N remobilisation efficiency. Barley plants also showed a rapid assimilation of the N applied at anthesis, increasing the leaf N organic pools and the global phloem amino acid mobilisation during grain filling. These results could be attributed to the increase in the gene expression of glutamine synthetase 1 and two amino acid transporters (HvAAP6 and HvAAP7). Conclusions. Foliar N applied was rapidly assimilated and exported with high efficiency to the grain with no negative impact over the contribution of N from vegetative organs. Furthermore, phloem N contribution was shown to be of major importance for grain protein content. Implications. Foliar fertilisation near anthesis is an efficient strategy to correct grain protein content to meet maltsters’ requirements because it did not affect pre-assimilated N remobilisation, and was useful under the different nutrient availabilities explored here (N sufficiency, N deficiency and sulfur deficiency).
{"title":"Nitrogen application at anthesis increases barley grain protein by enhancing phloem amino acid mobilisation","authors":"J. Boéro, F. G. Gutierrez Boem, P. Prystupa, C. G. Veliz, M. V. Criado, F. M. Gomez, C. Caputo","doi":"10.1071/CP21749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21749","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. In the malting industry, the low protein content of barley grains is a major issue. A useful strategy to overcome this problem is to complement the initial fertilisation with a foliar application of nitrogen (N) near anthesis. Aims. This study aimed to advance knowledge of the metabolic adjustments displayed by plants grown under common management practices in response to foliar N fertilisation at anthesis. Methods. Field experiments with two different rates of foliar N application near anthesis were performed at three commercial sites under the common practice of each farmer. Key results. Grain protein content increased upon foliar fertilisation in all sites without affecting leaf senescence or N remobilisation efficiency. Barley plants also showed a rapid assimilation of the N applied at anthesis, increasing the leaf N organic pools and the global phloem amino acid mobilisation during grain filling. These results could be attributed to the increase in the gene expression of glutamine synthetase 1 and two amino acid transporters (HvAAP6 and HvAAP7). Conclusions. Foliar N applied was rapidly assimilated and exported with high efficiency to the grain with no negative impact over the contribution of N from vegetative organs. Furthermore, phloem N contribution was shown to be of major importance for grain protein content. Implications. Foliar fertilisation near anthesis is an efficient strategy to correct grain protein content to meet maltsters’ requirements because it did not affect pre-assimilated N remobilisation, and was useful under the different nutrient availabilities explored here (N sufficiency, N deficiency and sulfur deficiency).","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43395931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. B. Brunetti, Ricardo Ferraz de Oliveira, J. Pezzopane, B. Pedreira, R. F. Carvalho, C. Pedreira, P. M. Santos
ABSTRACT Context. Tall bunch-type tropical forage grasses are known for their rapid (true) stem elongation late in the regrowth cycle, even during the vegetative phase. Aims. This study aimed to evaluate the stem and pseudostem growth pattern of ‘Mombaça’ guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) BK Simon & SWL Jacobs] grown in field conditions and how this relates to its high biomass accumulation during long regrowth cycles. Methods. A guineagrass field was managed from December 2017 to January 2019, in three regrowth cycles of 10, 14 and 12 weeks duration. Individual tillers were assessed weekly to measure stem, pseudostem and leaf elongation, leaf appearance; and angle of insertion of the leaves. Aboveground biomass samples were taken weekly for biomass accumulation and leaf area index assessment. Key results. At the beginning of each regrowth cycle, the pseudostem elongated while the stem length remained constant. Subsequently, the pseudostem length reached a plateau, while the stem length increased at a constant rate. Because of a positive relationship between pseudostem and leaf laminae lengths, the long pseudostem ensured the formation of long leaves in tall tillers and positive net leaf elongation in long regrowth cycles. Conclusions. The high biomass accumulation reflected the continuous positive net leaf elongation by the tillers and was underpinned by the younger leaves being more erect than the older ones, allowing for lower self-shading of the older leaves and greater leaf tissue retention. Implications. The high production of tropical forage grasses in late regrowth should be utilised with caution, as it is underpinned by stem elongation and meristem elevation.
{"title":"Stem and pseudostem growth play a key role in biomass accumulation of guineagrass in long regrowth cycles","authors":"H. B. Brunetti, Ricardo Ferraz de Oliveira, J. Pezzopane, B. Pedreira, R. F. Carvalho, C. Pedreira, P. M. Santos","doi":"10.1071/CP22122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22122","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Tall bunch-type tropical forage grasses are known for their rapid (true) stem elongation late in the regrowth cycle, even during the vegetative phase. Aims. This study aimed to evaluate the stem and pseudostem growth pattern of ‘Mombaça’ guineagrass [Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) BK Simon & SWL Jacobs] grown in field conditions and how this relates to its high biomass accumulation during long regrowth cycles. Methods. A guineagrass field was managed from December 2017 to January 2019, in three regrowth cycles of 10, 14 and 12 weeks duration. Individual tillers were assessed weekly to measure stem, pseudostem and leaf elongation, leaf appearance; and angle of insertion of the leaves. Aboveground biomass samples were taken weekly for biomass accumulation and leaf area index assessment. Key results. At the beginning of each regrowth cycle, the pseudostem elongated while the stem length remained constant. Subsequently, the pseudostem length reached a plateau, while the stem length increased at a constant rate. Because of a positive relationship between pseudostem and leaf laminae lengths, the long pseudostem ensured the formation of long leaves in tall tillers and positive net leaf elongation in long regrowth cycles. Conclusions. The high biomass accumulation reflected the continuous positive net leaf elongation by the tillers and was underpinned by the younger leaves being more erect than the older ones, allowing for lower self-shading of the older leaves and greater leaf tissue retention. Implications. The high production of tropical forage grasses in late regrowth should be utilised with caution, as it is underpinned by stem elongation and meristem elevation.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43750986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Puntel, É. L. Bolfe, R. Melchiori, R. Ortega, G. Tiscornia, A. Roel, F. Scaramuzza, S. Best, A. Berger, D. S. S. Hansel, D. Palacios Durán, G. Balboa
ABSTRACT Digital agriculture (DA) can contribute solutions to meet an increase in healthy, nutritious, and affordable food demands in an efficient and sustainable way. South America (SA) is one of the main grain and protein producers in the world but the status of DA in the region is unknown. A systematic review and case studies from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile were conducted to address the following objectives: (1) quantify adoption of existing DA technologies, (2) identify limitations for DA adoption; and (3) summarise existing metrics to benchmark DA benefits. Level of DA adoption was led by Brazil and Argentina followed by Uruguay and at a slower rate, Chile. GPS guidance systems, mapping tools, mobile apps and remote sensing were the most adopted DA technologies in SA. The most reported limitations to adoption were technology cost, lack of training, limited number of companies providing services, and unclear benefits from DA. Across the case studies, there was no clear definition of DA. To mitigate some of these limitations, our findings suggest the need for a DA educational curriculum that can fulfill the demand for job skills such as data processing, analysis and interpretation. Regional efforts are needed to standardise these metrics. This will allow stakeholders to design targeted initiatives to promote DA towards sustainability of food production in the region.
{"title":"How digital is agriculture in a subset of countries from South America? Adoption and limitations","authors":"L. Puntel, É. L. Bolfe, R. Melchiori, R. Ortega, G. Tiscornia, A. Roel, F. Scaramuzza, S. Best, A. Berger, D. S. S. Hansel, D. Palacios Durán, G. Balboa","doi":"10.1071/CP21759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21759","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Digital agriculture (DA) can contribute solutions to meet an increase in healthy, nutritious, and affordable food demands in an efficient and sustainable way. South America (SA) is one of the main grain and protein producers in the world but the status of DA in the region is unknown. A systematic review and case studies from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile were conducted to address the following objectives: (1) quantify adoption of existing DA technologies, (2) identify limitations for DA adoption; and (3) summarise existing metrics to benchmark DA benefits. Level of DA adoption was led by Brazil and Argentina followed by Uruguay and at a slower rate, Chile. GPS guidance systems, mapping tools, mobile apps and remote sensing were the most adopted DA technologies in SA. The most reported limitations to adoption were technology cost, lack of training, limited number of companies providing services, and unclear benefits from DA. Across the case studies, there was no clear definition of DA. To mitigate some of these limitations, our findings suggest the need for a DA educational curriculum that can fulfill the demand for job skills such as data processing, analysis and interpretation. Regional efforts are needed to standardise these metrics. This will allow stakeholders to design targeted initiatives to promote DA towards sustainability of food production in the region.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41749739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indu I, B. Mehta, P. Shashikumara, G. Gupta, N. Dikshit, S. Chand, P. K. Yadav, Shahid Ahmed, Rajesh Kumar Singhal
ABSTRACT Climate change and global warming are the foremost anthropogenically accelerated catastrophes that are already causing world-wide challenges, but threaten to thwart global food, environmental and nutritional security in the future. Climate change affects ecosystem services and interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. The most drastic consequences have been observed in the agricultural and livestock sector, with diminished production and productivity potential. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute markedly to the production of greenhouse gases; however, integrated management practices can be used to curtail greenhouse gas emissions and its adverse impacts. Forage crops and their wild relatives maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services and minimise the drastic effects of climate change. Forage crops adapted to harsh environments have certain unique features such as perenniality, deep root system, high resource-use efficiency (light, nutrients and water), and low production of methane and N2O, making them suitable for future use under climate change. This review highlights the prominent features of various cultivated and rangeland forage crops that may be crucial to understanding impacts of climate change. We discuss the wild relatives of forage crops, which are often adapted for multiple stresses, and highlight their mechanisms for adaptation under climate change. We consider the advanced breeding and biotechnological tools useful for developing climate-smart forage crops. This review provides novel insight into forage crops and their wild relatives in terms of their exploitation in future stress breeding programmes and paths for developing climate-resilient crops.
{"title":"Forage crops: a repository of functional trait diversity for current and future climate adaptation","authors":"Indu I, B. Mehta, P. Shashikumara, G. Gupta, N. Dikshit, S. Chand, P. K. Yadav, Shahid Ahmed, Rajesh Kumar Singhal","doi":"10.1071/CP22200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22200","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climate change and global warming are the foremost anthropogenically accelerated catastrophes that are already causing world-wide challenges, but threaten to thwart global food, environmental and nutritional security in the future. Climate change affects ecosystem services and interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. The most drastic consequences have been observed in the agricultural and livestock sector, with diminished production and productivity potential. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute markedly to the production of greenhouse gases; however, integrated management practices can be used to curtail greenhouse gas emissions and its adverse impacts. Forage crops and their wild relatives maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services and minimise the drastic effects of climate change. Forage crops adapted to harsh environments have certain unique features such as perenniality, deep root system, high resource-use efficiency (light, nutrients and water), and low production of methane and N2O, making them suitable for future use under climate change. This review highlights the prominent features of various cultivated and rangeland forage crops that may be crucial to understanding impacts of climate change. We discuss the wild relatives of forage crops, which are often adapted for multiple stresses, and highlight their mechanisms for adaptation under climate change. We consider the advanced breeding and biotechnological tools useful for developing climate-smart forage crops. This review provides novel insight into forage crops and their wild relatives in terms of their exploitation in future stress breeding programmes and paths for developing climate-resilient crops.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43596231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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