R. Haling, Laura Goward, Adam Stefanski, R. Simpson
ABSTRACT Context. Opportunity exists to expand serradella (Ornithopus spp.) use onto heavier, duplex soil types in permanent pasture environments of south-eastern Australia. This requires cultivars with appropriate flowering times and flowering-date stability (i.e. flowering at the same date in spring regardless of timing of the autumn break). Aim. This work examined evidence of variation in flowering date and flowering-date stability in the NSW southern tablelands for a widely-used French serradella (O. sativus) cv. Margurita. Methods. Seed (sourced from a commercial supplier) was sown 21 March 2019 (Canberra, ACT) and 231 individual plants were monitored for time to first flower. A subset of plants exhibiting ‘early’ or ‘late’ flowering were identified and their seeds collected. In 2020, seed from ~15 plants from each selection was sown in Canberra in late March and early May to represent an ‘early’ and a ‘later’ break of season (n = 3). Key results. In the early-sown treatment, ‘early-flowering’ selections typically reached the median date of first flower (50%-flowering) from mid- to late August, while ‘late-flowering’ selections reached 50%-flowering early- to mid-September. When sown later, the ‘early-flowering’ selections began flowering from mid- to late September, while the ‘late-flowering’ selections flowered mid-September to early October. The ‘early’ selections exhibited greater flowering-date instability than ‘late’ selections and flowered particularly early when sown early. This indicated diversity within cv. Margurita for flowering-time control (e.g. vernalisation and/or photoperiod requirements). Implications. Evaluating cultivars of serradellas for flowering date and flowering date stability in their target environment(s) is essential to ensure cultivars are suitably adapted to these environments.
{"title":"Variation in flowering time and flowering date stability within a cultivar of French serradella","authors":"R. Haling, Laura Goward, Adam Stefanski, R. Simpson","doi":"10.1071/CP22222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22222","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Opportunity exists to expand serradella (Ornithopus spp.) use onto heavier, duplex soil types in permanent pasture environments of south-eastern Australia. This requires cultivars with appropriate flowering times and flowering-date stability (i.e. flowering at the same date in spring regardless of timing of the autumn break). Aim. This work examined evidence of variation in flowering date and flowering-date stability in the NSW southern tablelands for a widely-used French serradella (O. sativus) cv. Margurita. Methods. Seed (sourced from a commercial supplier) was sown 21 March 2019 (Canberra, ACT) and 231 individual plants were monitored for time to first flower. A subset of plants exhibiting ‘early’ or ‘late’ flowering were identified and their seeds collected. In 2020, seed from ~15 plants from each selection was sown in Canberra in late March and early May to represent an ‘early’ and a ‘later’ break of season (n = 3). Key results. In the early-sown treatment, ‘early-flowering’ selections typically reached the median date of first flower (50%-flowering) from mid- to late August, while ‘late-flowering’ selections reached 50%-flowering early- to mid-September. When sown later, the ‘early-flowering’ selections began flowering from mid- to late September, while the ‘late-flowering’ selections flowered mid-September to early October. The ‘early’ selections exhibited greater flowering-date instability than ‘late’ selections and flowered particularly early when sown early. This indicated diversity within cv. Margurita for flowering-time control (e.g. vernalisation and/or photoperiod requirements). Implications. Evaluating cultivars of serradellas for flowering date and flowering date stability in their target environment(s) is essential to ensure cultivars are suitably adapted to these environments.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"756 - 768"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41931376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This foreword provides a summary of papers included in this special issue on biochar and fertiliser interactions for crop and pastures productivity. This special issue includes published papers on how biochar and fertiliser affect soil health and crop yields and overcome soil constraints such as acidity, salinity, low fertility and remediation of metal and pesticides contaminated soils.
{"title":"Biochar and fertiliser interactions in crop and pasture production","authors":"Z. Solaiman","doi":"10.1071/CP22310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22310","url":null,"abstract":"This foreword provides a summary of papers included in this special issue on biochar and fertiliser interactions for crop and pastures productivity. This special issue includes published papers on how biochar and fertiliser affect soil health and crop yields and overcome soil constraints such as acidity, salinity, low fertility and remediation of metal and pesticides contaminated soils.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49099349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruby Panwar, B. Chaudhry, Deepak Kumar, Geeta Prakash, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Mehmet Hamurcu, Anjana Rustagi
Climate change impacts crop production through the imposition of different abiotic and biotic stresses, and by altering the prevalence of pests and diseases. The wild relatives of crop plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses due to reduced severity of selection of agriculturally important traits. Wild bananas represent a largely untapped wealth of genetic diversity. Although some wild relatives of the banana crop have been screened for their tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, many remain to be explored. The wild bananas show more hardiness and higher resilience to different stressors in comparison to their cultivated counterparts. They have been harnessed in banana improvement programmes to enhance stress tolerance and productivity. To utilise wild bananas for crop improvement, they need to be readily available to breeders. This warrants devising conservation strategies and the development and maintenance of centres from which different accessions can be procured. In this article, we have discussed some important biotic and abiotic stresses including banana wilt disease, Black Sigatoka disease, viral diseases, salt stress and drought stress where wild bananas are used for imparting tolerance. The conservation of wild bananas, related challenges and contemporary limitations related to their use for crop improvement has also been outlined. Bananas being most important food crop in the world and generally understudied, here, we present a comprehensive review of the use of wild relatives of banana and their related germplasm for the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.
{"title":"Harnessing stress-tolerant wild bananas for crop improvement","authors":"Ruby Panwar, B. Chaudhry, Deepak Kumar, Geeta Prakash, Mohd. Kamran Khan, Anamika Pandey, Mehmet Hamurcu, Anjana Rustagi","doi":"10.1071/CP22294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22294","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change impacts crop production through the imposition of different abiotic and biotic stresses, and by altering the prevalence of pests and diseases. The wild relatives of crop plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses due to reduced severity of selection of agriculturally important traits. Wild bananas represent a largely untapped wealth of genetic diversity. Although some wild relatives of the banana crop have been screened for their tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses, many remain to be explored. The wild bananas show more hardiness and higher resilience to different stressors in comparison to their cultivated counterparts. They have been harnessed in banana improvement programmes to enhance stress tolerance and productivity. To utilise wild bananas for crop improvement, they need to be readily available to breeders. This warrants devising conservation strategies and the development and maintenance of centres from which different accessions can be procured. In this article, we have discussed some important biotic and abiotic stresses including banana wilt disease, Black Sigatoka disease, viral diseases, salt stress and drought stress where wild bananas are used for imparting tolerance. The conservation of wild bananas, related challenges and contemporary limitations related to their use for crop improvement has also been outlined. Bananas being most important food crop in the world and generally understudied, here, we present a comprehensive review of the use of wild relatives of banana and their related germplasm for the improvement of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"978 - 992"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42544237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Context. Seed weight is an important agronomic trait for determining yield and appearance quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Understanding the genetic basis of seed weight might lead to improvement of these traits in soybean by optimising different genes or alleles controlling seed weight. Aims. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed weight, qSW17.1, was identified previously. In this study, we used progenies of cultivated soybean and wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) for further validation and characterisation of qSW17.1. Methods. A BC4F2 population, a heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) population, and a pair of qSW17.1 near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed from progenies of a cross between cultivated soybean variety Jackson and wild soybean accession JWS156-1 were cultivated under field conditions. QTL analysis and candidate gene mining were conducted. Key results. A QTL corresponding to qSW17.1, which explained 19.84% and 31.71% of the total phenotypic variance in BC4F2 and HIF populations, respectively, was detected. The NIL with the cultivated soybean allele showed higher shoot biomass than the NIL with the wild soybean allele under hydroponic growth conditions, suggesting that the large-seed-size allele of qSW17.1 might be beneficial in soybean seedling establishment. qSW17.1 was delimited to a physical interval of 2515 kb on chromosome 17. Glyma.17G108500 showed a large (~3.27-fold) difference in expression between the two NILs, and was considered a candidate gene underlying qSW17.1. Implications. Our results provide valuable information regarding the genetic basis of seed weight control in soybean and its utilisation in soybean molecular breeding.
抽象上下文。粒重是决定大豆产量和外观品质的重要农艺性状。了解种子重量的遗传基础可能会通过优化控制种子重量的不同基因或等位基因来改善大豆的这些性状。目标。先前鉴定了一个主要的种子重量数量性状基因座qSW17.1。在本研究中，我们使用栽培大豆和野生大豆（Glycine soja Sieb.和Zucc.）的后代来进一步验证和表征qSW17.1。方法。在田间条件下培养了BC4F2群体、异质自交系（HIF）群体和一对由栽培大豆品种Jackson和野生大豆品种JWS156-1杂交后代形成的qSW17.1近等基因系（NIL）。进行QTL分析和候选基因挖掘。关键成果。在BC4F2和HIF群体中，检测到对应于qSW17.1的QTL，其分别解释了19.84%和31.71%的总表型变异。在水培生长条件下，具有栽培大豆等位基因的NIL比具有野生大豆等位蛋白的NIL表现出更高的地上部生物量，这表明qSW17.1的大粒径等位基因可能有利于大豆幼苗的建立。qSW17.1在17号染色体上的物理间隔为2515kb。Glyma17G108500在两个NIL之间的表达差异很大（约3.27倍），被认为是qSW17.1的候选基因。含义。我们的研究结果为大豆种子重量控制的遗传基础及其在大豆分子育种中的应用提供了有价值的信息。
{"title":"Validation and genetic characterisation of a seed weight quantitative trait locus, qSW17.1, in progenies of cultivated and wild soybean","authors":"Dequan Liu, Cheolwoo Park, Qingyu Wang, Donghe Xu","doi":"10.1071/CP22211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. Seed weight is an important agronomic trait for determining yield and appearance quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Understanding the genetic basis of seed weight might lead to improvement of these traits in soybean by optimising different genes or alleles controlling seed weight. Aims. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed weight, qSW17.1, was identified previously. In this study, we used progenies of cultivated soybean and wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.) for further validation and characterisation of qSW17.1. Methods. A BC4F2 population, a heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) population, and a pair of qSW17.1 near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed from progenies of a cross between cultivated soybean variety Jackson and wild soybean accession JWS156-1 were cultivated under field conditions. QTL analysis and candidate gene mining were conducted. Key results. A QTL corresponding to qSW17.1, which explained 19.84% and 31.71% of the total phenotypic variance in BC4F2 and HIF populations, respectively, was detected. The NIL with the cultivated soybean allele showed higher shoot biomass than the NIL with the wild soybean allele under hydroponic growth conditions, suggesting that the large-seed-size allele of qSW17.1 might be beneficial in soybean seedling establishment. qSW17.1 was delimited to a physical interval of 2515 kb on chromosome 17. Glyma.17G108500 showed a large (~3.27-fold) difference in expression between the two NILs, and was considered a candidate gene underlying qSW17.1. Implications. Our results provide valuable information regarding the genetic basis of seed weight control in soybean and its utilisation in soybean molecular breeding.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"449 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42186719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Real, C. Revell, Y. Han, Chun Xing Li, M. Castello, C. Bailey
ABSTRACT Context. The legume shrub/tree leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.) is highly regarded as a cattle fodder, although it is considered an environmental weed in many parts of Australia. Aims. We investigated the feasibility of developing a forage variety of triploid leucaena through interspecific hybridisation that is sterile (without seeds) as a strategy to mitigate its weed risk. Methods. A conventional breeding strategy was used to create triploid hybrids from hand-crosses between tetraploid and diploid species of leucaena. Molecular markers were developed to confirm successful crosses and flow cytometry was used to confirm the ploidy level. The plants are being evaluated for flowering behaviour, seed and herbage production across two environmentally diverse sites at Carnarvon and Kununurra in northern Western Australia. Key results. During 2018/19 and 2019/20, 2260 crosses between 45 different combinations of diploid females by tetraploid males and their reciprocals have created over 3000 putative triploid hybrid plants. This is the first time that triploids have successfully been created in Australia and 10 new parental combinations were created as a world-first. Conclusions. A cohort of sterile triploid plants has been identified and selections will be made based on their edible biomass productivity, insect tolerance, capacity for regrowth after cutting, nutritive value and plant chemistry (including anti-methanogenic responses). A sterile leucaena variety will have application not only in Australian grazing systems but also in other tropical regions of the world. Implications. A cost-effective technology for mass vegetative propagation of leucaena will be required for commercialisation of a sterile variety.
抽象的上下文。豆科灌木/乔木leucaena (leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.)被高度评价为牛饲料，尽管它在澳大利亚的许多地方被认为是一种环境杂草。目标研究了通过种间杂交不育(无种子)培育三倍体银合子饲草品种的可行性，以降低其杂草风险。方法。采用传统的育种策略，将四倍体和二倍体青合欢手工杂交，获得三倍体杂种。利用分子标记确认杂交成功，用流式细胞术确认倍性水平。在西澳大利亚北部卡纳文和库努努拉两个环境多样化的地点，正在评估这些植物的开花行为、种子和牧草产量。关键的结果。在2018/19和2019/20期间，在45种不同的二倍体雌性与四倍体雄性及其往复组合之间进行了2260次杂交，产生了3000多个假定的三倍体杂交植株。这是澳大利亚首次成功培育出三倍体，世界上首次培育出10个新的亲本组合。结论。已鉴定出不育三倍体植物，并将根据其可食性生物量生产力、耐虫性、刈割后再生能力、营养价值和植物化学(包括抗产甲烷反应)进行选择。不育的银合欢品种将不仅在澳大利亚的放牧系统中得到应用，而且在世界其他热带地区也将得到应用。的影响。无菌品种的商业化需要一种具有成本效益的白芨大规模无性繁殖技术。
{"title":"Successful creation of seedless (sterile) leucaena germplasm developed from interspecific hybridisation for use as forage","authors":"D. Real, C. Revell, Y. Han, Chun Xing Li, M. Castello, C. Bailey","doi":"10.1071/CP22281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22281","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. The legume shrub/tree leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.) is highly regarded as a cattle fodder, although it is considered an environmental weed in many parts of Australia. Aims. We investigated the feasibility of developing a forage variety of triploid leucaena through interspecific hybridisation that is sterile (without seeds) as a strategy to mitigate its weed risk. Methods. A conventional breeding strategy was used to create triploid hybrids from hand-crosses between tetraploid and diploid species of leucaena. Molecular markers were developed to confirm successful crosses and flow cytometry was used to confirm the ploidy level. The plants are being evaluated for flowering behaviour, seed and herbage production across two environmentally diverse sites at Carnarvon and Kununurra in northern Western Australia. Key results. During 2018/19 and 2019/20, 2260 crosses between 45 different combinations of diploid females by tetraploid males and their reciprocals have created over 3000 putative triploid hybrid plants. This is the first time that triploids have successfully been created in Australia and 10 new parental combinations were created as a world-first. Conclusions. A cohort of sterile triploid plants has been identified and selections will be made based on their edible biomass productivity, insect tolerance, capacity for regrowth after cutting, nutritive value and plant chemistry (including anti-methanogenic responses). A sterile leucaena variety will have application not only in Australian grazing systems but also in other tropical regions of the world. Implications. A cost-effective technology for mass vegetative propagation of leucaena will be required for commercialisation of a sterile variety.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"783 - 796"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46352583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. K. Sood, S. Sanadya, Sawan Kumar, S. Chand, R. Kapoor
ABSTRACT Since the Bronze Age, oat (Avena sativa L.) has been used mainly as an animal feed. Currently, it is in high demand for human consumption because of its nutritional properties, which improve health and wellbeing. Oat is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, lipid, minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds. However, quality traits are usually polygenic and subjected to non-heritable factors, making quality improvement difficult. Several conventional breeding approaches such as pure line selection, pedigree selection, mutagenesis, wide crosses and polyploidy have been extensively used to develop new and improved oat varieties, commonly for forage purposes. Molecular approaches such as use of molecular markers, QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies, genetic engineering, genomic selection and speed breeding are being utilised to identify traits/genes of interest, produce plants carrying the desired agronomic and climatic resilience traits, and accelerate genetic gain. There has been minimal focus on nutrient enrichment and the development of high-quality, enriched oat genetic resources. Herein, we address and compile much-needed, up-to-date information on comparative analysis of oat nutritional and phytochemical properties with those of other cereals. We also consider the importance and involvement of conventional breeding in the modern approaches. This updated information provides guidance for oat breeders to develop nutrient-enriched varieties and points to future prospects towards oat quality improvement.
{"title":"Health benefits of oat (Avena sativa) and nutritional improvement through plant breeding interventions","authors":"V. K. Sood, S. Sanadya, Sawan Kumar, S. Chand, R. Kapoor","doi":"10.1071/CP22268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22268","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Since the Bronze Age, oat (Avena sativa L.) has been used mainly as an animal feed. Currently, it is in high demand for human consumption because of its nutritional properties, which improve health and wellbeing. Oat is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, lipid, minerals, vitamins and phenolic compounds. However, quality traits are usually polygenic and subjected to non-heritable factors, making quality improvement difficult. Several conventional breeding approaches such as pure line selection, pedigree selection, mutagenesis, wide crosses and polyploidy have been extensively used to develop new and improved oat varieties, commonly for forage purposes. Molecular approaches such as use of molecular markers, QTL mapping, genome-wide association studies, genetic engineering, genomic selection and speed breeding are being utilised to identify traits/genes of interest, produce plants carrying the desired agronomic and climatic resilience traits, and accelerate genetic gain. There has been minimal focus on nutrient enrichment and the development of high-quality, enriched oat genetic resources. Herein, we address and compile much-needed, up-to-date information on comparative analysis of oat nutritional and phytochemical properties with those of other cereals. We also consider the importance and involvement of conventional breeding in the modern approaches. This updated information provides guidance for oat breeders to develop nutrient-enriched varieties and points to future prospects towards oat quality improvement.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"993 - 1013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42396212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Legumes have underpinned transformational change on New Zealand sheep and beef farms over the last 30 years. This was through an emphasis on ewe nutrition based on lucerne or red clover dominant pastures, and increased use of subterranean and white clovers on uncultivatable hill country. Pre- and post-weaning lamb growth rates have increased, and enabled earlier slaughter of heavier lambs. The farm systems results include greater numbers of hoggets mated, higher lambing percentages and greater ewe efficiency (kg lamb weaned/kg ewe mated). Extension packages to support legume use have compared growth rates of resident and legume-based pastures, economic analyses of successful farms and management packages for the most appropriate legume in different environments. Over the same period, the dairy industry rapidly expanded in cow numbers and area onto flat irrigated land on the Canterbury Plains. The nitrogen deficiency of perennial ryegrass was overcome by a linear increase in nitrogen fertiliser use. Environmental concerns from this intensification has led to a legislated nitrogen cap of 190 kg/ha.year. This, coupled with a recent trebling in urea price, has returned attention to increasing the white clover content of these pastures. Nitrogen applications can be minimised by using diverse pastures sown with a legume, herb and <8 kg/ha of perennial ryegrass. Work on other legumes, including annuals and those with condensed tannins, has to date failed to increase their use in most pastoral settings, with the exception of the perennial lupin which is adapted to high-aluminium soils in the South Island High Country.
{"title":"A review of legume research and extension in New Zealand (1990–2022)","authors":"D. Moot","doi":"10.1071/CP22237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22237","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Legumes have underpinned transformational change on New Zealand sheep and beef farms over the last 30 years. This was through an emphasis on ewe nutrition based on lucerne or red clover dominant pastures, and increased use of subterranean and white clovers on uncultivatable hill country. Pre- and post-weaning lamb growth rates have increased, and enabled earlier slaughter of heavier lambs. The farm systems results include greater numbers of hoggets mated, higher lambing percentages and greater ewe efficiency (kg lamb weaned/kg ewe mated). Extension packages to support legume use have compared growth rates of resident and legume-based pastures, economic analyses of successful farms and management packages for the most appropriate legume in different environments. Over the same period, the dairy industry rapidly expanded in cow numbers and area onto flat irrigated land on the Canterbury Plains. The nitrogen deficiency of perennial ryegrass was overcome by a linear increase in nitrogen fertiliser use. Environmental concerns from this intensification has led to a legislated nitrogen cap of 190 kg/ha.year. This, coupled with a recent trebling in urea price, has returned attention to increasing the white clover content of these pastures. Nitrogen applications can be minimised by using diverse pastures sown with a legume, herb and <8 kg/ha of perennial ryegrass. Work on other legumes, including annuals and those with condensed tannins, has to date failed to increase their use in most pastoral settings, with the exception of the perennial lupin which is adapted to high-aluminium soils in the South Island High Country.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"647 - 660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45579496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Sinclair, Hélène Marrou, M. Ghanem, M. Kharrat, M. Amri
ABSTRACT Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important component of cropping systems in cool, arid environments. However, no review has specifically focused on the quantitative sensitivity of physiological processes in faba bean to low temperature and water deficits. The objective of this review was to examine published functional relationships between physiological activity and these environmental variables. Among faba bean genotypes, temperature generally resulted in a consistent linear response in plant ontogeny and leaf area development. By contrast, nitrogen fixation exhibited a sharp threshold response to temperature such that at temperatures below ~13.5–15°C faba bean had virtually no nitrogen fixation activity. This inability to fix nitrogen under cool temperatures is likely to be a major weakness for faba bean in cool-season production systems. Water deficit also had a large impact on the physiology of faba bean. Ontogeny was generally shortened when plants were subjected to drought, resulting in major yield decreases. Genotypic differences within faba bean have been identified for initiation of partial stomata closure at high soil-water content, resulting in possible soil-water conservation in the field. Also, differences among genotypes have been identified in the sensitivity of nitrogen fixation activity to water deficits. Finally, collectively the reviewed functional relationships have been applied to simulation analysis of the geospatial impact of irrigation regimes and of sowing date for faba bean production. These geospatial studies offered insights on options to improve faba bean management.
{"title":"Review of quantitative sensitivity of faba bean physiology to temperature and soil-water deficit","authors":"T. Sinclair, Hélène Marrou, M. Ghanem, M. Kharrat, M. Amri","doi":"10.1071/CP22316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22316","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important component of cropping systems in cool, arid environments. However, no review has specifically focused on the quantitative sensitivity of physiological processes in faba bean to low temperature and water deficits. The objective of this review was to examine published functional relationships between physiological activity and these environmental variables. Among faba bean genotypes, temperature generally resulted in a consistent linear response in plant ontogeny and leaf area development. By contrast, nitrogen fixation exhibited a sharp threshold response to temperature such that at temperatures below ~13.5–15°C faba bean had virtually no nitrogen fixation activity. This inability to fix nitrogen under cool temperatures is likely to be a major weakness for faba bean in cool-season production systems. Water deficit also had a large impact on the physiology of faba bean. Ontogeny was generally shortened when plants were subjected to drought, resulting in major yield decreases. Genotypic differences within faba bean have been identified for initiation of partial stomata closure at high soil-water content, resulting in possible soil-water conservation in the field. Also, differences among genotypes have been identified in the sensitivity of nitrogen fixation activity to water deficits. Finally, collectively the reviewed functional relationships have been applied to simulation analysis of the geospatial impact of irrigation regimes and of sowing date for faba bean production. These geospatial studies offered insights on options to improve faba bean management.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"344 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41570911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kilian Obermeyer, M. Komainda, M. Kayser, J. Isselstein
ABSTRACT Context. Continuous grazing in extensive grassland creates grazed and ungrazed patches, which are important for ecosystem service delivery. One possibility for optimising ecosystem services is to target a defined compressed sward height, which can be measured with rising plate meters supplied with internal global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. Aims. We assessed the ability of a modern rising plate meter to map long-term patch structure in extensively grazed grassland as a means to improve estimation of phytodiversity at paddock scale as a paramount ecosystem service. Methods. The patch class proportions obtained from interpolating the georeferenced compressed sward height values were used to calculate phytodiversity indicators at paddock scale as determined by dry-weight ranking. In addition, a modern rising plate meter with internal GNSS receiver was compared with an established one without GNSS receiver. Key results. The mapping of the patch classes revealed decreasing proportions of tall patches with increasing stocking intensity. Phytodiversity at paddock scale depended on the proportions of respective patches, highlighting the importance of accurate mapping of patches for ecosystem service assessment. Conclusions. The new rising plate meter extends the utilisation of compressed sward height measurements into a spatial context. Patch size, spatial distribution of patches within a paddock and spatial clustering of patches, as well as repeated mapping over time, can be utilised to detect change and monitor long-term management schemes without the need for sophisticated remote-sensing applications. Implications. The combination of the new rising plate meter and dry-weight ranking extends grazing management towards biodiversity monitoring in an easy-to-learn approach.
{"title":"Exploring the potential of rising plate meter techniques to analyse ecosystem services from multi-species grasslands","authors":"Kilian Obermeyer, M. Komainda, M. Kayser, J. Isselstein","doi":"10.1071/CP22215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22215","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Continuous grazing in extensive grassland creates grazed and ungrazed patches, which are important for ecosystem service delivery. One possibility for optimising ecosystem services is to target a defined compressed sward height, which can be measured with rising plate meters supplied with internal global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. Aims. We assessed the ability of a modern rising plate meter to map long-term patch structure in extensively grazed grassland as a means to improve estimation of phytodiversity at paddock scale as a paramount ecosystem service. Methods. The patch class proportions obtained from interpolating the georeferenced compressed sward height values were used to calculate phytodiversity indicators at paddock scale as determined by dry-weight ranking. In addition, a modern rising plate meter with internal GNSS receiver was compared with an established one without GNSS receiver. Key results. The mapping of the patch classes revealed decreasing proportions of tall patches with increasing stocking intensity. Phytodiversity at paddock scale depended on the proportions of respective patches, highlighting the importance of accurate mapping of patches for ecosystem service assessment. Conclusions. The new rising plate meter extends the utilisation of compressed sward height measurements into a spatial context. Patch size, spatial distribution of patches within a paddock and spatial clustering of patches, as well as repeated mapping over time, can be utilised to detect change and monitor long-term management schemes without the need for sophisticated remote-sensing applications. Implications. The combination of the new rising plate meter and dry-weight ranking extends grazing management towards biodiversity monitoring in an easy-to-learn approach.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"378 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42557233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for both plants and humans. Wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soils may accumulate toxic levels of Cd in grains. Aim. This study aimed to compare soil zinc (Zn) application and seed Zn-priming for decreasing grain Cd concentration in standard and Zn-biofortified wheat cultivars grown on Cd-spiked soil. Methods. Standard (Jauhar-2016) and Zn-biofortified (Zincol-2016) wheat cultivars were grown in pots filled with Cd-spiked soil (8 mg Cd kg−1). The tested Zn treatments were un-primed, hydro-primed, and Zn-primed seeds with and without soil Zn application at 8 mg kg−1. Key results. Zinc treatments significantly mitigated the toxic effects of Cd on the growth and physiological parameters of both cultivars. As compared to control, all Zn treatments significantly increased Zn and decreased Cd concentration in grains of the cultivars. On average, the maximum increase in grain Zn concentration over control was approximately 36% with Zn-priming + soil Zn. The same treatment, as compared to control, decreased grain Cd concentration by 42% in Zincol-2016 and 35% in Jauhar-2016. Grain Cd concentration was within the permissible level (≤0.2 mg kg−1) in Jauhar-2016 at all Zn treatments and in Zincol-2016 at Zn-priming + soil Zn. Conclusion. Soil Zn application, seed Zn-priming, and their combination were effective in decreasing grain Cd accumulation in wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soil. Implication. Zinc treatments, especially the combination of soil Zn application and seed Zn-priming, should be recommended for wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soil.
抽象的上下文。镉(Cd)是一种对植物和人类都有毒的金属。在镉污染的土壤上生长的小麦可能在籽粒中积累有毒水平的镉。的目标。本研究旨在比较土壤施锌和种子施锌对镉胁迫下普通小麦和生物强化锌小麦籽粒镉浓度的影响。方法。标准小麦品种(Jauhar-2016)和生物强化锌小麦品种(zincoll -2016)种植在充满镉添加土壤(8 mg Cd kg - 1)的盆栽中。施锌量为8 mg kg - 1和不施锌量为8 mg kg - 1的试验处理分别为无锌、氢锌和锌处理。关键的结果。锌处理显著减轻了镉对两个品种生长和生理参数的毒害作用。与对照相比，各锌处理均显著提高了各品种籽粒锌含量，显著降低了镉含量。施锌+土壤锌处理，籽粒锌浓度平均较对照最大增幅约为36%。与对照相比，同样的处理使Zincol-2016籽粒Cd浓度降低了42%，Jauhar-2016籽粒Cd浓度降低了35%。Jauhar-2016年各Zn处理和zincoll -2016年Zn +土壤Zn处理的籽粒Cd浓度均在允许值(≤0.2 mg kg - 1)以内。结论。土壤施锌、种子补锌及其组合对降低镉污染土壤上小麦籽粒镉积累有显著效果。暗示。对镉污染土壤上的小麦，建议采用土壤施锌与种子补锌相结合的锌处理。
{"title":"Seed priming and soil application of zinc decrease grain cadmium accumulation in standard and zinc-biofortified wheat cultivars","authors":"A. Umar, S. Hussain","doi":"10.1071/CP22255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22255","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal for both plants and humans. Wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soils may accumulate toxic levels of Cd in grains. Aim. This study aimed to compare soil zinc (Zn) application and seed Zn-priming for decreasing grain Cd concentration in standard and Zn-biofortified wheat cultivars grown on Cd-spiked soil. Methods. Standard (Jauhar-2016) and Zn-biofortified (Zincol-2016) wheat cultivars were grown in pots filled with Cd-spiked soil (8 mg Cd kg−1). The tested Zn treatments were un-primed, hydro-primed, and Zn-primed seeds with and without soil Zn application at 8 mg kg−1. Key results. Zinc treatments significantly mitigated the toxic effects of Cd on the growth and physiological parameters of both cultivars. As compared to control, all Zn treatments significantly increased Zn and decreased Cd concentration in grains of the cultivars. On average, the maximum increase in grain Zn concentration over control was approximately 36% with Zn-priming + soil Zn. The same treatment, as compared to control, decreased grain Cd concentration by 42% in Zincol-2016 and 35% in Jauhar-2016. Grain Cd concentration was within the permissible level (≤0.2 mg kg−1) in Jauhar-2016 at all Zn treatments and in Zincol-2016 at Zn-priming + soil Zn. Conclusion. Soil Zn application, seed Zn-priming, and their combination were effective in decreasing grain Cd accumulation in wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soil. Implication. Zinc treatments, especially the combination of soil Zn application and seed Zn-priming, should be recommended for wheat grown on Cd-contaminated soil.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"284 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44644344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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