N. Joshi, Sneha Priya Pappula Reddy, Neeraj Kumar, C. Bharadwaj, K. Tapan, B. S. Patil, P. Jain, N. M. S., Manish Roorkiwal, P. Verma, R. Varshney, K. Siddique, S. K
ABSTRACT Context. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are highly sensitive to elevated salinity, particularly at initial seedling establishment stage. Seedling screening would be an effective means to identify novel sources of donors for salt tolerance. Aim.This study aimed to identify salt stress tolerant genotypes at seedling stage from 50 chickpea accessions. Methods. The screening of 50 chickpea accessions was done under two salinity conditions including salt stress (8 dS m−1) and control (no salt stress). Accessions were studied for morphological traits, root system architectural analysis, and CSTI (Cumulative salt tolerance index). Further, principal component analysis was conducted to validate these results for more accuracy and reliability. Key results. For morphological traits, a high degree of genetic variation was seen among genotypes, and root traits were found to be the better indicators of salt stress tolerance. CSTI was used to classify the accessions; 22 (44%) were identified as salt sensitive, 21 (42%) were found to be moderately salt tolerant, and 7 (14%) had moderate to high salt tolerance. The most salt tolerant and salt sensitive genotypes were found to be ICCV10 and ILC5595, respectively. Conclusions. Early seedling screening has a great potential to identify genotypes with robust root systems, which can withstand salinity. Implications. We used a novel approach to classify chickpea landraces based on the combination of CSTI and principal component analysis methods. By choosing suitable donors and prospective genotypes at early growth stages, the knowledge gathered from this study may aid scientists and chickpea breeders in developing salt tolerant cultivars.
{"title":"Siphoning novel sources of seedling salinity tolerance from the diverse chickpea landraces","authors":"N. Joshi, Sneha Priya Pappula Reddy, Neeraj Kumar, C. Bharadwaj, K. Tapan, B. S. Patil, P. Jain, N. M. S., Manish Roorkiwal, P. Verma, R. Varshney, K. Siddique, S. K","doi":"10.1071/CP22319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22319","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are highly sensitive to elevated salinity, particularly at initial seedling establishment stage. Seedling screening would be an effective means to identify novel sources of donors for salt tolerance. Aim.This study aimed to identify salt stress tolerant genotypes at seedling stage from 50 chickpea accessions. Methods. The screening of 50 chickpea accessions was done under two salinity conditions including salt stress (8 dS m−1) and control (no salt stress). Accessions were studied for morphological traits, root system architectural analysis, and CSTI (Cumulative salt tolerance index). Further, principal component analysis was conducted to validate these results for more accuracy and reliability. Key results. For morphological traits, a high degree of genetic variation was seen among genotypes, and root traits were found to be the better indicators of salt stress tolerance. CSTI was used to classify the accessions; 22 (44%) were identified as salt sensitive, 21 (42%) were found to be moderately salt tolerant, and 7 (14%) had moderate to high salt tolerance. The most salt tolerant and salt sensitive genotypes were found to be ICCV10 and ILC5595, respectively. Conclusions. Early seedling screening has a great potential to identify genotypes with robust root systems, which can withstand salinity. Implications. We used a novel approach to classify chickpea landraces based on the combination of CSTI and principal component analysis methods. By choosing suitable donors and prospective genotypes at early growth stages, the knowledge gathered from this study may aid scientists and chickpea breeders in developing salt tolerant cultivars.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46161217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. R. Yathish, Chikkappa Gangadhar Karjagi, S. S. Gangoliya, R. N. Gadag, M. Mallikarjuna, J. C. Sekhar, A. Das, P. Lakshmi Soujanya, R. Kumar, Alla Singh, S. Singh, S. Rakshit
ABSTRACT Context. Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals and is considered an anti-nutritional factor because it chelates major mineral micronutrient cations, resulting in micronutrient malnutrition in humans. For monogastric animals fed maize (Zea mays L.) grains, the stored phosphorus does not release into the digestive tract, leading to phosphorus deficiency and environmental pollution. Aims. The aim of the study was to develop maize lines with a lower level of phytic acid that might substantially enhance the nutritional value of maize. Methods. The lpa1 mutant allele conferring low phytic acid was transferred into the parental lines of popular maize hybrid DMH 121 (i.e. BML 6 and BML 45) through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Foreground selection was performed using a co-dominant single nucleotide polymorphism marker through a high-resolution melting approach, and background selection was undertaken using 50–55 polymorphic sequence-tagged microsatellite site markers. Key results. Near-isogeneic lines were produced with >90% recurrent parental genome and reduction of phytic acid content by up to 44–56% compared with the original lines. Conclusions. The near-isogeneic lines carrying lpa1 can be used to reconstitute DHM 121 with low phytate content. Implications. The low-phytate maize hybrids produced can be useful in reducing micronutrient malnutrition in humans, as well as environmental pollution.
{"title":"Development of low-phytate maize inbred lines through marker-assisted introgression of lpa1","authors":"K. R. Yathish, Chikkappa Gangadhar Karjagi, S. S. Gangoliya, R. N. Gadag, M. Mallikarjuna, J. C. Sekhar, A. Das, P. Lakshmi Soujanya, R. Kumar, Alla Singh, S. Singh, S. Rakshit","doi":"10.1071/CP22238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22238","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals and is considered an anti-nutritional factor because it chelates major mineral micronutrient cations, resulting in micronutrient malnutrition in humans. For monogastric animals fed maize (Zea mays L.) grains, the stored phosphorus does not release into the digestive tract, leading to phosphorus deficiency and environmental pollution. Aims. The aim of the study was to develop maize lines with a lower level of phytic acid that might substantially enhance the nutritional value of maize. Methods. The lpa1 mutant allele conferring low phytic acid was transferred into the parental lines of popular maize hybrid DMH 121 (i.e. BML 6 and BML 45) through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Foreground selection was performed using a co-dominant single nucleotide polymorphism marker through a high-resolution melting approach, and background selection was undertaken using 50–55 polymorphic sequence-tagged microsatellite site markers. Key results. Near-isogeneic lines were produced with >90% recurrent parental genome and reduction of phytic acid content by up to 44–56% compared with the original lines. Conclusions. The near-isogeneic lines carrying lpa1 can be used to reconstitute DHM 121 with low phytate content. Implications. The low-phytate maize hybrids produced can be useful in reducing micronutrient malnutrition in humans, as well as environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45265988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Goswami, S. Dutta, Sanchayeeta Misra, S. Dasgupta, S. Chakraborty, Kousik Mallick, A. Sinha, V. Singh, T. Oberthür, S. Cook, K. Majumdar
ABSTRACT Agriculture is central to the Indian economy and suffers from widespread operational inefficiencies that could be corrected by the use of digital agriculture technologies (DA). We review and synthesise available literature concerning digital agriculture in India and anticipate its transformative potential in the coming decade. Although the initial growth of DA was more conspicuous in the downstream sectors and high-value crops, reaching smallholder farmers upstream is slowly emerging despite significant obstacles such as small fragmented holdings, inadequate data infrastructure and public policy, and unequal access to digital infrastructure. Agri-tech enables innovation at many locations within value chains, and a steady shift is occurring in change from individual farms to the whole value chain. Technology in the sector is progressing from information and communication technology-based solutions to Internet of Things and artificial intelligence–machine learning-enabled services. India’s public policy shows signs of a longstanding investment and collaboration in the sector, with an explicit focus on data infrastructure development. We find smallholder predominance, diversity in production systems, the predominance of commodity crops, proximity to urban markets, and public policy as the major factors of DA’s success in India. A stocktake of the available technologies and their applications by the public sector, tech giants, information technology leaders and agri-food tech startups in India strongly indicates a digital transformation of Indian agriculture. However, given the federal structure of governance and agriculture being a state (province) subject, we need to wait to see how DA policies are rolled out and taken up across the country.
{"title":"Whither digital agriculture in India?","authors":"R. Goswami, S. Dutta, Sanchayeeta Misra, S. Dasgupta, S. Chakraborty, Kousik Mallick, A. Sinha, V. Singh, T. Oberthür, S. Cook, K. Majumdar","doi":"10.1071/CP21624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21624","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Agriculture is central to the Indian economy and suffers from widespread operational inefficiencies that could be corrected by the use of digital agriculture technologies (DA). We review and synthesise available literature concerning digital agriculture in India and anticipate its transformative potential in the coming decade. Although the initial growth of DA was more conspicuous in the downstream sectors and high-value crops, reaching smallholder farmers upstream is slowly emerging despite significant obstacles such as small fragmented holdings, inadequate data infrastructure and public policy, and unequal access to digital infrastructure. Agri-tech enables innovation at many locations within value chains, and a steady shift is occurring in change from individual farms to the whole value chain. Technology in the sector is progressing from information and communication technology-based solutions to Internet of Things and artificial intelligence–machine learning-enabled services. India’s public policy shows signs of a longstanding investment and collaboration in the sector, with an explicit focus on data infrastructure development. We find smallholder predominance, diversity in production systems, the predominance of commodity crops, proximity to urban markets, and public policy as the major factors of DA’s success in India. A stocktake of the available technologies and their applications by the public sector, tech giants, information technology leaders and agri-food tech startups in India strongly indicates a digital transformation of Indian agriculture. However, given the federal structure of governance and agriculture being a state (province) subject, we need to wait to see how DA policies are rolled out and taken up across the country.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49100513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maxwell T. Bloomfield, C. Celestina, J. Hunt, N. Huth, B. Zheng, H. Brown, Zhigan Zhao, E. Wang, K. Stefanova, J. Hyles, Tina M. Rathjen, B. Trevaskis
Abstract Context. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation is highly dependent on crop lifecycle duration, particularly the time at which flowering occurs in a specific environment. Frost, low solar radiation, heat and drought can significantly reduce yield if a crop flowers too early or late. Wheat genotypes have different lifecycle durations determined by plant responses to temperature (thermal time accumulation and vernalisation) and photoperiod. These responses are largely controlled by five phenology genes (two PPD1 and three VRN1 genes). Advances in crop phenology modelling suggest that flowering time under field conditions could be accurately predicted with parameters derived from photoperiod and vernalisation responses obtained in controlled environments. Aims. This study quantified photoperiod and vernalisation responses of 69 Australian wheat genotypes selected for diversity at the PPD1 and VRN1 loci. Methods. Spring and winter genotypes were grown in four controlled environments at a constant temperature of 22°C with photoperiod (17 or 8 h) and vernalisation (0 or 8 weeks) treatments as factors. Key results. Thermal time from coleoptile emergence to flowering in spring genotypes was typically decreased more by long photoperiod than by vernalisation; the opposite was true for winter genotypes. Spring genotypes that were sensitive to vernalisation contained a sensitive allele at the Vrn-A1 locus. Conclusions. There is large diversity in phenological responses of wheat genotypes to photoperiod and vernalisation, including among those with matching multi-locus genotype. Implications. Data from this study will be used to parameterise and test a wheat phenology model in a future study.
{"title":"Vernalisation and photoperiod responses of diverse wheat genotypes","authors":"Maxwell T. Bloomfield, C. Celestina, J. Hunt, N. Huth, B. Zheng, H. Brown, Zhigan Zhao, E. Wang, K. Stefanova, J. Hyles, Tina M. Rathjen, B. Trevaskis","doi":"10.1071/CP22213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22213","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) adaptation is highly dependent on crop lifecycle duration, particularly the time at which flowering occurs in a specific environment. Frost, low solar radiation, heat and drought can significantly reduce yield if a crop flowers too early or late. Wheat genotypes have different lifecycle durations determined by plant responses to temperature (thermal time accumulation and vernalisation) and photoperiod. These responses are largely controlled by five phenology genes (two PPD1 and three VRN1 genes). Advances in crop phenology modelling suggest that flowering time under field conditions could be accurately predicted with parameters derived from photoperiod and vernalisation responses obtained in controlled environments. Aims. This study quantified photoperiod and vernalisation responses of 69 Australian wheat genotypes selected for diversity at the PPD1 and VRN1 loci. Methods. Spring and winter genotypes were grown in four controlled environments at a constant temperature of 22°C with photoperiod (17 or 8 h) and vernalisation (0 or 8 weeks) treatments as factors. Key results. Thermal time from coleoptile emergence to flowering in spring genotypes was typically decreased more by long photoperiod than by vernalisation; the opposite was true for winter genotypes. Spring genotypes that were sensitive to vernalisation contained a sensitive allele at the Vrn-A1 locus. Conclusions. There is large diversity in phenological responses of wheat genotypes to photoperiod and vernalisation, including among those with matching multi-locus genotype. Implications. Data from this study will be used to parameterise and test a wheat phenology model in a future study.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42054055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. S. Thind, Sandeep Sharma, H. S. Sidhu, Vicky Singh, Yadvinder-Singh
ABSTRACT Conventional tillage and crop establishment methods for the rice–wheat (RW) system are input intensive (water, labour and energy). About 24.5 million tonnes of rice residues are burnt every year on farms in north-western India before sowing of wheat, causing air pollution and soil health degradation. Therefore, alternative tillage, crop establishment and residue management practices are needed for long-term sustainability of the RW system. A 4-year field study evaluated four tillage and crop establishment methods in rice (in main plots) and three tillage and rice residue management methods in wheat (in subplots) for their effects on yield, soil fertility, and profitability of the RW system. Average rice yields were similar under conventional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and conventional till dry seeder rice (CTDSR). Both of these treatments produced significantly greater yields (10–16%) compared with zero till DSR (ZTDSR) and ZT machine transplanted rice in non-puddled soil, respectively, regardless of tillage and straw management methods in the previous wheat crop. Wheat yields in ZT wheat (ZTW) with 100% surface retention of rice residue (+R) were significantly greater than conventional till without residue retention after 2 years of experimentation, and accompanied by significant increases in macro-nutrient (potassium) availability in soil. The ZTW−R (no residue) treatment produced 15% lower wheat yield than ZTW+R. System yield was highest in CTDSR-ZTW+R, which was 5% higher than the conventional practice PTR-CTW−R, resulting in Rs 17 000 ha−1 greater net returns.
{"title":"Tillage, crop establishment and residue retention methods for optimising productivity and profitability under rice–wheat system","authors":"H. S. Thind, Sandeep Sharma, H. S. Sidhu, Vicky Singh, Yadvinder-Singh","doi":"10.1071/CP21595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP21595","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Conventional tillage and crop establishment methods for the rice–wheat (RW) system are input intensive (water, labour and energy). About 24.5 million tonnes of rice residues are burnt every year on farms in north-western India before sowing of wheat, causing air pollution and soil health degradation. Therefore, alternative tillage, crop establishment and residue management practices are needed for long-term sustainability of the RW system. A 4-year field study evaluated four tillage and crop establishment methods in rice (in main plots) and three tillage and rice residue management methods in wheat (in subplots) for their effects on yield, soil fertility, and profitability of the RW system. Average rice yields were similar under conventional puddled transplanted rice (PTR) and conventional till dry seeder rice (CTDSR). Both of these treatments produced significantly greater yields (10–16%) compared with zero till DSR (ZTDSR) and ZT machine transplanted rice in non-puddled soil, respectively, regardless of tillage and straw management methods in the previous wheat crop. Wheat yields in ZT wheat (ZTW) with 100% surface retention of rice residue (+R) were significantly greater than conventional till without residue retention after 2 years of experimentation, and accompanied by significant increases in macro-nutrient (potassium) availability in soil. The ZTW−R (no residue) treatment produced 15% lower wheat yield than ZTW+R. System yield was highest in CTDSR-ZTW+R, which was 5% higher than the conventional practice PTR-CTW−R, resulting in Rs 17 000 ha−1 greater net returns.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42250022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Smith, B. Penrose, A. Langworthy, A. Humphries, C. Harris, M. Rogers, P. G. H. Nichols, R. Hayes
ABSTRACT Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) is periodically raised as an alternative perennial pasture legume for temperate regions of Australia. Its tolerance of waterlogging is widely known, yet its ability to persist through periods of soil moisture deficit is often understated. Other desirable characteristics include its stoloniferous growth habit and tolerance of mildly saline conditions. Only four strawberry clover cultivars have been registered in Australia, and the most popular, cv. Palestine, is a direct introduction, released in 1938 and first certified in 1951. Furthermore, strawberry clover’s distribution has largely been confined to niche environments, particularly waterlogged and saline areas. This paper reviews the taxonomy and breeding system, morphology, distribution and ecology, and subsequent transfer of strawberry clover to Australia. It reviews and maps the suitability of strawberry clover for perennial pasture systems in the medium–-high rainfall and irrigated temperate zones of Australia, with reference to future climates. The paper also highlights the breeding focus, commercialisation and marketing required to supersede cv. Palestine and lists the germplasm available in the Australian Pastures Genebank, with origins. We conclude that, although strawberry clover is unlikely to become a dominant perennial pasture legume species in Australia, it could be used in a wider range of environments than just those affected by salinity and/or waterlogging stress.
{"title":"Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum): current status and future role in Australian agriculture","authors":"R. Smith, B. Penrose, A. Langworthy, A. Humphries, C. Harris, M. Rogers, P. G. H. Nichols, R. Hayes","doi":"10.1071/CP22301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22301","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) is periodically raised as an alternative perennial pasture legume for temperate regions of Australia. Its tolerance of waterlogging is widely known, yet its ability to persist through periods of soil moisture deficit is often understated. Other desirable characteristics include its stoloniferous growth habit and tolerance of mildly saline conditions. Only four strawberry clover cultivars have been registered in Australia, and the most popular, cv. Palestine, is a direct introduction, released in 1938 and first certified in 1951. Furthermore, strawberry clover’s distribution has largely been confined to niche environments, particularly waterlogged and saline areas. This paper reviews the taxonomy and breeding system, morphology, distribution and ecology, and subsequent transfer of strawberry clover to Australia. It reviews and maps the suitability of strawberry clover for perennial pasture systems in the medium–-high rainfall and irrigated temperate zones of Australia, with reference to future climates. The paper also highlights the breeding focus, commercialisation and marketing required to supersede cv. Palestine and lists the germplasm available in the Australian Pastures Genebank, with origins. We conclude that, although strawberry clover is unlikely to become a dominant perennial pasture legume species in Australia, it could be used in a wider range of environments than just those affected by salinity and/or waterlogging stress.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49032282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Tozer, G. Douglas, Emma Noakes, R. Greenfield, C. Cameron
ABSTRACT Context. Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus) has potential to supplement pasture production in steep-hill country and increase pasture resilience. Aims. To (1) quantify production of edible dry matter (EDM) of pruned 2-year-old tagasaste shrubs and branches from unpruned 10-year-old tagasaste trees, and (2) determine the effect of proximity of the 10-year-old tagasaste trees on selected pasture species established as spaced transplants. Methods. A site was established on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand on steep-hill country (>20° slope). Tagasaste and pasture species production was measured over 3 years. Results. Tagasaste shrubs produced an average of 2.7 kg EDM shrub−1 year−1 and a tree branch produced 129 g EDM year−1. The metabolisable energy content of tagasaste branches averaged 10.0 MJ kg EDM−1, the crude protein content ranged from 18% to 27% and neutral detergent fibre content averaged 39%. Branch diameter and length were poor predictors of EDM branch−1. There was no effect of increasing proximity to tagasaste on DM production of the resident pasture. Effects of increasing proximity to tagasaste on the growth and survival of selected pasture species are reported in a companion paper. Conclusions. Edible-DM production was much greater from shrubs than tree branches and it was not possible to predict branch EDM from branch diameter or length. Implications. A tagasaste silvopasture is likely to be more productive if tagasaste is managed for grazing in situ than if using mature trees for harvesting of branches for browse.
摘要上下文。Tagasaste（Cytisus proliferus）有潜力补充陡坡地区的牧场生产，提高牧场的恢复力。目标。（1）量化修剪后的2年生田甘树灌木和未修剪的10年生田甘树的枝条的可食用干物质（EDM）的产生，以及（2）确定10年生田甘树的接近度对作为间隔移植建立的选定牧场物种的影响。方法。在新西兰北岛在……的东海岸陡峭的山坡上（>20°斜坡）建立了一个场地。Tagasaste和牧场物种产量在3年内进行了测量。后果Tagasaste灌木每年平均产生2.7公斤EDM灌木，树枝每年产生129克EDM。tagasaste枝条的代谢能含量平均为10.0MJ kg EDM−1，粗蛋白含量在18%至27%之间，中性洗涤剂纤维含量平均为39%。分支直径和长度是EDM分支-1的较差预测因子。增加与塔加斯特的接近度对常驻牧场的DM产量没有影响。在一篇配套论文中报道了越来越接近塔加斯特对选定牧场物种生长和存活的影响。结论。灌木的可食用DM产量远高于树枝，并且无法从树枝直径或长度预测树枝EDM。含义。如果塔加斯特在原地放牧，那么塔加斯特森林牧场的生产力可能比使用成熟树木收割树枝进行浏览更高。
{"title":"Tagasaste silvopastures in steep-hill country. 1. Tagasaste edible dry-matter production and nutritive value","authors":"K. Tozer, G. Douglas, Emma Noakes, R. Greenfield, C. Cameron","doi":"10.1071/CP22221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22221","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Tagasaste (Cytisus proliferus) has potential to supplement pasture production in steep-hill country and increase pasture resilience. Aims. To (1) quantify production of edible dry matter (EDM) of pruned 2-year-old tagasaste shrubs and branches from unpruned 10-year-old tagasaste trees, and (2) determine the effect of proximity of the 10-year-old tagasaste trees on selected pasture species established as spaced transplants. Methods. A site was established on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand on steep-hill country (>20° slope). Tagasaste and pasture species production was measured over 3 years. Results. Tagasaste shrubs produced an average of 2.7 kg EDM shrub−1 year−1 and a tree branch produced 129 g EDM year−1. The metabolisable energy content of tagasaste branches averaged 10.0 MJ kg EDM−1, the crude protein content ranged from 18% to 27% and neutral detergent fibre content averaged 39%. Branch diameter and length were poor predictors of EDM branch−1. There was no effect of increasing proximity to tagasaste on DM production of the resident pasture. Effects of increasing proximity to tagasaste on the growth and survival of selected pasture species are reported in a companion paper. Conclusions. Edible-DM production was much greater from shrubs than tree branches and it was not possible to predict branch EDM from branch diameter or length. Implications. A tagasaste silvopasture is likely to be more productive if tagasaste is managed for grazing in situ than if using mature trees for harvesting of branches for browse.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49090737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hayes, Matthew T. Newell, Guangdi D. Li, R. Haling, C. Harris, R. Culvenor, W. Badgery, Neil Munday, A. Price, R. S. Stutz, R. Simpson
ABSTRACT Context. Improving the stability of legumes in grasslands in the face of variable seasonal conditions is key to mitigating risks posed by drought. Aims. We assessed the persistence of a range of legume species and cultivars in order to inform legume choice for pasture improvement and identify priority species for further development. Methods. Twenty field experiments in four series were conducted at sites with contrasting seasonal and soil characteristics in the ‘high-rainfall’ (560–920 mm long-term average) Tablelands and Monaro regions of New South Wales, Australia. Legumes were grown as pure swards and assessed periodically for seedling density, plant frequency and dry matter for up to 5 years. Key results. Legume dry matter production was positively correlated with plant frequency. However, most legumes persisted poorly at most sites, particularly on soils of lower fertility. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cv. Goulburn was the best performing cultivar of that species across sites on the Southern Tablelands and Monaro. Yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cvv. Avila and Yellotas showed promising persistence, particularly under drought conditions. White clover (T. repens) was the most broadly adapted of the perennial legumes across a range of soils, but persistence was still inadequate at many sites. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was approximately twice as productive as the next-most productive species when soil conditions suited its growth, but it failed to persist on acidic, low-fertility soils. Conclusions. Serradella species (yellow and French, O. sativus) and white clover, in conjunction with subterranean clover, offer the best near-term prospects for diversifying legume productivity and resilience under variable seasonal conditions in tableland environments. Implications. An increased focus on phenology and seed characteristics is suggested to improve the persistence of annual and facultative perennial legume species in grasslands. Serradella and white clover are identified as the highest priorities for cultivar development for tableland environments of south-eastern Australia.
{"title":"Legume persistence for grasslands in tableland environments of south-eastern Australia","authors":"R. Hayes, Matthew T. Newell, Guangdi D. Li, R. Haling, C. Harris, R. Culvenor, W. Badgery, Neil Munday, A. Price, R. S. Stutz, R. Simpson","doi":"10.1071/CP22277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Improving the stability of legumes in grasslands in the face of variable seasonal conditions is key to mitigating risks posed by drought. Aims. We assessed the persistence of a range of legume species and cultivars in order to inform legume choice for pasture improvement and identify priority species for further development. Methods. Twenty field experiments in four series were conducted at sites with contrasting seasonal and soil characteristics in the ‘high-rainfall’ (560–920 mm long-term average) Tablelands and Monaro regions of New South Wales, Australia. Legumes were grown as pure swards and assessed periodically for seedling density, plant frequency and dry matter for up to 5 years. Key results. Legume dry matter production was positively correlated with plant frequency. However, most legumes persisted poorly at most sites, particularly on soils of lower fertility. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cv. Goulburn was the best performing cultivar of that species across sites on the Southern Tablelands and Monaro. Yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) cvv. Avila and Yellotas showed promising persistence, particularly under drought conditions. White clover (T. repens) was the most broadly adapted of the perennial legumes across a range of soils, but persistence was still inadequate at many sites. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was approximately twice as productive as the next-most productive species when soil conditions suited its growth, but it failed to persist on acidic, low-fertility soils. Conclusions. Serradella species (yellow and French, O. sativus) and white clover, in conjunction with subterranean clover, offer the best near-term prospects for diversifying legume productivity and resilience under variable seasonal conditions in tableland environments. Implications. An increased focus on phenology and seed characteristics is suggested to improve the persistence of annual and facultative perennial legume species in grasslands. Serradella and white clover are identified as the highest priorities for cultivar development for tableland environments of south-eastern Australia.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48057427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra D. Ilić, Miroslav Z. Zorić, D. Živanov, S. Medić-Pap, M. Vasić
Abstract Context. In Serbia, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production largely relies on improved commercial cultivars; however, many farmers still grow and maintain landraces. Productivity assessment of common bean landraces from Serbia may enrich knowledge of bean diversity from Western Balkans, Europe and worldwide. Aims. The study aims were to describe the underlying structure of a selected set of landraces and commercial cultivars of common bean, identify relatedness of accessions, and determine breeding values. Methods and key results. Overall productivity was assessed through main yield components during a 2-year field trial. Average seed yield per plant was 7.9 g, with 1000-seed weight 425 g, 7.4 pods per plant and 22.9 seeds per plant. Accessions were classified according to seed colour and shape, with the Albus group generally showing highest productivity traits. Phenotypic and genotypic variability of the selected set was previously determined. Principal component analysis was used to assess bean germplasm structure, revealing subdivisions partially according to gene pool (Mesoamerican or Andean), evident through the existence of one larger Andean group. Relatedness of genotypes was assessed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Additional variation concentrated within the Andean gene pool was detected. Positive correlations were observed among numbers of pods and seeds per plant, yield per plant and plant height. According to the Mantel test, positive associations were observed among productivity trait distance, genetic distance and descriptive trait distance. Conclusions. Substantial variation in productivity was observed for bean landraces, with differences among gene pools and seed forms, revealing their agronomic value. Acknowledged structure of agronomic traits and recognised stratification will assist in multilevel organisation of common bean breeding programs. Implications. Combined information on phenotypic, genotypic and productivity value should benefit selection of promising parental lines associating good agronomic performance with sufficient variability, according to consumer preferences.
{"title":"Productivity assessment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) germplasm from Serbia","authors":"Aleksandra D. Ilić, Miroslav Z. Zorić, D. Živanov, S. Medić-Pap, M. Vasić","doi":"10.1071/CP22275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22275","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Context. In Serbia, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production largely relies on improved commercial cultivars; however, many farmers still grow and maintain landraces. Productivity assessment of common bean landraces from Serbia may enrich knowledge of bean diversity from Western Balkans, Europe and worldwide. Aims. The study aims were to describe the underlying structure of a selected set of landraces and commercial cultivars of common bean, identify relatedness of accessions, and determine breeding values. Methods and key results. Overall productivity was assessed through main yield components during a 2-year field trial. Average seed yield per plant was 7.9 g, with 1000-seed weight 425 g, 7.4 pods per plant and 22.9 seeds per plant. Accessions were classified according to seed colour and shape, with the Albus group generally showing highest productivity traits. Phenotypic and genotypic variability of the selected set was previously determined. Principal component analysis was used to assess bean germplasm structure, revealing subdivisions partially according to gene pool (Mesoamerican or Andean), evident through the existence of one larger Andean group. Relatedness of genotypes was assessed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Additional variation concentrated within the Andean gene pool was detected. Positive correlations were observed among numbers of pods and seeds per plant, yield per plant and plant height. According to the Mantel test, positive associations were observed among productivity trait distance, genetic distance and descriptive trait distance. Conclusions. Substantial variation in productivity was observed for bean landraces, with differences among gene pools and seed forms, revealing their agronomic value. Acknowledged structure of agronomic traits and recognised stratification will assist in multilevel organisation of common bean breeding programs. Implications. Combined information on phenotypic, genotypic and productivity value should benefit selection of promising parental lines associating good agronomic performance with sufficient variability, according to consumer preferences.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45895753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Context. Barley grass (Hordeum spp. L.) is an annual, invasive grass weed of southern Australian crops and pastures, frequently associated with weight loss and carcass damage in sheep due to its sharp seeds. Knowledge gaps exist regarding optimal density thresholds for effective control to reduce impacts on animal production. The value of integrated weed management (IWM) over individual control options for reducing barley grass populations in pasture is also unknown. Aims. We aimed to develop a model for simulating the population dynamics of barley grass within lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures of southern Australia and to test the hypothesis that combining herbicides with mowing will be more effective for removing barley grass seedbanks over time than individual control measures. Methods. The model was developed within Microsoft Excel and adapted from other annual grass models. The model takes a Monte Carlo approach to simulate control impacts on weed seedbanks over 10 years using five weed-control density thresholds. It was parameterised using data from recent experiments and available literature. Key results. The most effective long-term control strategy for barley grass occurred with a density threshold of 5 seedlings m−2 by combining early and late herbicide applications, and by combining early and late herbicides with mowing, reducing the seedbank by 86% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions. Simulation results showed that IWM programs were more effective than individual control options in reducing the barley grass seedbanks over 10 years, particularly at low weed densities (≤50 seedlings m−2). Implications. Incorporation of this model into a bioeconomic grazing systems model will be valuable for determining the economic impacts and optimal weed-control strategies for minimising the effects of barley grass seed contamination in lamb production systems.
{"title":"Simulating the population dynamics of barley grass (Hordeum spp.) and impacts of weed management strategies in a southern Australian lucerne (Medicago sativa) pasture","authors":"Jane E. Kelly, K. Behrendt, J. Quinn","doi":"10.1071/CP22297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/CP22297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Context. Barley grass (Hordeum spp. L.) is an annual, invasive grass weed of southern Australian crops and pastures, frequently associated with weight loss and carcass damage in sheep due to its sharp seeds. Knowledge gaps exist regarding optimal density thresholds for effective control to reduce impacts on animal production. The value of integrated weed management (IWM) over individual control options for reducing barley grass populations in pasture is also unknown. Aims. We aimed to develop a model for simulating the population dynamics of barley grass within lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pastures of southern Australia and to test the hypothesis that combining herbicides with mowing will be more effective for removing barley grass seedbanks over time than individual control measures. Methods. The model was developed within Microsoft Excel and adapted from other annual grass models. The model takes a Monte Carlo approach to simulate control impacts on weed seedbanks over 10 years using five weed-control density thresholds. It was parameterised using data from recent experiments and available literature. Key results. The most effective long-term control strategy for barley grass occurred with a density threshold of 5 seedlings m−2 by combining early and late herbicide applications, and by combining early and late herbicides with mowing, reducing the seedbank by 86% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions. Simulation results showed that IWM programs were more effective than individual control options in reducing the barley grass seedbanks over 10 years, particularly at low weed densities (≤50 seedlings m−2). Implications. Incorporation of this model into a bioeconomic grazing systems model will be valuable for determining the economic impacts and optimal weed-control strategies for minimising the effects of barley grass seed contamination in lamb production systems.","PeriodicalId":51237,"journal":{"name":"Crop & Pasture Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44607052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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