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Should crop sequences in Western Australia include more lupins? 西澳大利亚的作物序列应该包括更多的羽扇豆吗?
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23110
C. d’Abbadie, S. Kharel, R. Kingwell, A. Abadi Ghadim
Context Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is an increasing priority for Australian grain producers. Could substituting lupins for canola, as a rotational break crop, enable farmers to reduce their emissions by less use of nitrogenous fertilisers?Aim This study aims to identify if replacing canola with lupins in rotations at a range of locations in Western Australia’s grainbelt is environmentally and economically attractive.Methods Bio-economic simulation modelling is used to examine the gross margins and emissions associated with replacement of canola by lupins at 14 locations in the grainbelt of Western Australia in various land use sequences.Key results Replacing canola with lupins unambiguously leads to reduced emissions in crop sequences at all locations considered. However, the higher gross margins from canola production cause lupins to only be a preferred break crop option at 4 of the 14 locations. Even with various plausible incentives to favour lupins, they remain economically unattractive at most locations other than those where lupins are well adapted to the environment.Conclusions Lupins’ current lack of commercial attractiveness for farmers limits its role in emissions reduction in the region’s farming systems.Implications The profitability of lupins needs to increase if lupins are to be widely readopted. This requires developing higher yielding lupin varieties, grain quality improvements, and policy changes to reward lower emission cereals. However, this study shows these changes, apart from yield improvement, are unlikely in the short term. At locations with suitable soils alternative pulse crops may offer higher gross margins whilst delivering emission reductions.
减少温室气体排放是澳大利亚粮食生产商日益重视的问题。用羽扇豆代替油菜籽作为轮作作物,能使农民减少氮肥的使用,从而减少碳排放吗?本研究旨在确定在西澳大利亚谷物带的一系列地点轮作用羽扇豆代替油菜籽是否具有环境和经济上的吸引力。方法采用生物经济模拟模型,对西澳大利亚州14个谷带不同土地利用序列中油菜被羽扇豆替代的毛利率和排放量进行了研究。用羽扇豆素代替油菜籽无疑会减少在所考虑的所有位置的作物序列中的排放。然而,油菜籽生产的较高毛利率导致羽扇豆仅在14个地点中的4个地点成为首选的中断作物选择。即使有各种貌似合理的激励措施来支持羽扇豆,在大多数地方,除了那些羽扇豆能很好地适应环境的地方,它们在经济上仍然没有吸引力。Lupins目前对农民缺乏商业吸引力,限制了它在该地区农业系统中减排的作用。如果羽扇豆被广泛采用,羽扇豆的盈利能力需要增加。这需要开发产量更高的扁豆品种,改善粮食质量,并改变政策以奖励低排放的谷物。然而,这项研究表明,除了产量提高之外,这些变化在短期内不太可能发生。在土壤适宜的地方,替代脉冲作物可以提供更高的毛利率,同时减少排放。
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引用次数: 0
Humic and fulvic acid influence the morphophysiological and biochemical properties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under water deficit 水分亏缺条件下腐殖酸和黄腐酸对豇豆形态生理生化特性的影响
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23250
Angela Lucena Nascimento de Jesus, Lucas Vinícius Pierre de Andrada, Luiz Filipe dos Santos Silva, Natália Alves Santos, Fabiana Barbosa Cruz, Nerissa Carolina Amosse Cumbana, Rafael Anchieta de Oliveira, Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza
Context Water deficit is a limiting factor in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) performance. Humic and fulvic acids are organic fertilisers that increase plant productivity and appear as a viable alternative to improve cowpea productivity under water deficit.Aim We evaluated the efficiency of humic and fulvic acid on the morphophysiological and biochemical properties of cowpea subjected to water deficit.Methods The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. A completely randomised design was adopted in a 5×2 factorial scheme with four replications, with five doses of humic and fulvic acid, 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16mL/L applied to plants irrigated at 100% and 25% of field capacity. Stomatal conductance (gs), water potential (Pw), plant height (H), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), number of root nodules (NR), fresh and dry weight of the aerial (FMA and DMA) and root (FMR and DMR), total soluble proteins (SP) and total phenolic compounds (PC).Key results Doses of 8 and 12mL/L increased gs (100–200mmolm2s−1), reduced Pw (−0.9MPa) and NR, increased FMR and DMR (20 and 10g), SP (8–9g) in stressed and non-stressed individuals.Conclusions Intermediate doses of humic and fulvic acid (12mL/L) are recommended for cowpea production in dry regions.Implications Humic and fulvic acid together are viable alternatives for optimising agricultural production and decision making in semi-arid regions.
水分缺乏是豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)生产性能的一个限制因素。腐植酸和黄腐酸是提高植物生产力的有机肥料,是在缺水条件下提高豇豆生产力的可行选择。目的研究腐殖酸和黄腐酸对水分亏缺豇豆形态生理生化特性的影响。方法在温室内进行试验。在5×2因子方案中采用完全随机设计,4个重复,分别以100%和25%的农田容量灌溉植株,施用5个剂量的腐殖酸和黄腐酸,分别为0,4,8,12和16mL/L。气孔导度(gs)、水势(Pw)、株高(H)、茎粗(SD)、叶片数(NL)、根瘤数(NR)、地上鲜重和干重(FMA和DMA)、根系鲜重和干重(FMR和DMR)、总可溶性蛋白(SP)和总酚类化合物(PC)。8和12mL/L剂量使应激和非应激个体的gs (100 - 200mmm2s−1)增加,Pw (- 0.9MPa)和NR降低,FMR和DMR(20和10g)增加,SP (8 - 9g)增加。结论干旱地区豇豆生产推荐使用中等剂量的腐植酸和黄腐酸(12mL/L)。结论腐植酸和黄腐酸是半干旱区农业生产和决策优化的可行选择。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of infection with the viral complex alfalfa dwarf disease on productivity traits and coumestrol production in alfalfa plants 病毒复合体苜蓿矮缩病感染对苜蓿植株生产性状和甘美醇产量的影响
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23143
Mercedes P. Silva, Daniel H. Basigalup, Stella Maris Chiacchiera, Verónica Trucco, Fabián Giolitti, Eva Mamani, Carolina del Pilar Díaz, Milena E. Manzur
Context Viral infections generate yield losses in alfalfa due to the impact on growth, seed production, impaired nitrogen fixation and fungal disease susceptibility, but also stimulate production of coumestrol, which can exhibit oestrogenic activity in livestock and human.Aims We investigated the change in coumestrol content and its relationship with morphological and productivity traits in alfalfa plants infected with alfalfa viral complex.Methods Seven genotypes from cultivar Monarca SP-INTA and six of Traful PV-INTA were used. Plants were cloned and treated as non-infected and infected with alfalfa viral complex (alfalfa dwarf disease). Productivity and morphological traits were assessed. Disease symptoms were used to estimate the genotype severity index (GSI, %), coumestrol content was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography.Key results Viral infection reduced internode distance (iD) for the majority of Monarca genotypes, whereas in Traful one was affected, generating dwarfism. The iD reduction positively correlated with GSI only in Monarca genotypes. Coumestrol content varied between genotypes of each of the two cultivars. Monarca genotypes ranged between 350 and 1140 (infected and non-infected) ppm, and Traful genotypes ranged between 0 and 942 (infected and non-infected) ppm. However, viral infection promoted coumestrol increase in three genotypes only.Conclusions All Monarca genotypes studied seem to be more sensitive to viral infections than those of Traful, as GSI demonstrated. Independently of cultivar, coumestrol content increased for three genotypes. High coumestrol content was correlated with low GSI.Implications The knowledge of genotype response to viral infections would be useful for breeders to select superior genotypes as well as to originate new cultivars either as forage or as natural sources of phytoestrogens.
病毒感染会影响苜蓿的生长、种子生产、固氮功能受损和对真菌疾病的易感性,从而造成产量损失,但也会刺激谷氨醇的产生,谷氨醇在牲畜和人类中表现出雌激素活性。目的研究紫花苜蓿病毒复合体侵染后紫花苜蓿植株库梅甾醇含量的变化及其与形态性状和产量性状的关系。方法采用摩纳哥SP-INTA品种的7个基因型和trul PV-INTA品种的6个基因型。克隆了未感染和感染苜蓿病毒复合体(苜蓿矮缩病)的植株。评估了产量和形态性状。采用疾病症状评估基因型严重指数(GSI, %),采用高压液相色谱法测定库美醇含量。主要结果病毒感染降低了大多数白颈雀基因型的节间距离(iD),而在Traful基因型中则受到影响,产生侏儒症。仅在摩纳哥基因型中,iD降低与GSI呈正相关。库美特尔含量在两个品种的基因型之间存在差异。摩纳哥基因型的范围在350至1140 ppm(感染和未感染)之间,而特拉尔基因型的范围在0至942 ppm(感染和未感染)之间。然而,病毒感染仅在三种基因型中促进了谷氨醇的增加。GSI表明,所有研究的Monarca基因型似乎比Traful基因型对病毒感染更敏感。与品种无关,三种基因型的库米雌醇含量均增加。高谷丙醇含量与低GSI相关。结论基因型对病毒感染反应的了解将有助于育种者选择优良的基因型,以及培育作为饲料或天然植物雌激素来源的新品种。
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引用次数: 0
Moister soils at elevated CO2 stimulate root biomass but suppress aboveground biomass production in Lolium perenne 二氧化碳浓度升高时土壤湿润会刺激黑麦草根系生物量,但会抑制地上部生物量的产生
IF 1.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp22287
M. Hovenden, A. Sinclair, Rose Brinkhoff, Kate E. Stevenson, Zachary A. Brown, Meagan Porter, A. Flittner, M. Nyberg, R. Rawnsley
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引用次数: 0
Seed row placement relative to the previous crop stubble row can harness systems benefits on water repellent sands 与以前的作物残茬行相比,种子行放置可以利用系统对防水砂的好处
IF 1.9 4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23157
T. McBeath, V. Gupta, J. Desbiolles, Bill Davoren, R. Llewellyn
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引用次数: 0
Phenotypic variations in M2 generation by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) 甲基磺酸乙酯诱变紫花苜蓿M2代的表型变异
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23047
S. S. Jade, V. N. Gaikwad, S. P. Jadhav, P. S. Takawale, R. A. Bahulikar
Context Mutagenesis is an effective method to create genetic variation in an available accession.Aim This study aimed to generate variability in a genetically distinct genotype of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) by using a chemical mutagen.Methods Eight different ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) concentrations were used to determine lethal dose for 50% of the population (LD50). Among them, two EMS concentrations were used to treat 20 000 seeds of BAL-08-01 accession. A total of 8301 individual plants from 1225 families in the second generation (M2) were established under field conditions. Phenotypic observations were recorded as per Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing guidelines.Key results Wide variations were observed for all phenotypic characters. Among these, green fodder yield, plant height and number of tillers varied with a range of 1–372.5g, 8.1–120.8cm and 0–77 per plant, respectively. Variations were also recorded for other characters such as leaf shape, flower colour, primary branching, etc. A total of 86.76% of plants showed purple colour flowers. Principal component analysis was performed for fodder characters from each EMS concentration. First, two principal components contributed an overall 97.06% variability. M2 plants outside 95% ellipses show the highest phenotypic variations.Conclusion EMS is effective in inducing mutation in lucerne. Phenotypic mutations were recognised in the M2 generation for the quantitative and qualitative characters and green fodder yield.Implications The resulting high level of variability will serve as source material for the improvement of lucerne for various traits.
诱变是一种有效的遗传变异方法。目的利用化学诱变剂对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)基因型进行诱变。方法采用8种不同浓度的甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)测定50%种群的致死剂量(LD50)。其中,用2种EMS浓度处理2万株BAL-08-01种子。在田间条件下,共建立了1225科2代(M2)单株8301株。表型观察记录按照独特性,均匀性和稳定性(DUS)测试指南。主要结果:所有表型性状均存在较大差异。其中青饲料产量、株高和分蘖数变化范围分别为1 ~ 372.5g /株、8.1 ~ 120.8cm /株和0 ~ 77个/株。其他性状如叶形、花色、初生分枝等也有变异记录。86.76%的植物呈现紫色花朵。对不同EMS浓度的饲料性状进行主成分分析。首先,两个主成分贡献了97.06%的变异性。95%椭圆外的M2植株表型变异最大。结论EMS是一种有效的诱变方法。在M2代中发现了数量、质量性状和青饲料产量的表型突变。由此产生的高变异水平将为改进苜蓿的各种性状提供来源材料。
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引用次数: 0
Performance of young endophyte-free and endophyte-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) plants under partial and total submergence 部分浸没和完全浸没条件下无内生菌和感染内生菌的高羊茅幼株的生长性能
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23061
Lucas R. Petigrosso, Osvaldo R. Vignolio, Pedro E. Gundel, María G. Monterubbianesi, Silvia G. Assuero
Context Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a valuable temperate forage grass. Tall fescue plants associated with Epichloë fungal endophytes are successfully spreading in grassland regions that are recurrently exposed to flooding.Aims We asked whether the association with fungal endophytes increases plant performance under water excess.Methods In a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated the differential performance of young endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue plants in response to 14days of partial and total submergence. We included a wild local population and a cultivar, each with their respective fungal endophyte: the common endophyte and a safe (non-toxic) endophyte (AR584).Key results Relative to control (non-submerged) plants, and regardless of endophyte status, total submergence resulted in a significant growth reduction. At the end of the partial submergence period, the number of leaves per plant increased (21%) in the presence of the safe endophyte AR584 but decreased (18%) in the presence of the wild endophyte. Moreover, under partial submergence, the presence of wild endophyte decreased pseudostem dry weight by 10%.Conclusions Our results show that the presence of either the wild or the safe endophyte did not increase the performance of young tall fescue plants under submergence conditions.Implications Although all endophyte-free and endophyte-infected tall fescue plants survived submergence treatments, we cannot rule out that Epichloë endophytes might improve plant fitness under longer stressful submergence conditions. Future research should explore how endophytes modulate host performance under water excess, considering different phenological plant phases and/or co-occurrence with other stress factors (e.g. high temperatures).
高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)是一种珍贵的温带牧草。与Epichloë真菌内生菌相关的高大羊茅植物在经常遭受洪水侵袭的草原地区成功地传播。目的:我们想知道在水分过剩的情况下,真菌内生菌是否会增加植物的生长性能。方法在温室试验中,研究了受内生菌侵染和未受内生菌侵染的高羊茅幼苗在14d部分浸没和完全浸没条件下的不同表现。我们纳入了一个野生当地种群和一个栽培种群,每个种群都有各自的真菌内生菌:普通内生菌和安全(无毒)内生菌(AR584)。与对照(未淹水)植株相比,无论内生菌状态如何,完全淹水均导致植株生长显著降低。在部分淹没期结束时,安全内生菌AR584的存在使单株叶片数增加(21%),而野生内生菌的存在使单株叶片数减少(18%)。此外,在部分淹没条件下,野生内生菌的存在使假茎干重降低了10%。结论无论是野生内生菌还是安全内生菌的存在,均不能提高高羊茅幼苗在淹水条件下的生长性能。尽管所有无内生菌和感染内生菌的高羊茅都能在淹水处理中存活下来,但我们不能排除Epichloë内生菌可能提高植物在长时间胁迫条件下的适应性。未来的研究应考虑到植物不同物候阶段和/或与其他胁迫因素(如高温)共同发生,探索在水分过剩条件下内生菌如何调节寄主的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Plant species, nitrogen status and endophytes are drivers of soil microbial communities in grasslands 植物种类、氮状态和内生菌是草地土壤微生物群落的驱动因子
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23149
Susanne Rasmussen, Anthony J. Parsons, Julia Russell, Daniel A. Bastías, Qianhe Liu
Context There is concern that the introduction of ‘novel’ plant germplasm/traits could outpace our capacity to measure and so assess their impacts on soil microbial communities and function.Aim This study aimed to investigate the effects of plant species/functional traits, nitrogen (N) fertilisation and endophyte infection on grassland soil microbial communities within a short time span of 2years.Methods Two field experiments with monoculture plots were conducted in a common soil. Experiment 1 compared grasses and legumes, using two cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) that varied in fructan content, along with the legumes white clover (Trifolium repens) and bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus) that varied in tannin content. Grass treatments received high and low N application levels. Experiment 2 compared the presence/absence of Epichloë strains in ryegrass, tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) and meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis). Soil microbial communities were analysed by using high-throughput sequencing of DNA isolated from bulk soil cores.Key results Higher abundance of ligninolytic fungi was found in grass soils and pectinolytic fungi in legume soils. Levels of N fertilisation and fructan in ryegrass had only minor effects on soil fungal communities. By contrast, N fertilisation or fixation had a strong effect on bacterial communities, with higher abundance of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in high-N grass soils and in legume soils than in low-N grass soils. Epichloë affected soil microbiota by reducing the abundance of certain fungal phytopathogens, increasing mycorrhizal fungi and reducing N-fixing bacteria.Conclusions Chemical composition of plant cell walls, which differs between grasses and legumes, and presence of Epichloë in grasses were the main drivers of shifts in soil microbial communities.Implications Impacts of farming practices such as mono- or poly-culture, N fertilisation and presence of Epichloë in grasses on soil microbial communities should be considered in pasture management.
人们担心,“新”植物种质/性状的引入可能超过我们测量和评估它们对土壤微生物群落和功能的影响的能力。目的研究2年内植物种类/功能性状、氮肥和内生菌侵染对草地土壤微生物群落的影响。方法在同一土壤中进行2个单作样地的田间试验。实验1用两种多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)的果聚糖含量不同,以及豆科植物白三叶草(Trifolium repens)和鸟脚三叶草(Lotus peddunculatus)的单宁含量不同,比较了禾草和豆科植物。禾草处理施氮量分别为高施和低施。实验2比较了Epichloë菌株在黑麦草、高羊茅(Schedonorus phoenix)和草甸羊茅(Schedonorus pratensis)中的存在与缺失。采用高通量测序方法对土壤岩心中分离的DNA进行分析。主要结果禾本科土壤中木质素降解真菌丰度较高,豆科土壤中果胶降解真菌丰度较高。黑麦草氮肥和果聚糖水平对土壤真菌群落的影响较小。相比之下,施氮或固氮对细菌群落有很强的影响,在高氮禾本科土壤和豆科土壤中,硝化和反硝化菌的丰度高于低氮禾本科土壤。Epichloë通过降低某些真菌植物病原体的丰度,增加菌根真菌和减少固氮细菌来影响土壤微生物群。结论禾本科和豆科植物细胞壁化学成分的差异以及禾本科中Epichloë的存在是土壤微生物群落变化的主要驱动因素。在牧场管理中,应考虑单种或多种栽培、氮肥和草料中Epichloë的存在等耕作方式对土壤微生物群落的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Phenotypic variation of Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) across livestock production farms in Colombian highlands is explained by management and environment rather than genetic diversity 哥伦比亚高地牲畜生产农场的基库尤草(Cenchrus classentus)表型变异是由管理和环境而不是遗传多样性解释的
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp22360
Javier Castillo Sierra, Ivania Cerón-Souza, Yesid Avellaneda Avellaneda, Edgar Augusto Mancipe Muñoz, Juan de Jesús Vargas Martínez
Context Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone) is native to the Central African highlands and was introduced to Colombia in 1928 to feed animals. Despite its low genetic diversity and proven genetic clonality, this species has shown broad phenotypic variation and has become the primary forage resource for livestock production systems in the Colombian highlands. However, it is necessary to determine whether genetic diversity should be considered when designing management programs.Aims We aimed to determine which variables among location, altitude and population genetic structure explain the phenotypic variation of Kikuyu grass samples across livestock farms at high altitudes.Methods We used principal component analysis, redundancy analysis and partial redundancy analysis to understand the contribution of three explanatory variables (three high-altitude ranges, six locations and two or five genetic clusters) and 30 covariables (pasture management and soil traits of each farm) to explain 18 phenotypic variables of 146 Kikuyu grass samples from high-altitude livestock farms in Colombia.Key results All explanatory variables and covariables explained 39.1–41.5% of the phenotypic variation of Kikuyu grass in Colombia. However, the effect of the genetic structure based on two or five clusters was negligible. By comparison, locality, altitude and 13 covariables of productive system management and soil traits were significant.Conclusions Genetic population structure was insignificant in explaining the phenotypic variation of Kikuyu grass in Colombia.Implications Future research on Kikuyu grass in Colombia should focus on farm management variables and soil trait analyses.
基库尤草(Cenchrus claindestus);Chiov交货)。莫罗内(Morrone)原产于中非高地,1928年被引入哥伦比亚喂养动物。尽管其遗传多样性和已证实的遗传克隆性较低,但该物种已显示出广泛的表型变异,并已成为哥伦比亚高地牲畜生产系统的主要饲料资源。然而,有必要确定在设计管理方案时是否应考虑遗传多样性。目的探讨地理位置、海拔高度和种群遗传结构中哪些变量可以解释高海拔地区畜牧场基库尤草样品的表型差异。方法利用主成分分析、冗余分析和部分冗余分析,了解3个解释变量(3个高海拔范围、6个地点和2个或5个遗传集群)和30个协变量(每个农场的牧场管理和土壤性状)对哥伦比亚高海拔牲畜养殖场146份基库尤草样品18个表型变量的解释贡献。所有解释变量和协变量解释了哥伦比亚基库尤草表型变异的39.1% ~ 41.5%。然而,基于两个或五个簇的遗传结构的影响可以忽略不计。通过比较,产地、海拔和生产系统管理与土壤性状的13个协变量显著。结论遗传群体结构对哥伦比亚基库尤草的表型变异解释不显著。未来对哥伦比亚基库尤草的研究应侧重于农场管理变量和土壤性状分析。
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引用次数: 0
The growth habits of tropical legumes affect the nutritive herbage value more than harvesting frequency 热带豆科植物的生长习性对营养牧草价值的影响大于收获频率
4区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1071/cp23109
Tafnes B. Sales-Silva, Mércia V. F. dos Santos, Osniel F. de Oliveira, Pedro H. F. da Silva, Evaristo J. O. de Souza, Djalma E. Simões Neto, Abdias J. da Silva Neto, Márcio V. da Cunha
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引用次数: 0
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Crop & Pasture Science
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