{"title":"NailaKabeerRenegotiating Patriarchy: Gender, Agency and the Bangladesh ParadoxLSE Press, 2024, 358 p. https://doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.rpg","authors":"Sonalde Desai","doi":"10.1111/padr.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144898988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intergenerational educational mobility, capturing the extent to which children's education is associated with their parents’ education, has become a major global policy discussion. Studying its long‐term patterns across countries remains difficult, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), due to limited early twentieth‐century data. Analyzing about 53.7 million observations from 92 countries, using mainly IPUMS census data, we find that recent cohorts exhibit increasing educational mobility across various world regions, with post‐Soviet countries as exceptions. This increase is more prominent for daughters, resulting in a narrowed gender‐based mobility gap in many LMICs, while reversing this pattern in high‐income countries (HICs), with daughters being more mobile in recent decades. Nevertheless, mobility remains higher in HICs than in LMICs. Moreover, we identify a significant association between the expansion of schooling and intergenerational mobility. This expansion is associated with a more substantial rise in intergenerational mobility for daughters, especially in relation to their mothers’ education compared to that of their fathers. Our results demonstrate strong external and internal validity through a series of robustness checks, including data triangulation across multiple sources.
{"title":"Intergenerational Educational Mobility During the Twentieth Century","authors":"Mobarak Hossain, Martina Beretta","doi":"10.1111/padr.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70020","url":null,"abstract":"Intergenerational educational mobility, capturing the extent to which children's education is associated with their parents’ education, has become a major global policy discussion. Studying its long‐term patterns across countries remains difficult, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), due to limited early twentieth‐century data. Analyzing about 53.7 million observations from 92 countries, using mainly IPUMS census data, we find that recent cohorts exhibit increasing educational mobility across various world regions, with post‐Soviet countries as exceptions. This increase is more prominent for daughters, resulting in a narrowed gender‐based mobility gap in many LMICs, while reversing this pattern in high‐income countries (HICs), with daughters being more mobile in recent decades. Nevertheless, mobility remains higher in HICs than in LMICs. Moreover, we identify a significant association between the expansion of schooling and intergenerational mobility. This expansion is associated with a more substantial rise in intergenerational mobility for daughters, especially in relation to their mothers’ education compared to that of their fathers. Our results demonstrate strong external and internal validity through a series of robustness checks, including data triangulation across multiple sources.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144778308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, US life expectancy has stagnated relative to other developed countries and geographic inequalities in mortality within the United States have widened. Much of the recent literature has focused on non‐Hispanic White mortality. Less attention has been devoted to non‐Hispanic Black mortality independent of Black–White disparities. In this paper, we examine trends in non‐Hispanic Black male and female life expectancy between 1990 and 2019 by metropolitan category and region/division, including age group and cause‐of‐death contributions to these trends. We document considerable geographic divergence in life expectancy over time with the largest improvements in large central and large fringe metropolitan areas and the smallest improvements in small/medium metros and nonmetropolitan areas. We also document sizable differences across regions, with the largest gains in the Northeast and the South Atlantic region and the smallest in other parts of the South and the Midwest. Most gains were achieved by 2010 with stagnating or declining life expectancies thereafter. We find particularly adverse trends in the Midwest after 2010 where Black life expectancies declined in all metro categories. We provide a discussion of the potential explanatory factors and call for greater attention to the study of non‐Hispanic Black mortality.
{"title":"Pre‐COVID‐19 Geographic Inequalities in Non‐Hispanic Black US Life Expectancy, 1990–2019","authors":"Irma T. Elo, Anneliese N. Luck, Sylvie Tuder","doi":"10.1111/padr.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70018","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, US life expectancy has stagnated relative to other developed countries and geographic inequalities in mortality within the United States have widened. Much of the recent literature has focused on non‐Hispanic White mortality. Less attention has been devoted to non‐Hispanic Black mortality independent of Black–White disparities. In this paper, we examine trends in non‐Hispanic Black male and female life expectancy between 1990 and 2019 by metropolitan category and region/division, including age group and cause‐of‐death contributions to these trends. We document considerable geographic divergence in life expectancy over time with the largest improvements in large central and large fringe metropolitan areas and the smallest improvements in small/medium metros and nonmetropolitan areas. We also document sizable differences across regions, with the largest gains in the Northeast and the South Atlantic region and the smallest in other parts of the South and the Midwest. Most gains were achieved by 2010 with stagnating or declining life expectancies thereafter. We find particularly adverse trends in the Midwest after 2010 where Black life expectancies declined in all metro categories. We provide a discussion of the potential explanatory factors and call for greater attention to the study of non‐Hispanic Black mortality.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144748176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the affluence of modern societies, socioeconomic gradients in health and lifespan are widespread across the developed world. A mortality gradient by socioeconomic status (SES) is evident even in the most egalitarian welfare societies, where basic needs like food, safe housing, and health care are universally provided. However, it remains unclear whether such a gradient also existed in historical societies. We use linked full‐count censuses and death registers for Sweden, covering the birth cohorts 1841–1920 to study the development of the socioeconomic differences in adult lifespan across these cohorts. We show that the socioeconomic gradient in male adult lifespan is a relatively recent phenomenon rather than a universal historical pattern. Somewhat counterintuitively, this gradient emerged and strengthened alongside the development of modern medicine and the expansion of the welfare state. For the 1841–1900 male cohorts, there was a reversed gradient with white‐collar men having the shortest lifespan. The modern socioeconomic gradient emerged for the birth cohorts 1911–1920 who reached retirement age in the 1970s and 1980s. For women, there is a positive gradient for all cohorts born between 1841 and 1920. However, the SES differences in female adult lifespan during that period were much smaller than those seen today.
{"title":"The Long‐Term Development of the Mortality Gradient: Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Life Span of Swedish Cohorts 1841–1920","authors":"Martin Dribe, Björn Eriksson","doi":"10.1111/padr.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70015","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the affluence of modern societies, socioeconomic gradients in health and lifespan are widespread across the developed world. A mortality gradient by socioeconomic status (SES) is evident even in the most egalitarian welfare societies, where basic needs like food, safe housing, and health care are universally provided. However, it remains unclear whether such a gradient also existed in historical societies. We use linked full‐count censuses and death registers for Sweden, covering the birth cohorts 1841–1920 to study the development of the socioeconomic differences in adult lifespan across these cohorts. We show that the socioeconomic gradient in male adult lifespan is a relatively recent phenomenon rather than a universal historical pattern. Somewhat counterintuitively, this gradient emerged and strengthened alongside the development of modern medicine and the expansion of the welfare state. For the 1841–1900 male cohorts, there was a reversed gradient with white‐collar men having the shortest lifespan. The modern socioeconomic gradient emerged for the birth cohorts 1911–1920 who reached retirement age in the 1970s and 1980s. For women, there is a positive gradient for all cohorts born between 1841 and 1920. However, the SES differences in female adult lifespan during that period were much smaller than those seen today.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study uses large‐scale census data to present some of the first evidence on the labor force participation (LFP) of married female immigrants, focusing on those who migrated from relatively high female LFP home countries to a low female LFP host country (Japan). First, our results indicate that source‐country culture plays an important role in determining female immigrants’ LFP. Both the wife's and husband's source‐country cultures have significant effects on immigrant women's work, the effect being greater for the wife than for the husband. Second, although immigrants usually act more like natives the longer they live in the host country, after controlling for individual characteristics, we found that female migrant LFP rates increase after five years compared to the initial years following arrival. This result suggests that source‐country culture plays a large and persistent role in determining female LFP, which leads to cultural assimilation proceeding slower than economic assimilation. However, we do not claim that acculturation is weak, as we find further evidence of considerable acculturation among second‐generation immigrants and those who arrived during childhood. Acculturation is thus likely driven by childhood socialization rather than culture integration during adulthood.
{"title":"Does the Labor Force Participation of Married Female Immigrants Decrease in a Low Female LFP Host Country? Evidence From Japan","authors":"Yang Liu, Risa Hagiwara","doi":"10.1111/padr.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70013","url":null,"abstract":"This study uses large‐scale census data to present some of the first evidence on the labor force participation (LFP) of married female immigrants, focusing on those who migrated from relatively high female LFP home countries to a low female LFP host country (Japan). First, our results indicate that source‐country culture plays an important role in determining female immigrants’ LFP. Both the wife's and husband's source‐country cultures have significant effects on immigrant women's work, the effect being greater for the wife than for the husband. Second, although immigrants usually act more like natives the longer they live in the host country, after controlling for individual characteristics, we found that female migrant LFP rates increase after five years compared to the initial years following arrival. This result suggests that source‐country culture plays a large and persistent role in determining female LFP, which leads to cultural assimilation proceeding slower than economic assimilation. However, we do not claim that acculturation is weak, as we find further evidence of considerable acculturation among second‐generation immigrants and those who arrived during childhood. Acculturation is thus likely driven by childhood socialization rather than culture integration during adulthood.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144165149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"OSKARBURGER, RONALDLEE, AND REBECCASEAR (Eds.) Human Evolutionary DemographyCambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024, 780 p. https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0251","authors":"D. SUSIE LEE","doi":"10.1111/padr.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144153410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"DAVIDROSNER AND GERALDMARKOWITZBuilding the Worlds That Kill Us: Disease, Death, and Inequality in American HistoryColumbia University Press, 2024, 408 p. $28.00.","authors":"SIMON SZRETER","doi":"10.1111/padr.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Europe has emerged as a prime destination for global migration. Although drivers of European migration are well‐researched, the patterns and spatial dynamics of these bilateral migration flows are less understood. This study investigates the spatial clustering of bilateral migration flows to EU destinations, considering factors like geographic and linguistic proximity between origin and destination countries. We also explore how migration clusters evolve over time, highlighting the spatial dimension of cumulative causation in shaping migration patterns. The findings reveal significant variation in spatial dependence across different legal migration categories. Although all regular migration pathways demonstrate some degree of spatial dependence, the intensity varies considerably. Asylum migration exhibits the strongest spatial dependence among geographically proximate origin countries, followed by educational migration of students. Conversely, family and labor migration flows show the lowest levels of spatial dependence, though linguistic proximity is an important linking factor in these categories. These results underscore the substantial impact of spatial interdependencies and cumulative causation in shaping migration flows. Policymakers should account for these mechanisms when designing strategies to influence migration. Understanding these spatial dynamics is essential for explaining the often limited effectiveness of policies targeting interdependent and often integrated international migration processes.
{"title":"Spatial Dependence of European Immigration Flows","authors":"Mathias Czaika, Heidrun Bohnet, Akira Soto‐Nishimura","doi":"10.1111/padr.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70011","url":null,"abstract":"Europe has emerged as a prime destination for global migration. Although drivers of European migration are well‐researched, the patterns and spatial dynamics of these bilateral migration flows are less understood. This study investigates the spatial clustering of bilateral migration flows to EU destinations, considering factors like geographic and linguistic proximity between origin and destination countries. We also explore how migration clusters evolve over time, highlighting the spatial dimension of cumulative causation in shaping migration patterns. The findings reveal significant variation in spatial dependence across different legal migration categories. Although all regular migration pathways demonstrate some degree of spatial dependence, the intensity varies considerably. Asylum migration exhibits the strongest spatial dependence among geographically proximate origin countries, followed by educational migration of students. Conversely, family and labor migration flows show the lowest levels of spatial dependence, though linguistic proximity is an important linking factor in these categories. These results underscore the substantial impact of spatial interdependencies and cumulative causation in shaping migration flows. Policymakers should account for these mechanisms when designing strategies to influence migration. Understanding these spatial dynamics is essential for explaining the often limited effectiveness of policies targeting interdependent and often integrated international migration processes.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144133731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elizabeth Jacobs, Tom Theile, Daniela Perrotta, Xinyi Zhao, Athina Anastasiadou, Emilio Zagheni
This paper examines gender differentials in the international migration of professionals, and how this varies by country, industry, age, and years of experience. We leverage data from LinkedIn, the largest professional networking website, to construct Immigrant and Emigrant Gender Gap Indexes (iGGI and eGGI). These indexes measure inflows and potential outflows. The findings indicate that, among LinkedIn users, the global population of immigrant professionals is at gender parity. The professional migrant population is majority‐female in key destination countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and France as well as emerging destinations like South Korea and Singapore. Our results show that the mobility of women migrants is driven by industries like finance, healthcare, and real estate. We find evidence of positive selection among women migrant professionals in key destination countries and industries. Our results indicate that men are more open to international relocation than women, suggesting that men express higher migration aspirations, but men and women have similar rates of observed mobility. The paper makes novel contributions to the literature on migration aspirations, behavior, and selectivity. Methodologically, we develop a new dataset and appropriate measures to complement existing sources to study professional migration across a wide range of countries.
{"title":"Global Gender Gaps in the International Migration of Professionals on LinkedIn","authors":"Elizabeth Jacobs, Tom Theile, Daniela Perrotta, Xinyi Zhao, Athina Anastasiadou, Emilio Zagheni","doi":"10.1111/padr.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines gender differentials in the international migration of professionals, and how this varies by country, industry, age, and years of experience. We leverage data from LinkedIn, the largest professional networking website, to construct Immigrant and Emigrant Gender Gap Indexes (iGGI and eGGI). These indexes measure inflows and potential outflows. The findings indicate that, among LinkedIn users, the global population of immigrant professionals is at gender parity. The professional migrant population is majority‐female in key destination countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and France as well as emerging destinations like South Korea and Singapore. Our results show that the mobility of women migrants is driven by industries like finance, healthcare, and real estate. We find evidence of positive selection among women migrant professionals in key destination countries and industries. Our results indicate that men are more open to international relocation than women, suggesting that men express higher migration aspirations, but men and women have similar rates of observed mobility. The paper makes novel contributions to the literature on migration aspirations, behavior, and selectivity. Methodologically, we develop a new dataset and appropriate measures to complement existing sources to study professional migration across a wide range of countries.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the trajectories of subjective well‐being (SWB) of women and their partners transitioning to parenthood or remaining childless after experiencing pregnancy loss in the United Kingdom.Childbearing is generally associated with short‐term improvements in women's and men's SWB. However, less is known about couples’ well‐being dynamics before and after pregnancies ending in losses, despite 10–20 percent of the pregnancies that occurred in high‐income countries terminating spontaneously.Using fixed‐effects linear regressions, the study analyses first‐time pregnancies of women recorded across the 13 waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), from 2009 to 2023 (N = 18,897 observations for women and N = 11,223 for men).The results indicate that there are differences in SWB trajectories based on pregnancy outcomes, with mothers showing better SWB compared to women who experience pregnancy loss. The involuntary terminations negatively impact two indicators of women's SWB (mental health and life satisfaction) upon pregnancy loss, while women who had a live birth experience an increase in SWB around childbearing. Partners are less affected by pregnancy loss, though the effects on life satisfaction scores may be more persistent. These results suggest that the well‐being consequences of pregnancy loss are primarily, but not exclusively, shouldered by women.
{"title":"Couples’ Subjective Well‐Being Around Live Birth and Pregnancy Loss","authors":"Alessandro Di Nallo","doi":"10.1111/padr.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70010","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the trajectories of subjective well‐being (SWB) of women and their partners transitioning to parenthood or remaining childless after experiencing pregnancy loss in the United Kingdom.Childbearing is generally associated with short‐term improvements in women's and men's SWB. However, less is known about couples’ well‐being dynamics before and after pregnancies ending in losses, despite 10–20 percent of the pregnancies that occurred in high‐income countries terminating spontaneously.Using fixed‐effects linear regressions, the study analyses first‐time pregnancies of women recorded across the 13 waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), from 2009 to 2023 (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 18,897 observations for women and <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 11,223 for men).The results indicate that there are differences in SWB trajectories based on pregnancy outcomes, with mothers showing better SWB compared to women who experience pregnancy loss. The involuntary terminations negatively impact two indicators of women's SWB (mental health and life satisfaction) upon pregnancy loss, while women who had a live birth experience an increase in SWB around childbearing. Partners are less affected by pregnancy loss, though the effects on life satisfaction scores may be more persistent. These results suggest that the well‐being consequences of pregnancy loss are primarily, but not exclusively, shouldered by women.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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