Censuses and surveys predominantly report men as heads of households or reference persons despite women carrying out most domestic and care work. Recent evidence, however, suggests that an increasing number of households are headed by women. Using data from the newly released CORESIDENCE database, which includes over 770 data points from 156 countries worldwide spanning from 1960 to 2021, this study presents the first global map of female headship, traces its recent evolution, and compares female‐headed households with male‐headed ones based on selected household characteristics. The results confirm the widespread increase in female headship in virtually all world regions. Nevertheless, significant cross‐national differences persist, and changes are not uniform across all regions. Spatial and temporal variations in female headship can be attributed, in part, to structural shifts in living arrangements, specifically the decreased presence of adult men in households. Female headship, however, is rising beyond the structural transformation of households. Women are increasingly likely to head households even in the presence of adult men, particularly their male partners. This might be indicative of normative changes towards gender symmetry. We discuss the potential factors behind these transformations and consider their implications for further research and gender equality.
{"title":"Rising Female‐Headed Households: Shifts in Living Arrangements or Heightened Gender Symmetry?","authors":"Rita Trias‐Prats, Albert Esteve","doi":"10.1111/padr.12692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12692","url":null,"abstract":"Censuses and surveys predominantly report men as heads of households or reference persons despite women carrying out most domestic and care work. Recent evidence, however, suggests that an increasing number of households are headed by women. Using data from the newly released CORESIDENCE database, which includes over 770 data points from 156 countries worldwide spanning from 1960 to 2021, this study presents the first global map of female headship, traces its recent evolution, and compares female‐headed households with male‐headed ones based on selected household characteristics. The results confirm the widespread increase in female headship in virtually all world regions. Nevertheless, significant cross‐national differences persist, and changes are not uniform across all regions. Spatial and temporal variations in female headship can be attributed, in part, to structural shifts in living arrangements, specifically the decreased presence of adult men in households. Female headship, however, is rising beyond the structural transformation of households. Women are increasingly likely to head households even in the presence of adult men, particularly their male partners. This might be indicative of normative changes towards gender symmetry. We discuss the potential factors behind these transformations and consider their implications for further research and gender equality.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"SarahBracke and Luis ManuelHernández Aguilar, Editors, The Politics of Replacement: Demographic Fears, Conspiracy Theories and Race Wars, Routledge, Abingdon, UK & New York, US, 2024. 292 pp.","authors":"Rebecca Sear","doi":"10.1111/padr.12702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12702","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142789901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I provide a narrative review of the literature addressing the contribution of public family planning programs and policies to the contraceptive transition in low‐ and middle‐income countries. I address the long‐running debate between economists and demographers who examine the relative contribution of preferences compared to programs to fertility decline, but I steer the paper towards a deeper discussion of the kinds of programs that have been effective in shaping contraceptive use (not necessarily fertility). I will discuss why public family planning programs and policies are needed, and the differing motivations of governments, implementers, and program designers are also discussed. Specific country‐level policy examples are given for Peru, Rwanda, and Vietnam to illustrate how public programs affected contractive use in these cases. A variety of programs are reviewed for relative success (e.g., mass media, or postpartum family planning programs). The success (and failure) stories highlight the need to be attentive to context and external validity when scaling up or adapting programs to national‐level policies. The review highlights the types of programs and policies that have been successful and the context in which the successes occurred.
{"title":"A Narrative Review of the Impact of Public Family Planning Policies and Programs on the Contraceptive Transition in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries","authors":"Jocelyn E. Finlay","doi":"10.1111/padr.12693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12693","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I provide a narrative review of the literature addressing the contribution of public family planning programs and policies to the contraceptive transition in low‐ and middle‐income countries. I address the long‐running debate between economists and demographers who examine the relative contribution of preferences compared to programs to fertility decline, but I steer the paper towards a deeper discussion of the kinds of programs that have been effective in shaping contraceptive use (not necessarily fertility). I will discuss why public family planning programs and policies are needed, and the differing motivations of governments, implementers, and program designers are also discussed. Specific country‐level policy examples are given for Peru, Rwanda, and Vietnam to illustrate how public programs affected contractive use in these cases. A variety of programs are reviewed for relative success (e.g., mass media, or postpartum family planning programs). The success (and failure) stories highlight the need to be attentive to context and external validity when scaling up or adapting programs to national‐level policies. The review highlights the types of programs and policies that have been successful and the context in which the successes occurred.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jade S.SasserClimate Anxiety and the Kid Question: Deciding Whether to Have Children in an Uncertain FutureOakland, CA: University of California Press, 2024. 170 pp.","authors":"Sanyu A. Mojola","doi":"10.1111/padr.12697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12697","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Senderowicz and Maloney (2022): Comment, Rejoinder, and Erratum","authors":"Raya Muttarak, Joshua Wilde","doi":"10.1111/padr.12704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12704","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142763164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan has the highest rates of consanguinity in the world, with nearly two‐thirds marrying cousins. To understand this pattern, we adopt the theoretical framework of intensive and extensive kinship that allows us to predict correlates of consanguineous marriages and logically connect patterns in Pakistan with those in other regions. Using data from the Punjab Consanguinity Survey, we examine indicators of economic development, fertility, cultural norms, and marriage payments as potential correlates of cousin marriage. Consistent with the intensive kinship framework, we find that number of cousins, parental consanguinity, spousal proximity, and caste or clan endogamy are associated with higher likelihood of consanguinity. In contrast, the likelihood of cousin marriage decreases with extensive kinship indicators including husband's education, co‐education, and large wedding expenditures. For women, cousin marriages are often “marrying down” financially, keeping women's wealth in the family. Comparison of Pakistan to other countries highlights the importance of low levels of literacy and female education, high fertility, and rapid population growth. We conclude that high rates of cousin marriage persist in Pakistan due to slow economic development which maintains motivations for cooperation with kin, and high fertility rates which sustain the large numbers of cousins that enable high levels of consanguinity.
{"title":"Intensive Kinship, Development, and Demography: Why Pakistan has the Highest Rates of Cousin Marriage in the World","authors":"Mary K. Shenk, Saman Naz, Theresa Chaudhry","doi":"10.1111/padr.12678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12678","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has the highest rates of consanguinity in the world, with nearly two‐thirds marrying cousins. To understand this pattern, we adopt the theoretical framework of intensive and extensive kinship that allows us to predict correlates of consanguineous marriages and logically connect patterns in Pakistan with those in other regions. Using data from the Punjab Consanguinity Survey, we examine indicators of economic development, fertility, cultural norms, and marriage payments as potential correlates of cousin marriage. Consistent with the intensive kinship framework, we find that number of cousins, parental consanguinity, spousal proximity, and caste or clan endogamy are associated with higher likelihood of consanguinity. In contrast, the likelihood of cousin marriage decreases with extensive kinship indicators including husband's education, co‐education, and large wedding expenditures. For women, cousin marriages are often “marrying down” financially, keeping women's wealth in the family. Comparison of Pakistan to other countries highlights the importance of low levels of literacy and female education, high fertility, and rapid population growth. We conclude that high rates of cousin marriage persist in Pakistan due to slow economic development which maintains motivations for cooperation with kin, and high fertility rates which sustain the large numbers of cousins that enable high levels of consanguinity.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nathalie Sawadogo, Hervé Bassinga, Adèle M. Ngo Bayong Ngock, Zhuang Han, Sarah C. Giroux, Parfait M. Eloundou‐Enyegue
Theories of contraception and fertility are currently dominated by economic and cultural arguments. A demographic perspective can usefully expand these theories through “addition,” “explication,” and “reconciliation.” The addition is about drawing attention to salient demographic forces that have previously been underconsidered whether these forces operate at the macro, meso, or microlevels. Explication is about adding explanatory flesh to proximate economic or cultural influences, which can themselves result from more fundamental demographic changes. Finally, reconciliation is about moving beyond an “economy ‐OR‐ culture” binary to seek complementarities and synergies. Decomposition methods inspired by a demographic perspective help such reconciliation. They offer handy empirical tools for assessing how economic, cultural, and demographic forces jointly shape changes in national rates of contraception, and how their contributions may change over time. Thus, demographic perspectives are not offered as a substitute but as an avenue to integrate cultural, economic, and demographic perspectives and to foster richer contextual analysis.
避孕和生育理论目前被经济和文化观点所主导。人口统计学视角可以通过“加法”、“解释”和“调和”有效地扩展这些理论。这一补充是为了引起人们对以前未被充分考虑的显著人口力量的关注，无论这些力量是在宏观、中观还是微观层面上发挥作用。解释是指在经济或文化影响的基础上增加解释性的内容，这些影响本身可能源于更基本的人口变化。最后，和解是关于超越“经济- OR -文化”二元对立，寻求互补性和协同效应。受人口统计学观点启发的分解方法有助于这种协调。它们为评估经济、文化和人口力量如何共同影响国家避孕率的变化，以及它们的作用如何随着时间的推移而变化，提供了方便的经验工具。因此，提供人口观点不是作为替代，而是作为整合文化、经济和人口观点并促进更丰富的背景分析的途径。
{"title":"Beyond Economics and Culture: A Demographic Perspective on Contraceptive Theory","authors":"Nathalie Sawadogo, Hervé Bassinga, Adèle M. Ngo Bayong Ngock, Zhuang Han, Sarah C. Giroux, Parfait M. Eloundou‐Enyegue","doi":"10.1111/padr.12694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12694","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of contraception and fertility are currently dominated by economic and cultural arguments. A demographic perspective can usefully expand these theories through “addition,” “explication,” and “reconciliation.” The addition is about drawing attention to salient demographic forces that have previously been underconsidered whether these forces operate at the macro, meso, or microlevels. Explication is about adding explanatory flesh to proximate economic or cultural influences, which can themselves result from more fundamental demographic changes. Finally, reconciliation is about moving beyond an “economy ‐OR‐ culture” binary to seek complementarities and synergies. Decomposition methods inspired by a demographic perspective help such reconciliation. They offer handy empirical tools for assessing how economic, cultural, and demographic forces jointly shape changes in national rates of contraception, and how their contributions may change over time. Thus, demographic perspectives are not offered as a substitute but as an avenue to integrate cultural, economic, and demographic perspectives and to foster richer contextual analysis.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We review the foundations of the economic development–contraception nexus, focusing on the pathways through which economic factors drive contraceptive adoption and change. We investigate the channels through which the relationship between economic development and contraceptive dynamics is mediated. Using global data, we document the correlations between economic development and contraception transitions over time and across geographies. We briefly examine the evidence of the role of fertility, both desired and realized, as a central pathway through which the relationship has been historically theorized and empirically verified. We also discuss a range of mechanisms through which economic development drives contraceptive use independently from fertility decline. Finally, we assess the state and quality of evidence of these relationships and propose directions for future inquiry.
{"title":"Economic Foundations of Contraceptive Transitions: Theories and a Review of the Evidence","authors":"Mahesh Karra, Joshua Wilde","doi":"10.1111/padr.12690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12690","url":null,"abstract":"We review the foundations of the economic development–contraception nexus, focusing on the pathways through which economic factors drive contraceptive adoption and change. We investigate the channels through which the relationship between economic development and contraceptive dynamics is mediated. Using global data, we document the correlations between economic development and contraception transitions over time and across geographies. We briefly examine the evidence of the role of fertility, both desired and realized, as a central pathway through which the relationship has been historically theorized and empirically verified. We also discuss a range of mechanisms through which economic development drives contraceptive use independently from fertility decline. Finally, we assess the state and quality of evidence of these relationships and propose directions for future inquiry.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Karl Mannheim on the Problem of Generations","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/padr.12706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12706","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparisons of Global Population Projections","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/padr.12705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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