Previous research on fertility by field of education has revealed stronger fertility variation than by the more frequently studied metric of educational level. However, this line of research has not focused on both men and women and changes across cohorts. Our study is the first to analyze cohort trends in fertility by field of education for both sexes and includes the cohorts of educational expansion and the development towards the dual‐earner–dual carer family model. We focus on native Swedes born 1946–1975. Swedish register data are used to depict educational orientation, educational level, and the number of children at age 45. The ranking of educational fields by childlessness and completed fertility is remarkably similar for men and women and stable across cohorts. Distinguishing the fields by level gives a largely analogous picture, but detailing educational fields reveals some different developments by sex and cohort. The similarity in patterns between men and women suggests that field‐based attributes and conditions in resulting occupations may matter more than gender conformity for fertility outcomes.
{"title":"Trends in Completed Fertility by Educational Field: Swedish Men and Women Born 1946–1975","authors":"Mark Gortfelder, Gunnar Andersson, Gerda Neyer","doi":"10.1111/padr.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70008","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research on fertility by field of education has revealed stronger fertility variation than by the more frequently studied metric of educational level. However, this line of research has not focused on both men and women and changes across cohorts. Our study is the first to analyze cohort trends in fertility by field of education for both sexes and includes the cohorts of educational expansion and the development towards the dual‐earner–dual carer family model. We focus on native Swedes born 1946–1975. Swedish register data are used to depict educational orientation, educational level, and the number of children at age 45. The ranking of educational fields by childlessness and completed fertility is remarkably similar for men and women and stable across cohorts. Distinguishing the fields by level gives a largely analogous picture, but detailing educational fields reveals some different developments by sex and cohort. The similarity in patterns between men and women suggests that field‐based attributes and conditions in resulting occupations may matter more than gender conformity for fertility outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the backdrop of the rising use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), we argue that more reflection on the measurement and conceptualization of the contribution of ART to fertility rates is warranted. First, despite evidence of marked sociodemographic stratification in ART use, research on the ART contribution to fertility rates has largely overlooked how ART contributes differently to fertility levels across sociodemographic groups. Second, existing work tends to be ambiguous regarding what fertility would have looked like if ART had not been available. We demonstrate the importance of these points through period (1986–2018) and cohort (women born in 1949–1974) analyses using data from the Norwegian Population Registers. We demonstrate empirically the absolute and relative variation in the contribution of ART to fertility across sociodemographic subgroups. Whereas the relative ART contribution was highest and increasing steeply in recent years for women 40+, in absolute terms it was substantially higher for women in their thirties. Unlike natural fertility, differences in the absolute contribution of ART to the fertility of education groups were increasing over time. Then, considering a range of assumptions, we show that the “crude” contribution of ART may be either an overestimation or an underestimation compared to the “net” contribution. Our results prompt important reflections on how ART is framed in policy and scholarship.
{"title":"Conceptualizing and Measuring the Contribution of Assisted Reproductive Technologies to Fertility Rates","authors":"Jenny Chanfreau, Alice Goisis, Øystein Kravdal","doi":"10.1111/padr.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70009","url":null,"abstract":"Against the backdrop of the rising use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), we argue that more reflection on the measurement and conceptualization of the contribution of ART to fertility rates is warranted. First, despite evidence of marked sociodemographic stratification in ART use, research on the ART contribution to fertility rates has largely overlooked how ART contributes differently to fertility levels across sociodemographic groups. Second, existing work tends to be ambiguous regarding what fertility would have looked like if ART had not been available. We demonstrate the importance of these points through period (1986–2018) and cohort (women born in 1949–1974) analyses using data from the Norwegian Population Registers. We demonstrate empirically the absolute and relative variation in the contribution of ART to fertility across sociodemographic subgroups. Whereas the relative ART contribution was highest and increasing steeply in recent years for women 40+, in absolute terms it was substantially higher for women in their thirties. Unlike natural fertility, differences in the absolute contribution of ART to the fertility of education groups were increasing over time. Then, considering a range of assumptions, we show that the “crude” contribution of ART may be either an overestimation or an underestimation compared to the “net” contribution. Our results prompt important reflections on how ART is framed in policy and scholarship.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To mark the Population and Development Review's (PDR) 50th anniversary, we analyze its contributions to the landscape of population research. We examine the trajectory of research published in PDR and compare it with two leading and long‐standing English‐language demographic journals, Demography and Population Studies. Through a computational meta‐analysis of all articles published across the three journals over the past 50 years, we explore trends in knowledge production focusing on research themes and authorship characteristics. Our automated text analysis highlights the prominence of fertility, family, and mortality themes across all three journals, but with PDR placing greater emphasis on development, policy, and population growth. Interest in migration and health‐related topics has also increased over time across all journals, including PDR. Our analysis of authorship characteristics reveals a persistent overrepresentation of scholars located in Global North countries, particularly the United States, across all three journals. While the prominence of the United States has declined in PDR, European representation has grown, alongside a relative decline in Global South authors compared with earlier decades. Over the past 50 years, all three journals have had a male‐dominated authorship, but gender balance has improved significantly, reaching near parity in recent years.
{"title":"Fifty Years of Population and Development Review: Shifting Research Themes, Authorship, and Academic Impact in Comparative Perspective","authors":"Ridhi Kashyap, Aasli Abdi Nur","doi":"10.1111/padr.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70001","url":null,"abstract":"To mark the <jats:italic>Population and Development Review's</jats:italic> (PDR) 50th anniversary, we analyze its contributions to the landscape of population research. We examine the trajectory of research published in PDR and compare it with two leading and long‐standing English‐language demographic journals, <jats:italic>Demography</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Population Studies</jats:italic>. Through a computational meta‐analysis of all articles published across the three journals over the past 50 years, we explore trends in knowledge production focusing on research themes and authorship characteristics. Our automated text analysis highlights the prominence of fertility, family, and mortality themes across all three journals, but with PDR placing greater emphasis on development, policy, and population growth. Interest in migration and health‐related topics has also increased over time across all journals, including PDR. Our analysis of authorship characteristics reveals a persistent overrepresentation of scholars located in Global North countries, particularly the United States, across all three journals. While the prominence of the United States has declined in PDR, European representation has grown, alongside a relative decline in Global South authors compared with earlier decades. Over the past 50 years, all three journals have had a male‐dominated authorship, but gender balance has improved significantly, reaching near parity in recent years.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143618388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disability is one of the least studied forms of vulnerability. Disability–education connections have often ignored important intersectionalities with sex and location. Using a 10 percent sample of the 2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census and an analytic sample of more than 2.2 million children and adults, this article, among other objectives, illustrates disability–education gaps by sex and location. There is an education gap of 4 percent for children with moderate disabilities and 12 percent for those with severe disabilities, compared to children without disabilities. Among adults, corresponding education gaps of 15 and 29 percent are present for moderate and severe disabilities, respectively. Regression results show that (1) the presence and severity of disability are associated with lower educational attainment; (2) the education “penalty” for girls and women as well as urban people with disabilities in Ghana is much higher than for their counterparts; (3) disability–education linkages also vary by specific disability conditions among children versus adults and by sex and location. Policy implications highlight the need to address consequential inequalities in poverty and welfare outcomes through targeted programs and interventions for women and other vulnerable people.
{"title":"Disability and Education in Ghana: Intersections With Sex and Location","authors":"Nkechi S. Owoo","doi":"10.1111/padr.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70003","url":null,"abstract":"Disability is one of the least studied forms of vulnerability. Disability–education connections have often ignored important intersectionalities with sex and location. Using a 10 percent sample of the 2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census and an analytic sample of more than 2.2 million children and adults, this article, among other objectives, illustrates disability–education gaps by sex and location. There is an education gap of 4 percent for children with moderate disabilities and 12 percent for those with severe disabilities, compared to children without disabilities. Among adults, corresponding education gaps of 15 and 29 percent are present for moderate and severe disabilities, respectively. Regression results show that (1) the presence and severity of disability are associated with lower educational attainment; (2) the education “penalty” for girls and women as well as urban people with disabilities in Ghana is much higher than for their counterparts; (3) disability–education linkages also vary by specific disability conditions among children versus adults and by sex and location. Policy implications highlight the need to address consequential inequalities in poverty and welfare outcomes through targeted programs and interventions for women and other vulnerable people.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcia C. Castro, Cassio M. Turra, Jamie Ponmattam
From 1950 to 2019, all countries experienced an increase in life expectancy at birth. However, the magnitude and pace of change varied. Lower income countries experienced relatively larger increases, leading to a convergence process. Nevertheless, disparities remained pronounced in comparison to wealthier countries. In accordance with the health transition model, countries typically observe a decline in mortality rates by first achieving greater gains in young and adult ages. In this study, we build on the existing literature on health transition to demonstrate that by 2019, 55 percent of the 118 low‐ and middle‐income countries analyzed had reached a life expectancy at birth of at least 70 years. Notably, only two countries from sub‐Saharan Africa met this threshold. Additionally, 54 percent of the countries transitioned into the “cardiovascular revolution” stage, where improvements in adult mortality significantly increased life expectancy at birth. Meanwhile, 49 percent advanced to the “slowing the aging process” stage, characterized by greater gains in life expectancy from ages 65 and older than those aged 30–60. However, when applying a more restrictive criterion focused on ages above 80, this proportion drops to 19 percent. The results demonstrate an ongoing process of divergence–convergence between high‐ and low‐income countries and within middle‐ and low‐income groups.
{"title":"Trends and Decomposition of Changes in Mortality in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries, 1950–2019","authors":"Marcia C. Castro, Cassio M. Turra, Jamie Ponmattam","doi":"10.1111/padr.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70000","url":null,"abstract":"From 1950 to 2019, all countries experienced an increase in life expectancy at birth. However, the magnitude and pace of change varied. Lower income countries experienced relatively larger increases, leading to a convergence process. Nevertheless, disparities remained pronounced in comparison to wealthier countries. In accordance with the health transition model, countries typically observe a decline in mortality rates by first achieving greater gains in young and adult ages. In this study, we build on the existing literature on health transition to demonstrate that by 2019, 55 percent of the 118 low‐ and middle‐income countries analyzed had reached a life expectancy at birth of at least 70 years. Notably, only two countries from sub‐Saharan Africa met this threshold. Additionally, 54 percent of the countries transitioned into the “cardiovascular revolution” stage, where improvements in adult mortality significantly increased life expectancy at birth. Meanwhile, 49 percent advanced to the “slowing the aging process” stage, characterized by greater gains in life expectancy from ages 65 and older than those aged 30–60. However, when applying a more restrictive criterion focused on ages above 80, this proportion drops to 19 percent. The results demonstrate an ongoing process of divergence–convergence between high‐ and low‐income countries and within middle‐ and low‐income groups.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editors’ Note on Looking Backward, Looking Forward: Celebrating 50 Years of Population and Development Review","authors":"Raya Muttarak, Joshua Wilde","doi":"10.1111/padr.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathryn Grace, Emily Klancher Merchant, Nicholas Nagle
This article explores the potential for the development of a climate change–informed demography. Climate change impacts society in some ways that demographers are best suited to evaluate, providing a setting for demographers to advance foundational theories of demographic change. By considering demography in the context of climate change and climate change in the context of demographic change, climate change demography has the potential to expand scientific and policy understanding of human vulnerability to climate change, while also advancing demographic science. To explore the development of climate change demography, we first reflect on demography's roots and consider how foundational demographic research has and has not considered the natural environment. Second, we describe the beginnings of research by demographers into connections between the natural environment and fertility, mortality, and health. Third, we explore current research at the intersection of climate change and demography, highlighting theory and policy successes and opportunities resulting from research on key issues related to maternal, reproductive, and child health and food insecurity. This research often reflects interdisciplinary engagement between the physical and social sciences, where demographic foundations underlie many of the approaches. Fourth, we consider how the rapidly evolving data landscape and increasing awareness of social and health inequalities in the context of climate change pave the way for more complex and dynamic modeling efforts (e.g., ecological and systems‐based research). In this final section, we also highlight the opportunities provided by framing demographic research within the context of climate change and using increasingly sophisticated data and methodological tools to expand on and revisit key demographic models like the demographic transition. Together, these sections build an overarching and linked climate change–demography–health research agenda rooted in awareness of the past and focused on the needs of the future.
{"title":"Population and Climate Change: Considering Climate Change Demography's Past and Future","authors":"Kathryn Grace, Emily Klancher Merchant, Nicholas Nagle","doi":"10.1111/padr.12722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12722","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the potential for the development of a climate change–informed demography. Climate change impacts society in some ways that demographers are best suited to evaluate, providing a setting for demographers to advance foundational theories of demographic change. By considering demography in the context of climate change and climate change in the context of demographic change, climate change demography has the potential to expand scientific and policy understanding of human vulnerability to climate change, while also advancing demographic science. To explore the development of climate change demography, we first reflect on demography's roots and consider how foundational demographic research has and has not considered the natural environment. Second, we describe the beginnings of research by demographers into connections between the natural environment and fertility, mortality, and health. Third, we explore current research at the intersection of climate change and demography, highlighting theory and policy successes and opportunities resulting from research on key issues related to maternal, reproductive, and child health and food insecurity. This research often reflects interdisciplinary engagement between the physical and social sciences, where demographic foundations underlie many of the approaches. Fourth, we consider how the rapidly evolving data landscape and increasing awareness of social and health inequalities in the context of climate change pave the way for more complex and dynamic modeling efforts (e.g., ecological and systems‐based research). In this final section, we also highlight the opportunities provided by framing demographic research within the context of climate change and using increasingly sophisticated data and methodological tools to expand on and revisit key demographic models like the demographic transition. Together, these sections build an overarching and linked climate change–demography–health research agenda rooted in awareness of the past and focused on the needs of the future.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ann Garbett, Sarah Neal, Angela Luna Hernandez, Nikos Tzavidis
It is a demographic puzzle that Latin America and the Caribbean's high levels of adolescent fertility have persisted over the course of its dramatic fertility transitions and schooling expansions. These phenomena usually occur alongside postponements to entry into motherhood.To tackle the puzzle, this study untangles, in basic mechanical terms, how the region has maintained such high levels of adolescent fertility. It also delves into the broader theoretical underpinnings of the relationship between schooling and the timing of fertility, which it categorizes into enrollment (i.e. incarceration) and aspirational effects.The study uses 96 nationally representative demographic surveys from 15 countries in the region to produce cohort‐based estimates of the magnitude and timing of parity‐specific adolescent childbearing for school attainment profiles measured in single years. Changes in the likelihood of experiencing adolescent motherhood or having multiple births in adolescence for different schooling careers interlock with surprising findings regarding the timings of those births.The results strongly suggest that school enrollment's ability to forestall fertility appears as effective today as it was over half a century ago, while schooling's aspirational influence has been dramatically modified under changing context and reorganized social hierarchies.
{"title":"Reframing the Relationship Between Fertility and Education in Adolescence: 60 Years of Evidence From Latin America","authors":"Ann Garbett, Sarah Neal, Angela Luna Hernandez, Nikos Tzavidis","doi":"10.1111/padr.12720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12720","url":null,"abstract":"It is a demographic puzzle that Latin America and the Caribbean's high levels of adolescent fertility have persisted over the course of its dramatic fertility transitions and schooling expansions. These phenomena usually occur alongside postponements to entry into motherhood.To tackle the puzzle, this study untangles, in basic mechanical terms, how the region has maintained such high levels of adolescent fertility. It also delves into the broader theoretical underpinnings of the relationship between schooling and the timing of fertility, which it categorizes into enrollment (i.e. incarceration) and aspirational effects.The study uses 96 nationally representative demographic surveys from 15 countries in the region to produce cohort‐based estimates of the magnitude and timing of parity‐specific adolescent childbearing for school attainment profiles measured in single years. Changes in the likelihood of experiencing adolescent motherhood or having multiple births in adolescence for different schooling careers interlock with surprising findings regarding the timings of those births.The results strongly suggest that school enrollment's ability to forestall fertility appears as effective today as it was over half a century ago, while schooling's aspirational influence has been dramatically modified under changing context and reorganized social hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paul Demeny: An Appreciation","authors":"Geoffrey McNicoll","doi":"10.1111/padr.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.70005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143599942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on mortality inequalities has proliferated in demography in recent decades, documenting disparities between nations and within them across multiple social dimensions. Yet, this literature remains largely descriptive and atheoretical. In this paper, I identify three open questions in need of theoretical development. First, I identify a general shift from gender (and race) based mortality inequalities to class‐based inequalities across low‐mortality countries. I argue that this shift may be better understood by focusing on the structural determinants of population health, in addition to explanations grounded in individual behavior and risk factors. Second, a growing body of literature has called for moving beyond group differences in life expectancy and adopting the concept of lifespan inequality. However, the drivers of lifespan inequality are not well understood. I argue that a comprehensive framework is needed for clarifying the interplay of nature, nurture, and chance in shaping variability in individual lifespans. Third, I draw attention to the causal role that mortality inequalities may play in driving social change. I argue that differential exposure to death in one's network of social relations may give rise to different modes of thinking, feeling, and acting, and in turn lead to group differences in preferences, actions, and outcomes.
{"title":"A New Research Agenda for Social Inequalities in Mortality: Challenges and Open Questions","authors":"Isaac Sasson","doi":"10.1111/padr.12717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12717","url":null,"abstract":"Research on mortality inequalities has proliferated in demography in recent decades, documenting disparities between nations and within them across multiple social dimensions. Yet, this literature remains largely descriptive and atheoretical. In this paper, I identify three open questions in need of theoretical development. First, I identify a general shift from gender (and race) based mortality inequalities to class‐based inequalities across low‐mortality countries. I argue that this shift may be better understood by focusing on the structural determinants of population health, in addition to explanations grounded in individual behavior and risk factors. Second, a growing body of literature has called for moving beyond group differences in life expectancy and adopting the concept of lifespan inequality. However, the drivers of lifespan inequality are not well understood. I argue that a comprehensive framework is needed for clarifying the interplay of nature, nurture, and chance in shaping variability in individual lifespans. Third, I draw attention to the causal role that mortality inequalities may play in driving social change. I argue that differential exposure to death in one's network of social relations may give rise to different modes of thinking, feeling, and acting, and in turn lead to group differences in preferences, actions, and outcomes.","PeriodicalId":51372,"journal":{"name":"Population and Development Review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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