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“The Councilors are the Ones to Blame”: The Symbolic Reproduction of Territorial Boundaries Created by Policy and Planning Decisions “议员是罪魁祸首”:政策和规划决策所创造的领土边界的象征性再生产
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231210761
Marta Neves, Sara Neves
This study draws upon cognitive maps and interviews with 57 residents living in two diverse areas of Porto, Portugal, to examine how individuals’ symbolic neighborhood boundaries reflect policy and planning decisions, and the implications of recognizing the role of government in the creation of territorial divisions and inequality. The study shows that residents’ subjective neighborhood constructions reproduce political territorial practices and representations. Awareness of the political origins of territory discourages residents from constructing their neighborhoods in alternative ways. Drawing on the concepts of symbolic and social boundaries, the study sheds light on the persistence and contestation of unjust territories.
本研究利用认知地图和对居住在葡萄牙波尔图两个不同地区的57名居民的访谈,研究个人的象征性社区边界如何反映政策和规划决策,以及认识到政府在创造领土划分和不平等方面的作用的含义。研究表明,居民的主观邻里建构再现了政治地域实践与表征。意识到领土的政治起源阻碍了居民以其他方式建造他们的社区。利用象征和社会边界的概念,这项研究揭示了不公正领土的持续存在和争论。
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引用次数: 0
Rising Tides or Political Ripcurrents? Gentrification and Minority Representation in 166 Cities 涨潮还是政治激流?166个城市的中产阶级化和少数民族代表
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231210768
Diana Da In Lee, Yamil Ricardo Velez
Transformative changes in urban economies are raising vital questions about minority representation. Given that cities are sites of political power for communities of color, gentrification and the housing affordability crisis threaten to deteriorate decades of progress. This article considers the impact of these economic and demographic shifts on minority candidate supply and success. Collecting data on 166 city councils across several decades, we find that White population growth is associated with reductions in local political power for Black and Latino councilors. We also observe modest evidence that local economic improvements may not have deleterious effects on the diversity of city councils. We probe these findings using data on local elections, as well as over 380,000 tweets from city councilors, and uncover evidence of a candidate supply mechanism in the case of “racial gentrification” and a credit-claiming mechanism in the case of “economic gentrification.” We conclude by discussing the political implications of the cross-cutting effects we observe.
城市经济的变革引发了关于少数民族代表性的重要问题。鉴于城市是有色人种社区的政治权力所在地,中产阶级化和住房负担能力危机可能会破坏几十年来的进步。本文考虑了这些经济和人口变化对少数族裔候选人供应和成功的影响。我们收集了166个市议会几十年来的数据,发现白人人口的增长与黑人和拉丁裔议员在当地政治权力的减少有关。我们还观察到适度的证据表明,地方经济的改善可能不会对市议会的多样性产生有害影响。我们利用地方选举的数据以及来自市议员的38万多条推文来研究这些发现,并发现了在“种族高档化”的情况下存在候选人供应机制的证据,以及在“经济高档化”的情况下存在信用要求机制的证据。最后,我们讨论了我们观察到的交叉效应的政治含义。
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引用次数: 2
Can Local Government Mergers Reduce Costs When Capital Expenditures Are Low? Evidence from Court Mergers 资本支出低时地方政府合并能降低成本吗?来自法院合并的证据
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231209908
Sîan Mughan, Dallin Overstreet
Local government mergers, motivated by promises of cost savings via economies of scale (EoS) and reduced duplication of function, often fail to produce the anticipated savings. An inability or unwillingness to reduce personnel costs is often offered as a reason for this outcome. We explore this explanation by estimating the expenditure effects of court mergers in California. Our main result is that current judicial spending (total expenditures minus capital expenditures) increases significantly following consolidation. This is partially explained by a sustained increase in salaries paid to full-time workers. The number of workers increases in the years immediately following merger however over the long-term merger has no effect on employment levels, suggesting that mergers change the composition of the workforce. These findings have implications for all local governments that provide labor-intensive services, if mergers are to reduce expenditures officials must be willing to make difficult personnel decisions.
地方政府合并的动机是通过规模经济(EoS)和减少职能重复来节省成本的承诺,但往往不能产生预期的节省。不能或不愿意减少人员成本通常被认为是造成这种结果的原因。我们通过估算加州法院合并的支出效应来探讨这一解释。我们的主要结果是,当前的司法支出(总支出减去资本支出)在合并后显著增加。部分原因是支付给全职工人的工资持续增长。在合并后的几年里,工人的数量会增加,但从长期来看,合并对就业水平没有影响,这表明合并改变了劳动力的构成。这些发现对所有提供劳动密集型服务的地方政府都有启示意义,如果合并要减少支出,官员必须愿意做出艰难的人事决定。
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引用次数: 0
“Anywhere But Here”: Understanding the Influence of Antihomeless Coalitions on Street-Level Bureaucratic Discretion and Judicial Nullification “无处不在”:理解反无家可归者联盟对街头官僚裁量权和司法无效的影响
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203886
Deyanira Nevarez Martinez
A comprehensive understanding of the housing situation in California specifically, and the United States generally, cannot be addressed without close examination of the material conditions of the poor and how the actions of public servants charged with implementing and delivering housing regulations and policy affect them and the law. This research focuses on everyday interactions between street-level bureaucrats and homeless residents to examine how and why discretion—the legal authority of government officials to enforce the law—is exercised. This paper argues that factors involved in triggering enforcement and criminalization are highly influenced by local political dynamics which are shown to play a role in the discretionary decision-making process of those on the frontlines of homelessness in Orange County, California, and ultimately nullifying important precedent aimed at protecting the constitutional rights of the unhoused.
如果不仔细研究穷人的物质条件,以及负责执行和执行住房法规和政策的公务员的行为如何影响穷人和法律,就无法全面了解加州乃至整个美国的住房状况。这项研究的重点是街头官僚和无家可归的居民之间的日常互动,以检验自由裁量权——政府官员执法的合法权力——是如何以及为什么被行使的。本文认为,触发执法和刑事定罪的因素受到当地政治动态的高度影响,这些因素在加利福尼亚州奥兰治县无家可归者前线的自由裁量决策过程中发挥了作用,并最终使旨在保护无家可归者宪法权利的重要先例无效。
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引用次数: 0
Resettled Refugees and African Americans in the Same Neighborhoods: Insights for Intergroup Dynamics and Multicultural Community Building 重新安置的难民和非洲裔美国人在同一社区:对群体间动态和多元文化社区建设的见解
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231209971
Wonhyung Lee, Lindsey Disney
After resettlement, refugees are situated to navigate new environments and social relationships with nonrefugee residents in the United States. This study focuses on the intergroup dynamics between refugees and native African American residents with whom refugees often share spatial boundaries in urban neighborhoods. Based on 30 in-depth interviews in Albany, NY and Clarkson, GA, our findings suggest that both groups share the experiences of social marginalization and disadvantageous neighborhood factors. On the other hand, each group differed in their views on the police and the type of poverty that they deal with. Although two groups rarely collaborated, solidarity was deemed possible and desirable. Several suggestions for community building were made, including cross-cultural activities for youth and neighborhood activism for adults. Future research can examine the space-making and rights-seeking processes of resettled refugees in the context of urban poverty and in their relation to other locals.
在重新安置后,难民要适应新的环境,并与美国的非难民居民建立社会关系。本研究的重点是难民和非洲裔美国原住民之间的群体间动态,难民经常与非洲裔美国原住民共享城市社区的空间边界。基于在纽约州奥尔巴尼和佐治亚州克拉克森进行的30次深度访谈,我们的研究结果表明,这两个群体都经历过社会边缘化和不利的邻里因素。另一方面,每个群体对警察和他们处理的贫困类型的看法不同。虽然两个群体很少合作,但团结一致被认为是可能的和可取的。对社区建设提出了几点建议,包括针对青少年的跨文化活动和针对成年人的社区活动。未来的研究可以考察安置难民在城市贫困背景下的空间建构和权利寻求过程,以及他们与其他当地人的关系。
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引用次数: 0
University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District by Laura Wolf-Powers 《大学城:创新区时代的历史、种族和社区》劳拉·沃尔夫-鲍尔斯著
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231205463
Marc Doussard
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引用次数: 0
With a Little Help from My Friends? A Longitudinal Network Analysis on Fiscal Stress and Collaboration for Public Service Delivery 需要朋友的一点帮助吗?财政压力与公共服务提供合作的纵向网络分析
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231205464
José Sánchez, Jun Li, Aamer Shaheen Ranjha, Michael D. Siciliano
Local governments face revenue constraints and increasing demands for public service delivery. Confronted with fiscal pressures, cities, and counties engage in collaborative arrangements to save costs or improve service levels. However, the same pressures can also prevent them from seeking collaboration. Two distinguishable arguments in tension can be identified: fiscal stress as a driver or as a deterrent for collaboration. This study reconciles these contrasting views using longitudinal network analysis to examine how fiscal stress affects the likelihood of collaboration in four critical service areas. Results point toward fiscal stress negatively affecting collaboration in service areas when economies of scale are not achievable, and increasing the likelihood of collaboration in service domains where these scales are possible. Understanding when fiscal stress affects collaboration is particularly relevant given resource disparities at the local level. Such inequality can create reinforcing cycles of fiscal stress and reduced opportunities to collaborate in service delivery.
地方政府面临收入限制和对公共服务日益增长的需求。面对财政压力,市县采取协作安排,以节约成本或提高服务水平。然而,同样的压力也会阻止他们寻求合作。可以确定两种截然不同的观点:财政压力是推动合作的因素,还是阻碍合作的因素。本研究使用纵向网络分析来调和这些截然不同的观点,以检验财政压力如何影响四个关键服务领域的合作可能性。结果表明,当规模经济无法实现时,财政压力会对服务领域的合作产生负面影响,而在可能实现规模经济的服务领域,财政压力会增加合作的可能性。考虑到地方层面的资源差异,了解财政压力何时影响合作尤为重要。这种不平等可能造成财政压力的恶性循环,并减少在提供服务方面的合作机会。
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引用次数: 0
Participatory Bias and Participatory Neighborhood Governance: Reanalyzing the Most-Likely Case of the Stockholm Neighborhood Renewal Program 参与性偏见与参与性社区治理:再分析斯德哥尔摩社区更新计划的最可能案例
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203919
Nils Hertting
Strategies for revitalizing marginalized neighborhoods often include participatory innovations. According to the participatory bias argument, however, participatory governance arrangements benefit the privileged rather than the poor. In the present article, the validity of this argument is examined by analyzing how individual resources and social positions relates to recruitment to, participation within, and outcomes derived from participation in a most-likely case of bias in participatory neighborhood governance. Although the privileged were overrepresented in recruitment, the pattern was less clear regarding influence within the processes, and quite the opposite regarding certain outcomes of participation. Also in a most-likely case for bias, participatory neighborhood governance may induce empowerment among poor. Based on the observation that participants that differ with regard to available resources and social positions also have different motives for participation, a mechanism-based account regarding why and how bias in early phases under certain conditions may produce empowering outcomes is proposed.
振兴边缘化社区的策略通常包括参与式创新。然而,根据参与性偏见的观点,参与性治理安排有利于特权阶层,而不是穷人。在本文中,通过分析个人资源和社会地位如何与参与式社区治理中最可能存在偏见的情况下的招聘、参与以及参与所产生的结果相关,来检验这一论点的有效性。虽然特权阶层在征聘中所占比例过高,但在过程中的影响方面,这种模式不太清楚,而在参与的某些结果方面,则恰恰相反。此外,在最可能存在偏见的情况下,参与式社区治理可能会促使穷人获得权力。根据观察,在可用资源和社会地位方面不同的参与者也有不同的参与动机,提出了一种基于机制的解释,说明在某些条件下早期阶段的偏见为何以及如何产生赋权结果。
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引用次数: 0
An Expression of Appreciation to our Reviewers 感谢我们的审稿人
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231194503
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引用次数: 0
Why do Role Perceptions Matter? A Qualitative Study on Role Conflicts and the Coping Behavior of Dutch Municipal Enforcement Officers 为什么角色认知很重要?荷兰市政执法人员角色冲突与应对行为的定性研究
3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203892
Joëlle van der Meer, Brenda Vermeeren, Bram Steijn
This study examines municipal enforcement officers’ role perceptions because their role has shifted from a traditional officer to a broader, social role within the community as a “city host.” Furthermore, we investigate whether role perceptions influence how officers cope with role conflicts. Interviews showed that municipal enforcement officers perceive sufficient discretion in their work and develop their own role perceptions. Some officers adopt a networking role and cooperate with various parties while others fulfill a narrower role as a bureaucrat and rely heavily on rules and protocols. Some officers successfully balance both roles. The way municipal enforcement officers perceive their role has an influence on their coping behavior. Given the belief that there should be a shift from bureaucratic styles of policing towards a broader, more social, role in communities, organizations should be aware that role perceptions play an important role in how officers behave.
本研究考察了市政执法人员的角色认知,因为他们的角色已经从传统的官员转变为作为“城市主人”在社区中扮演更广泛的社会角色。此外,我们调查了角色感知是否影响警察如何处理角色冲突。采访表明,市政执法人员认为他们在工作中有足够的自由裁量权,并形成了自己的角色观念。一些官员扮演网络角色,与各方合作,而另一些官员则扮演狭隘的官僚角色,严重依赖规则和协议。一些官员成功地平衡了这两个角色。市政执法人员看待自己角色的方式影响着他们的应对行为。鉴于人们认为应该从官僚作风的警务转变为在社区中扮演更广泛、更社会化的角色,各组织应该意识到,角色观念在警官的行为中起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Urban Affairs Review
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