Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1177/10780874231210761
Marta Neves, Sara Neves
This study draws upon cognitive maps and interviews with 57 residents living in two diverse areas of Porto, Portugal, to examine how individuals’ symbolic neighborhood boundaries reflect policy and planning decisions, and the implications of recognizing the role of government in the creation of territorial divisions and inequality. The study shows that residents’ subjective neighborhood constructions reproduce political territorial practices and representations. Awareness of the political origins of territory discourages residents from constructing their neighborhoods in alternative ways. Drawing on the concepts of symbolic and social boundaries, the study sheds light on the persistence and contestation of unjust territories.
{"title":"“The Councilors are the Ones to Blame”: The Symbolic Reproduction of Territorial Boundaries Created by Policy and Planning Decisions","authors":"Marta Neves, Sara Neves","doi":"10.1177/10780874231210761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231210761","url":null,"abstract":"This study draws upon cognitive maps and interviews with 57 residents living in two diverse areas of Porto, Portugal, to examine how individuals’ symbolic neighborhood boundaries reflect policy and planning decisions, and the implications of recognizing the role of government in the creation of territorial divisions and inequality. The study shows that residents’ subjective neighborhood constructions reproduce political territorial practices and representations. Awareness of the political origins of territory discourages residents from constructing their neighborhoods in alternative ways. Drawing on the concepts of symbolic and social boundaries, the study sheds light on the persistence and contestation of unjust territories.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":" 17","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135292257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1177/10780874231210768
Diana Da In Lee, Yamil Ricardo Velez
Transformative changes in urban economies are raising vital questions about minority representation. Given that cities are sites of political power for communities of color, gentrification and the housing affordability crisis threaten to deteriorate decades of progress. This article considers the impact of these economic and demographic shifts on minority candidate supply and success. Collecting data on 166 city councils across several decades, we find that White population growth is associated with reductions in local political power for Black and Latino councilors. We also observe modest evidence that local economic improvements may not have deleterious effects on the diversity of city councils. We probe these findings using data on local elections, as well as over 380,000 tweets from city councilors, and uncover evidence of a candidate supply mechanism in the case of “racial gentrification” and a credit-claiming mechanism in the case of “economic gentrification.” We conclude by discussing the political implications of the cross-cutting effects we observe.
{"title":"Rising Tides or Political Ripcurrents? Gentrification and Minority Representation in 166 Cities","authors":"Diana Da In Lee, Yamil Ricardo Velez","doi":"10.1177/10780874231210768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231210768","url":null,"abstract":"Transformative changes in urban economies are raising vital questions about minority representation. Given that cities are sites of political power for communities of color, gentrification and the housing affordability crisis threaten to deteriorate decades of progress. This article considers the impact of these economic and demographic shifts on minority candidate supply and success. Collecting data on 166 city councils across several decades, we find that White population growth is associated with reductions in local political power for Black and Latino councilors. We also observe modest evidence that local economic improvements may not have deleterious effects on the diversity of city councils. We probe these findings using data on local elections, as well as over 380,000 tweets from city councilors, and uncover evidence of a candidate supply mechanism in the case of “racial gentrification” and a credit-claiming mechanism in the case of “economic gentrification.” We conclude by discussing the political implications of the cross-cutting effects we observe.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135373076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1177/10780874231209908
Sîan Mughan, Dallin Overstreet
Local government mergers, motivated by promises of cost savings via economies of scale (EoS) and reduced duplication of function, often fail to produce the anticipated savings. An inability or unwillingness to reduce personnel costs is often offered as a reason for this outcome. We explore this explanation by estimating the expenditure effects of court mergers in California. Our main result is that current judicial spending (total expenditures minus capital expenditures) increases significantly following consolidation. This is partially explained by a sustained increase in salaries paid to full-time workers. The number of workers increases in the years immediately following merger however over the long-term merger has no effect on employment levels, suggesting that mergers change the composition of the workforce. These findings have implications for all local governments that provide labor-intensive services, if mergers are to reduce expenditures officials must be willing to make difficult personnel decisions.
{"title":"Can Local Government Mergers Reduce Costs When Capital Expenditures Are Low? Evidence from Court Mergers","authors":"Sîan Mughan, Dallin Overstreet","doi":"10.1177/10780874231209908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231209908","url":null,"abstract":"Local government mergers, motivated by promises of cost savings via economies of scale (EoS) and reduced duplication of function, often fail to produce the anticipated savings. An inability or unwillingness to reduce personnel costs is often offered as a reason for this outcome. We explore this explanation by estimating the expenditure effects of court mergers in California. Our main result is that current judicial spending (total expenditures minus capital expenditures) increases significantly following consolidation. This is partially explained by a sustained increase in salaries paid to full-time workers. The number of workers increases in the years immediately following merger however over the long-term merger has no effect on employment levels, suggesting that mergers change the composition of the workforce. These findings have implications for all local governments that provide labor-intensive services, if mergers are to reduce expenditures officials must be willing to make difficult personnel decisions.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135168383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203886
Deyanira Nevarez Martinez
A comprehensive understanding of the housing situation in California specifically, and the United States generally, cannot be addressed without close examination of the material conditions of the poor and how the actions of public servants charged with implementing and delivering housing regulations and policy affect them and the law. This research focuses on everyday interactions between street-level bureaucrats and homeless residents to examine how and why discretion—the legal authority of government officials to enforce the law—is exercised. This paper argues that factors involved in triggering enforcement and criminalization are highly influenced by local political dynamics which are shown to play a role in the discretionary decision-making process of those on the frontlines of homelessness in Orange County, California, and ultimately nullifying important precedent aimed at protecting the constitutional rights of the unhoused.
{"title":"“Anywhere But Here”: Understanding the Influence of Antihomeless Coalitions on Street-Level Bureaucratic Discretion and Judicial Nullification","authors":"Deyanira Nevarez Martinez","doi":"10.1177/10780874231203886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231203886","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive understanding of the housing situation in California specifically, and the United States generally, cannot be addressed without close examination of the material conditions of the poor and how the actions of public servants charged with implementing and delivering housing regulations and policy affect them and the law. This research focuses on everyday interactions between street-level bureaucrats and homeless residents to examine how and why discretion—the legal authority of government officials to enforce the law—is exercised. This paper argues that factors involved in triggering enforcement and criminalization are highly influenced by local political dynamics which are shown to play a role in the discretionary decision-making process of those on the frontlines of homelessness in Orange County, California, and ultimately nullifying important precedent aimed at protecting the constitutional rights of the unhoused.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"61 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135168555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1177/10780874231209971
Wonhyung Lee, Lindsey Disney
After resettlement, refugees are situated to navigate new environments and social relationships with nonrefugee residents in the United States. This study focuses on the intergroup dynamics between refugees and native African American residents with whom refugees often share spatial boundaries in urban neighborhoods. Based on 30 in-depth interviews in Albany, NY and Clarkson, GA, our findings suggest that both groups share the experiences of social marginalization and disadvantageous neighborhood factors. On the other hand, each group differed in their views on the police and the type of poverty that they deal with. Although two groups rarely collaborated, solidarity was deemed possible and desirable. Several suggestions for community building were made, including cross-cultural activities for youth and neighborhood activism for adults. Future research can examine the space-making and rights-seeking processes of resettled refugees in the context of urban poverty and in their relation to other locals.
{"title":"Resettled Refugees and African Americans in the Same Neighborhoods: Insights for Intergroup Dynamics and Multicultural Community Building","authors":"Wonhyung Lee, Lindsey Disney","doi":"10.1177/10780874231209971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231209971","url":null,"abstract":"After resettlement, refugees are situated to navigate new environments and social relationships with nonrefugee residents in the United States. This study focuses on the intergroup dynamics between refugees and native African American residents with whom refugees often share spatial boundaries in urban neighborhoods. Based on 30 in-depth interviews in Albany, NY and Clarkson, GA, our findings suggest that both groups share the experiences of social marginalization and disadvantageous neighborhood factors. On the other hand, each group differed in their views on the police and the type of poverty that they deal with. Although two groups rarely collaborated, solidarity was deemed possible and desirable. Several suggestions for community building were made, including cross-cultural activities for youth and neighborhood activism for adults. Future research can examine the space-making and rights-seeking processes of resettled refugees in the context of urban poverty and in their relation to other locals.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"21 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135166069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1177/10780874231205463
Marc Doussard
{"title":"University City: History, Race, and Community in the Era of the Innovation District by Laura Wolf-Powers","authors":"Marc Doussard","doi":"10.1177/10780874231205463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231205463","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135730579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1177/10780874231205464
José Sánchez, Jun Li, Aamer Shaheen Ranjha, Michael D. Siciliano
Local governments face revenue constraints and increasing demands for public service delivery. Confronted with fiscal pressures, cities, and counties engage in collaborative arrangements to save costs or improve service levels. However, the same pressures can also prevent them from seeking collaboration. Two distinguishable arguments in tension can be identified: fiscal stress as a driver or as a deterrent for collaboration. This study reconciles these contrasting views using longitudinal network analysis to examine how fiscal stress affects the likelihood of collaboration in four critical service areas. Results point toward fiscal stress negatively affecting collaboration in service areas when economies of scale are not achievable, and increasing the likelihood of collaboration in service domains where these scales are possible. Understanding when fiscal stress affects collaboration is particularly relevant given resource disparities at the local level. Such inequality can create reinforcing cycles of fiscal stress and reduced opportunities to collaborate in service delivery.
{"title":"With a Little Help from My Friends? A Longitudinal Network Analysis on Fiscal Stress and Collaboration for Public Service Delivery","authors":"José Sánchez, Jun Li, Aamer Shaheen Ranjha, Michael D. Siciliano","doi":"10.1177/10780874231205464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231205464","url":null,"abstract":"Local governments face revenue constraints and increasing demands for public service delivery. Confronted with fiscal pressures, cities, and counties engage in collaborative arrangements to save costs or improve service levels. However, the same pressures can also prevent them from seeking collaboration. Two distinguishable arguments in tension can be identified: fiscal stress as a driver or as a deterrent for collaboration. This study reconciles these contrasting views using longitudinal network analysis to examine how fiscal stress affects the likelihood of collaboration in four critical service areas. Results point toward fiscal stress negatively affecting collaboration in service areas when economies of scale are not achievable, and increasing the likelihood of collaboration in service domains where these scales are possible. Understanding when fiscal stress affects collaboration is particularly relevant given resource disparities at the local level. Such inequality can create reinforcing cycles of fiscal stress and reduced opportunities to collaborate in service delivery.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135146695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203919
Nils Hertting
Strategies for revitalizing marginalized neighborhoods often include participatory innovations. According to the participatory bias argument, however, participatory governance arrangements benefit the privileged rather than the poor. In the present article, the validity of this argument is examined by analyzing how individual resources and social positions relates to recruitment to, participation within, and outcomes derived from participation in a most-likely case of bias in participatory neighborhood governance. Although the privileged were overrepresented in recruitment, the pattern was less clear regarding influence within the processes, and quite the opposite regarding certain outcomes of participation. Also in a most-likely case for bias, participatory neighborhood governance may induce empowerment among poor. Based on the observation that participants that differ with regard to available resources and social positions also have different motives for participation, a mechanism-based account regarding why and how bias in early phases under certain conditions may produce empowering outcomes is proposed.
{"title":"Participatory Bias and Participatory Neighborhood Governance: Reanalyzing the Most-Likely Case of the Stockholm Neighborhood Renewal Program","authors":"Nils Hertting","doi":"10.1177/10780874231203919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231203919","url":null,"abstract":"Strategies for revitalizing marginalized neighborhoods often include participatory innovations. According to the participatory bias argument, however, participatory governance arrangements benefit the privileged rather than the poor. In the present article, the validity of this argument is examined by analyzing how individual resources and social positions relates to recruitment to, participation within, and outcomes derived from participation in a most-likely case of bias in participatory neighborhood governance. Although the privileged were overrepresented in recruitment, the pattern was less clear regarding influence within the processes, and quite the opposite regarding certain outcomes of participation. Also in a most-likely case for bias, participatory neighborhood governance may induce empowerment among poor. Based on the observation that participants that differ with regard to available resources and social positions also have different motives for participation, a mechanism-based account regarding why and how bias in early phases under certain conditions may produce empowering outcomes is proposed.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135095016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1177/10780874231203892
Joëlle van der Meer, Brenda Vermeeren, Bram Steijn
This study examines municipal enforcement officers’ role perceptions because their role has shifted from a traditional officer to a broader, social role within the community as a “city host.” Furthermore, we investigate whether role perceptions influence how officers cope with role conflicts. Interviews showed that municipal enforcement officers perceive sufficient discretion in their work and develop their own role perceptions. Some officers adopt a networking role and cooperate with various parties while others fulfill a narrower role as a bureaucrat and rely heavily on rules and protocols. Some officers successfully balance both roles. The way municipal enforcement officers perceive their role has an influence on their coping behavior. Given the belief that there should be a shift from bureaucratic styles of policing towards a broader, more social, role in communities, organizations should be aware that role perceptions play an important role in how officers behave.
{"title":"Why do Role Perceptions Matter? A Qualitative Study on Role Conflicts and the Coping Behavior of Dutch Municipal Enforcement Officers","authors":"Joëlle van der Meer, Brenda Vermeeren, Bram Steijn","doi":"10.1177/10780874231203892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10780874231203892","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines municipal enforcement officers’ role perceptions because their role has shifted from a traditional officer to a broader, social role within the community as a “city host.” Furthermore, we investigate whether role perceptions influence how officers cope with role conflicts. Interviews showed that municipal enforcement officers perceive sufficient discretion in their work and develop their own role perceptions. Some officers adopt a networking role and cooperate with various parties while others fulfill a narrower role as a bureaucrat and rely heavily on rules and protocols. Some officers successfully balance both roles. The way municipal enforcement officers perceive their role has an influence on their coping behavior. Given the belief that there should be a shift from bureaucratic styles of policing towards a broader, more social, role in communities, organizations should be aware that role perceptions play an important role in how officers behave.","PeriodicalId":51427,"journal":{"name":"Urban Affairs Review","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135344356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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