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From Rejection to Legitimation: Governing the Emergence of Organized Homeless Encampments 从拒绝到合法化:管理有组织的无家可归者营地的出现
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-13 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231162923
Stephen Przybylinski
This paper analyzes the City of Portland, Oregon's recent zoning code amendment which legalized sanctioned homeless encampments. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork in Portland, the paper details how the City Government's long-held opposition to homeless camping shifted to a position of acceptance. The paper identifies the state of emergency (SOE) on housing and homelessness as a critical moment for developing not only a legal foundation, but also a social justification, for legalizing encampments as an official shelter strategy. In contrast to research over the past few decades articulating the camp as the realization of punitive sovereign power, the paper suggests the relationality of emergency governance, or “governing-through-emergency,” instead provides an opportunity to legitimate the lived experiences and desires of unhoused people residing in sanctioned encampments. It concludes by warning that, although emergency governance serves as a critical tool to advance the interests of the unhoused, such governing strategies are limited by structural forces producing homelessness more broadly.
本文分析了俄勒冈州波特兰市最近的分区法规修正案,该修正案将批准的无家可归者营地合法化。根据波特兰的人种学田野调查,这篇论文详细描述了市政府长期以来对无家可归者露营的反对如何转变为接受的立场。该文件指出,住房和无家可归问题的紧急状态是一个关键时刻,不仅可以为将营地合法化作为官方住房战略建立法律基础,还可以为其提供社会理由。与过去几十年将营地阐明为惩罚性主权权力的实现的研究相反,本文提出了紧急治理的相关性,或“通过紧急情况进行治理”,相反,它提供了一个机会,使居住在受制裁营地的无家可归者的生活经历和愿望合法化。报告最后警告说,尽管紧急治理是促进无家可归者利益的关键工具,但这种治理战略受到造成更广泛无家可归现象的结构性力量的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Sanctuary Policies and the Influence of Local Demographics and Partisanship 保护区政策与地方人口和党派的影响
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231152786
B. O’Brien, Loren Collingwood, M. Paarlberg
Despite the increased scholarship on sanctuary localities in the United States, there is little research analyzing the factors that lead to the adoption of sanctuary resolutions at the municipal level. Drawing on a new dataset of sanctuary and nonsanctuary cities, we theorize that policy adoption is driven primarily by two factors and their interaction: the size of the foreign-born population and local partisanship. We examine cities that passed sanctuary policies between 2000 and 2018 and compare these localities to nonsanctuaries. Using a novel time series cross-section dataset (TSCS) of all cities and designated places and a Cox proportional hazard model, we find that Democratic-leaning cities with high foreign-born populations predict sanctuary passage, whereas Republican-leaning cities with larger foreign-born populations are unlikely to adopt these policies. We thus find that while partisanship motivates sanctuary policy adoption, at the same time, the size of the foreign-born population also increases the likelihood of passage.
尽管对美国庇护地的研究越来越多,但很少有研究分析导致在市政一级通过庇护决议的因素。根据庇护城市和非庇护城市的新数据集,我们推断政策的采纳主要由两个因素及其相互作用驱动:外国出生人口的规模和当地的党派关系。我们研究了2000年至2018年间通过庇护政策的城市,并将这些城市与非庇护城市进行了比较。利用所有城市和指定地点的新型时间序列横截面数据集(TSCS)和Cox比例风险模型,我们发现,外国出生人口较多的民主党倾向城市预测庇护通道,而外国出生人口较多的共和党倾向城市不太可能采用这些政策。因此,我们发现,虽然党派关系推动了庇护政策的采用,但与此同时,外国出生人口的规模也增加了通过的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Volume 59, Issue 2 第59卷第2期简介
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-27 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221149531
Maureen M. Donaghy, Yue Zhang
This issue brings us new insights into urban governance and policy change. Urban governance has been a major focus in the urban politics and policy literature in recent decades. With the transition from “city government” to “urban governance,” scholars emphasize the interaction between various state and nonstate actors at multiple levels, through both formal institutional arrangements and informal exchanges (Kaufmann and Sidney 2020; Peters and Pierre 2012; Hambleton and Gross 2007). While the concept of urban governance first emerged in the Western European academic milieu in the 1990s, there is an exciting emerging literature exploring the processes and consequences of urban governance in a cross-national context and diverse issue areas. We find that the articles in this issue investigate different aspects of urban governance, including policy change, policy implementation, political economy, and officer-involved killings.
这个问题让我们对城市治理和政策变革有了新的认识。近几十年来,城市治理一直是城市政治和政策文献的主要焦点。随着从“城市政府”到“城市治理”的转变,学者们强调通过正式的制度安排和非正式的交流,在多个层面上各种国家和非国家行为体之间的互动(Kaufmann and Sidney 2020;Peters and Pierre 2012;Hambleton and Gross, 2007)。虽然城市治理的概念最早出现在20世纪90年代的西欧学术环境中,但有一个令人兴奋的新兴文献在跨国背景和不同的问题领域探索城市治理的过程和后果。我们发现,本期的文章探讨了城市治理的不同方面,包括政策变化、政策实施、政治经济和涉警杀人。
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引用次数: 0
Racialized Real Estate Agency in U.S. Housing Markets: A Research Note 美国住房市场中的种族化房地产代理:一份研究报告
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1177/10780874231152590
Hannah Lee, K. Crowder, Elizabeth Korver‐Glenn
Case studies have illuminated that U.S. real estate agents, as key housing market gatekeepers, continue to maintain racial residential stratification well into the twenty-first century. We use novel survey data gathered from real estate agents across the United States to descriptively explore agents’ ideas about clients of color in the housing market, as well as their practices, such as conducting business through social networks. Our findings provide evidence of the subtle and more overt ways that these ideas and practices that, when taken together, constitute what we call racialized real estate agency and contribute to ongoing racial segregation. We issue a call for future research to continue examining the ways agents’ and other gatekeepers’ ideas and practices contribute to or mitigate stratifying processes and describe the utility of such research for policy.
案例研究表明,美国房地产经纪人作为房地产市场的关键看门人,在21世纪一直保持着种族居住分层。我们使用从美国各地房地产经纪人那里收集的新调查数据,描述性地探索经纪人对房地产市场有色人种客户的想法,以及他们的做法,例如通过社交网络开展业务。我们的发现提供了证据,证明这些想法和做法以微妙而公开的方式结合在一起,构成了我们所说的种族化房地产中介,并助长了持续的种族隔离。我们呼吁未来的研究继续研究代理人和其他看门人的想法和实践如何促进或减轻分层过程,并描述此类研究对政策的效用。
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引用次数: 1
Ecological, Engineering and Community Resilience Policy Adoption in Large US Cities 美国大城市采用生态、工程和社区复原政策
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-13 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221150793
Kiran Kang, A. Bowman, Bryce Hannibal, Sierra Woodruff, Kent Portney (deceased)
This paper seeks to identify which resilience-oriented policies are being enacted and factors that influence policy adoption. We develop clusters of policies related to three types of resilience: ecological, engineering, and community. Among large U.S. cities, we find wide variation in the number and type of policies enacted. Through multivariate analysis, we identify factors that are associated with the adoption of these policies. Similar to earlier work on sustainability and climate change policy, our results show that larger cities are more likely to adopt all three types of resilience policies. Wealthier and liberal cities adopt more ecological resilience policies. Cities that are members of city networks also adopt more policies, but not all networks significantly influence policy adoption suggesting that network goals and connections are important. We also find that among these large cities, it is the smaller of them that appear to benefit most from membership in networks.
本文试图确定哪些以恢复力为导向的政策正在制定,以及影响政策采用的因素。我们制定了与三种类型的恢复力相关的政策集群:生态、工程和社区。在美国大城市中,我们发现制定的政策数量和类型差异很大。通过多变量分析,我们确定了与采取这些政策相关的因素。与早期关于可持续性和气候变化政策的工作类似,我们的研究结果表明,较大的城市更有可能采取这三种类型的恢复力政策。富裕和自由的城市采取更具生态韧性的政策。作为城市网络成员的城市也会采取更多的政策,但并非所有网络都会显著影响政策的采用,这表明网络目标和联系很重要。我们还发现,在这些大城市中,较小的城市似乎从网络会员中受益最大。
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引用次数: 2
Boiling the Frog Slowly: Reducing Resistance to Neoliberal Education Reform Through Window Dressing Strategies 慢慢煮青蛙:通过粉饰策略减少对新自由主义教育改革的阻力
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221147474
J. Rubin, Stephen Danley
Increasingly partisan perceptions of neoliberal education reforms and resistance to such reforms from communities they negatively impact have created challenges for some neoliberal reformers. This article uses a case study of the state takeover and dramatic reshaping of the Camden, New Jersey school district to examine how some reformers have responded to those challenges. We find that Camden's state-appointed superintendents used multiple messaging and framing techniques to diffuse community resistance to unpopular policies. We refer to these techniques collectively as window dressing because they are intended to create a perception of movement away from neoliberalism without actually changing neoliberal policies. These strategies are intended to move public opinion and discourage resistance without having to fundamentally address critiques of neoliberal reform. We posit that neoliberal reformers are likely to expand their use of window dressing techniques in response to a growing rejection of neoliberal education policies, particularly by Democrats and progressives.
越来越多的党派人士对新自由主义教育改革的看法,以及对这些改革产生负面影响的社区对这些改革的抵制,给一些新自由主义改革者带来了挑战。本文通过对新泽西州卡姆登学区的州接管和戏剧性重塑的案例研究,来考察一些改革者是如何应对这些挑战的。我们发现,卡姆登州任命的督学使用了多种信息传递和框架技术来分散社区对不受欢迎政策的抵制。我们将这些技术统称为粉饰,因为它们旨在创造一种远离新自由主义的运动感,而不实际改变新自由主义政策。这些策略旨在转移公众舆论,阻止抵抗,而不必从根本上解决对新自由主义改革的批评。我们认为,新自由主义改革者可能会扩大他们对橱窗装饰技术的使用,以应对对新自由主义教育政策的日益排斥,尤其是民主党和进步派。
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引用次数: 1
Assessing the Impact of Ferry Transit on Urban Crime 评估轮渡对城市犯罪的影响
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221143047
Bryan S. Weber, Paolo Cappellari
In 2017, over a dozen ferry stations were introduced across the NYC region on multiple dates, serving roughly 10,000 customers per day. We measure a negative association between these stations and crime reduction, a significant decline of 11 crimes per week (11%) at a one-mile radius around the stations, and about 1 crime per week (32%) over the extremely narrow base of crime at the station itself. We also find no evidence of crime displacement. This study first utilized a traditional difference-in-differences methodology, but we also used a new tool, the causal random forest. Both methodologies are compared and contrasted with an eye toward user understanding. The results of our analysis are consistent and coherent across all the different methodologies, with the causal random forest finding more pronounced effects by taking into account two major factors: the propensity of the regions for treatment, and the interaction between elements of interest.
2017年,纽约地区在多个日期推出了十多个轮渡站,每天为大约1万名客户提供服务。我们测量了这些车站与犯罪减少之间的负相关关系,在车站周围一英里半径内,每周有11起犯罪显著下降(11%),而在车站本身极其狭窄的犯罪基础上,每周约有1起犯罪下降(32%)。我们也没有发现犯罪转移的证据。本研究首先利用了传统的差异中差异方法,但我们也使用了一个新工具,因果随机森林。从用户理解的角度对这两种方法进行了比较和对比。我们的分析结果在所有不同的方法中都是一致和连贯的,因果随机森林通过考虑两个主要因素发现了更明显的影响:治疗区域的倾向,以及感兴趣元素之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
An Introduction to Volume 59, Issue 1: Progressive Cities, Voters and their Elected Officials, Privatized Services, Neighbors and Neighborhoods, and Housing 第59卷第1期导论:进步城市、选民及其民选官员、私有化服务、邻里关系和住房
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221141141
Richardson Dilworth, M. Sidney
1. Howmight cities be more progressive or socially just?What are the building blocks, the theories of governance, and their potential and limits? 2. What motivates voters and officeholders in local government, and how do local managers assess privatized services? 3. What explains neighborhood dynamics, including conflicts between residents, and barriers to affordable housing, such as eviction, housing vacancy, and limited availability of multifamily housing?
1. 城市如何才能更加进步或社会公正?什么是构建模块、治理理论以及它们的潜力和局限性?2. 是什么激励了当地政府的选民和官员?当地管理者如何评估私有化服务?3.如何解释社区动态,包括居民之间的冲突,以及经济适用房的障碍,如驱逐,住房空置和多户住房的有限供应?
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引用次数: 1
Hello! A Letter from the New Editors 你好新编辑的来信
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-12-07 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221141135
Richardson Dilworth, Maureen M. Donaghy, Christina M. Greer, M. Sidney, Timothy P. R. Weaver, Yue Zhang
We are honored and excited by the opportunity to shape and promote research in one of the world’s longest-standing urban social science journals. We are truly grateful and thankful to the outgoing team – Phil Ashton, Peter Burns, Jered Carr, Josh Drucker, Yue Zhang (also part of the new team), the editorial board, and assistant managing editor, Liz Motyka – for strengthening the journal. We have grand plans to enhance it and its companion website, urbanaffairsreview.com. Of course, by the time anyone reads this our grand plans will have met the maelstrom of manuscript submissions, contentious R&Rs, and the desperate search for reviewers. In the brief period before that happens, we wanted to take some time to chart the direction for this journal over the next five years. After that we have produced a brief introduction to this current issue, the first of Volume 59 – a new feature that will be included at the beginning of all issues. According to the journal’s first editor Marilyn Gittell, the founding in 1965 of Urban Affairs Quarterly (it became the Review in 1995) was “a reflection of the national mood in the 1960s, an acceptance of the responsibility that faced us as a society to confront the needs of our cities through national urban policies” (Gittell 1985, 13). Indeed, the inside cover of the first issue included a quote by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson saying that “the development of plans and programs for the improvement of the urban environment are tasks of the highest importance for all Americans” (quoted in Hunter and Lineberry 1980, 131). But the journal’s goal was always broader than to serve as a response to the emergent “urban crisis” in the United States. Gittell outlined its scope as being “(1) to ‘provide a forum for an interdisciplinary approach to urban studies’; (2) to pay attention to the ‘need for an interchange of ideas and information between the academic community and policy makers’; and (3) to ‘fill the obvious gap in comparative analysis’” (Hunter and Lineberry 1980, 131). We seek to maintain and advance these goals, though their substance has evolved along with the evolution of academic disciplines associated with urban politics and policy, and urban studies. It’s a different world today but of course not entirely so. We face global urban crises, which also include elements of earlier challenges, especially around housing, energy, infrastructure, poverty, and race. Today the effects of climate change cannot be ignored, nor the realities of pandemics such as Letter from the Editors
有机会在世界上历史最悠久的城市社会科学期刊之一上塑造和推动研究,我们感到荣幸和兴奋。我们非常感谢即将离任的团队——Phil Ashton、Peter Burns、Jered Carr、Josh Drucker、Yue Zhang(也是新团队的一员)、编委会和助理总编辑Liz Motyka——对杂志的加强。我们有完善它及其配套网站urbanafairsreview.com的宏伟计划。当然,当任何人读到这篇文章时,我们的宏伟计划将遇到稿件提交、有争议的R&R和对审稿人的绝望搜索。在这之前的短暂时间里,我们想花一些时间来规划这本杂志未来五年的发展方向。之后,我们简要介绍了本期,即第59卷的第一期,这是一个新功能,将包含在所有期的开头。根据该杂志的首任编辑Marilyn Gittell的说法,1965年《城市事务季刊》(1995年成为《评论》)的创办“反映了20世纪60年代的国民情绪,接受了我们作为一个社会所面临的责任,即通过国家城市政策来满足我们城市的需求”(Gittell 1985,13)。事实上,第一期的内封面引用了美国总统林登·约翰逊的一句话,他说“制定改善城市环境的计划和方案是所有美国人最重要的任务”(Hunter和Lineberry 1980311引用了这句话)。但该杂志的目标总是比应对美国新出现的“城市危机”更广泛。Gittell将其范围概述为“(1)‘为城市研究的跨学科方法提供论坛’;(2)关注‘学术界和政策制定者之间思想和信息交流的必要性’;(3)‘填补比较分析中的明显空白’”(Hunter和Lineberry 1980313)。我们寻求保持和推进这些目标,尽管它们的实质是随着与城市政治和政策以及城市研究相关的学术学科的发展而演变的。今天是一个不同的世界,但当然并非完全如此。我们面临着全球城市危机,其中也包括早期挑战的因素,特别是在住房、能源、基础设施、贫困和种族方面。今天,气候变化的影响不容忽视,编辑来信等流行病的现实也不容忽视
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引用次数: 0
From the Editors: It’s Been our Honor… 编者按:这是我们的荣幸…
IF 2.1 3区 社会学 Q2 URBAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/10780874221135706
Jered B. Carr
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引用次数: 0
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Urban Affairs Review
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