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Paradigms in Qualitative IB Research: Trends, Analysis and Recommendations 定性 IB 研究范式:趋势、分析和建议
IF 4.3 3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-024-00529-5
Roberta Aguzzoli, Jorge Lengler, Stewart R. Miller, Agnieszka Chidlow

This paper examines trends, challenges and opportunities in terms of research methodologies in qualitative IB research. In particular, it examines trends for the dominant (positivism/(post)positivism) paradigm versus alternative paradigms (i.e., social constructivism, critical realism and interpretivism) and provides a comparative analysis of data collection and methods. Using mixed methods to collect and analyze data on qualitative articles published in International Business Review, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of World Business, and Management International Review, we examine trends and differences between the dominant and alternative paradigms and use qualitative content analysis to investigate how alternative paradigm papers are conceptualized and presented. Moreover, we interview authors of non-positivist papers to gain in-depth understanding of the findings. We reveal differences across the paradigms and provide evidence of paradigmatic fit between methods and data collection techniques for the dominant paradigm, but more variation for alternative paradigms. Lastly, we provide prescriptions for IB scholars in terms of methodology diversity and how complex IB phenomena can be pursued vis-a-vis alternative paradigms.

本文探讨了国际基础结构定性研究方法的趋势、挑战和机遇。特别是,本文探讨了主导范式(实证主义/(后)实证主义)与替代范式(即社会建构主义、批判现实主义和解释学)的发展趋势,并对数据收集和方法进行了比较分析。我们采用混合方法收集和分析了《国际商业评论》、《国际商业研究杂志》、《世界商业杂志》和《国际管理评论》上发表的定性文章的数据,研究了主流范式和替代范式之间的趋势和差异,并采用定性内容分析法研究了替代范式论文是如何概念化和呈现的。此外,我们还采访了非实证主义论文的作者,以深入了解研究结果。我们揭示了不同范式之间的差异,并提供证据表明,主流范式的方法和数据收集技术之间存在范式契合,而替代范式则存在更多差异。最后,我们为国际基础结构学者提供了方法多样性方面的建议,以及如何在替代范式中研究复杂的国际基础结构现象。
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引用次数: 0
The Curvilinear Impact of Cultural Friction on Foreign Divestment 文化摩擦对撤资的曲线影响
IF 4.3 3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-024-00528-6
Ha Nguyen, Jorma Larimo, Douglas Dow

International business scholars have long recognized the potential influence of cultural differences on foreign divestment; however, the empirical results are mixed. Our study helps resolve this contradiction and contribute to the existing literature in three ways. First, we advocate the use of cultural friction metric, instead of the more traditional cultural distance approach. This overcomes a key limitation in the modelling the impact of cultural differences. The friction construct metric includes an index of firm-specific factors, referred to as the degree of ‘cultural interaction’. This index moderates the impact of cultural distance, reflecting firm—level differences. We also build on calls for more Positive Organizational Scholarship by challenging the negative bias in the international business literature and propose a curvilinear effect of cultural differences on divestment probability. Lastly, we investigate a potential boundary condition—the moderating effect of entry mode on the main hypothesis. Our empirical sample include 2120 Finnish foreign subsidiaries operating in 40 countries during 1970–2010. Our analyses confirm that the cultural differences, when measured by the friction metric, appear to be a significant and superior predictor of subsidiary divestment probability, and that the relationship appears to be U-shaped. Our robustness analyses also highlight the importance of which cultural framework is applied and controlling for selection bias.

国际商业学者早已认识到文化差异对外国撤资的潜在影响;然而,实证结果却喜忧参半。我们的研究有助于解决这一矛盾,并在三个方面为现有文献做出贡献。首先,我们提倡使用文化摩擦指标,而不是传统的文化距离方法。这克服了文化差异影响建模中的一个关键局限。摩擦构造度量包括企业特定因素指数,即 "文化互动 "程度。该指数可调节文化距离的影响,反映企业层面的差异。我们还通过质疑国际商业文献中的负面偏见,提出了文化差异对撤资概率的曲线影响,从而呼吁更多的积极组织学术研究。最后,我们研究了一个潜在的边界条件--进入模式对主要假设的调节作用。我们的实证样本包括 1970-2010 年间在 40 个国家运营的 2120 家芬兰海外子公司。我们的分析证实,用摩擦指标衡量的文化差异似乎是预测子公司撤资概率的一个重要且优越的指标,而且这种关系似乎呈 U 型。我们的稳健性分析还强调了采用哪种文化框架以及控制选择偏差的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
MNCs’ Intermediate Units and Their Choice of Control Mechanisms 跨国公司中间机构及其控制机制的选择
IF 4.3 3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00527-z

Abstract

This paper analyzes how MNCs’ intermediate units—those that exercise authority over other subsidiaries—apply specific control mechanisms: centralization, formalization, outcome control, and socialization. We combine agency and network theory to explain how intermediate units’ dual agency role—as both principal and agent— and their network embeddedness form the choice of control mechanisms. More specifically, we propose hypotheses on how the intermediate units’ internal and external relationships determine their choice of control mechanism. We study this issue in the context of Spanish intermediate units —owned by European MNCs— that exercise authority over subsidiaries in Latin America.

摘要 本文分析了跨国公司的中间部门--对其他子公司行使权力的部门--如何应用特定的控制机制:集中化、正规化、结果控制和社会化。我们结合代理理论和网络理论,解释了中间部门作为委托人和代理人的双重代理角色及其网络嵌入性如何形成控制机制的选择。更具体地说,我们就中间单位的内部和外部关系如何决定其对控制机制的选择提出了假设。我们以欧洲跨国公司拥有的、对拉丁美洲子公司行使权力的西班牙中间机构为背景,对这一问题进行了研究。
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引用次数: 0
Multinational Corporations’ Interactions with Host Institutions: Taking Stock and Moving Forward 跨国公司与东道国机构的互动:评估与前进
IF 4.3 3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00525-1
Liudmyla Svystunova, Yulia Muratova, Johann Fortwengel, Tony Edwards

Over more than 30 years, research on the interactions between multinational corporations (MNCs) and their institutional host environments has produced rich but scattered insights, which this review organises and integrates. We map the current state of knowledge and build an integrative model involving motivation and host context as antecedents; interaction strategy and actors as the phenomenon; and consequences, especially at the organisational level, as outcomes. By reviewing 176 articles published in leading journals, we reveal previously hidden relationships between host-country institutional context, proactive and reactive strategies, and positive and negative outcomes for the focal organisation. We also identify three future research frontiers focused on understudied aspects of interactions between MNCs and institutions: dynamics of strategies, dynamics of impact, and microfoundational dynamics. We suggest that combining organisational institutionalism and comparative institutionalism offers a pathway to push the outlined research frontiers.

30多年来,关于跨国公司与其制度环境之间相互作用的研究产生了丰富但分散的见解,本文对这些见解进行了整理和整合。我们绘制了当前的知识状态,并建立了一个包括动机和宿主环境作为前因的综合模型;互动策略与作为现象的行动者结果,尤其是在组织层面,作为结果。通过回顾在主要期刊上发表的176篇文章,我们揭示了东道国制度背景、主动和被动战略以及重点组织的积极和消极结果之间以前隐藏的关系。我们还确定了三个未来的研究前沿,重点关注跨国公司与机构之间相互作用的未被充分研究的方面:战略动力学、影响动力学和微观基础动力学。我们认为,将组织制度主义与比较制度主义相结合,为推动上述研究前沿提供了一条途径。
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引用次数: 0
De-globalization, International Trade Protectionism, and the Reconfigurations of Global Value Chains 去全球化、国际贸易保护主义与全球价值链重构
IF 4.3 3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00522-4
Nadia Zahoor, Jie Wu, Huda Khan, Zaheer Khan

By presenting an investigation of the impact of international trade protectionism on the reconfigurations of the global value chains (GVCs), this paper challenges the perceived assumption of ongoing globalization and the free flow of goods and services. Building on the de-globalization and GVCs’ literature, we performed a historical content analysis on 174 articles from 2016 to 2020 published in leading and major national and international newspapers. Our findings suggest that international trade protectionism has altered the landscape of GVCs by causing widespread disruption to their functioning, thus making them prone to future external policy risks. Such disruption is having a varying impact on various industries, whereby it is causing greater harm to those industries that are more global in nature and thus rely on global suppliers. We draw implications of our findings for research and practice.

通过对国际贸易保护主义对全球价值链重构的影响的调查,本文挑战了持续全球化和商品和服务自由流动的认知假设。在去全球化和全球价值链文献的基础上,我们对2016年至2020年在国内和国际主要报纸上发表的174篇文章进行了历史内容分析。我们的研究结果表明,国际贸易保护主义对全球价值链的运作造成了广泛的破坏,从而改变了全球价值链的格局,从而使它们容易受到未来外部政策风险的影响。这种破坏正在对不同的行业产生不同的影响,从而对那些更全球化的行业造成更大的伤害,因此依赖于全球供应商。我们得出了我们的研究和实践的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of National Institutions on Corporate Brand Ability Associations During the Pandemic 疫情期间国家制度对企业品牌能力关联的影响
3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00523-3
Nele Jacobs, Bernhard Swoboda
Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer behavior and brand preferences changed. However, surprisingly little is known about how or why corporate brand associations differ and change across countries during such black swan events, especially for multinationals with a specific expertise and ability, for example, to offer vaccines. The authors use institutional theory to fill this gap. They contribute to international business research by analyzing the roles of national institutions in consumers’ corporate brand ability associations (CBAA) in 20 countries over time. They find generally different roles of regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutions in consumers’ CBAA. Moreover, those roles changed and varied for Pfizer, as a multinational corporation that offered the first vaccine in Western countries, and its competitors before and during the pandemic. Institutional theory strongly complements signaling theory in cross-national studies on CBAA. This study shows, for the first time, which institutions drive CBAA cross-nationally and why the role of each institution changes during a black swan event, such as COVID-19. It has direct implications for managers interested in cross-national consumer responses.
新冠肺炎疫情期间,消费者行为和品牌偏好发生了变化。然而,令人惊讶的是,对于在此类黑天鹅事件期间各国企业品牌关联的差异和变化,特别是对于具有特定专业知识和能力(例如,提供疫苗)的跨国公司而言,了解甚少。作者利用制度理论填补了这一空白。他们通过分析国家机构在20个国家的消费者企业品牌能力协会(CBAA)中的作用,为国际商业研究做出了贡献。他们发现,在消费者的CBAA中,规范性制度、规范性制度和文化认知制度的作用普遍不同。此外,辉瑞公司作为一家跨国公司,在西方国家提供了第一种疫苗,其竞争对手在大流行之前和期间,这些角色发生了变化和变化。在CBAA的跨国研究中,制度理论是信号理论的有力补充。这项研究首次展示了哪些机构在跨国范围内推动CBAA,以及为什么每个机构的作用在黑天鹅事件(如COVID-19)期间发生了变化。这对关注跨国消费者反应的管理者有直接影响。
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引用次数: 0
How Does Protectionism Impact Multinational Firm Reshoring? Evidence from the UK 保护主义如何影响跨国公司回流?来自英国的证据
3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00521-5
Yama Temouri, Vijay Pereira, Agelos Delis, Geoffrey Wood
Abstract There is growing interest in the nature and possible extent of de-globalization. This paper explores the impact that protectionist measures have on multinational enterprise (MNE) reshoring back to the UK. Besides taking into account the global trends indicating a return to protectionism, the existing literature highlights various firm-level and structural country-level determinants of reshoring decisions. We test a conceptual model with parent-subsidiary firm-level data for the period 2009 to 2017. We conclude that firms that are more sensitive to wage costs in their overseas subsidiaries were more likely to reshore. We did not find that more capital-intensive firms had a higher propensity to reshore. We find that our results are mostly driven from UK MNEs with subsidiaries in EU. This result has clear implications for a potential Brexit effect. Theoretically, we base our findings in transactional cost economics to help explain why different types of firms behave in the way they do, and why different types of firms may respond in quite different ways to the same mix of institutions.
人们对去全球化的性质和可能的程度越来越感兴趣。本文探讨了保护主义措施对跨国企业回流英国的影响。除了考虑到表明保护主义回归的全球趋势外,现有文献还强调了回流决策的各种公司层面和结构性国家层面的决定因素。我们用2009年至2017年母子公司层面的数据检验了一个概念模型。我们的结论是,对海外子公司的工资成本更敏感的公司更有可能回流。我们没有发现资本密集程度越高的企业回流倾向越高。我们发现,我们的业绩主要来自在欧盟设有子公司的英国跨国公司。这一结果对英国脱欧的潜在影响有着明确的暗示。从理论上讲,我们将研究结果建立在交易成本经济学的基础上,以帮助解释为什么不同类型的企业会有不同的行为方式,以及为什么不同类型的企业对相同的制度组合可能会有截然不同的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Protectionism and Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions Undertaken by US Multinational Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Intellectual Property Rights Protection 保护主义与美国跨国企业的跨国并购:知识产权保护的调节作用
3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00518-0
Ahmad Arslan, Ofra Bazel-Shoham, Matthew Imes, Sang Mook Lee, Amir Shoham
Abstract This paper examines the impact of protectionism and intellectual property right (IPR) protection in host markets on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CB M&As). CB M&As have become important vehicles for firms to expand into foreign markets and acquire strategic assets. In recent years, the topic has attracted significant scholarly interest. Recently, many countries have enacted protectionist measures to protect local firms and jobs. Consequently, the impact such measures have on economic activities is under debate in the literature. This study leverages the vital context of CB M&As undertaken by US multinational enterprises (MNEs) between 2011 and 2017 in 49 host countries. The findings indicate that host country IPR protection has a much more substantial and positive impact on CB M&A activities undertaken by USA MNEs than the protectionist policies of the host country by itself. The findings further suggest that, although local protectionism, by itself, does not play a significant role in CB M&As, its presence strengthens the positive effect of IPR protection on CB M&A activities in the host country, thereby supporting the contingent role of such protection. These findings have important implications for research, practice, and policy.
摘要本文研究了东道国市场的保护主义和知识产权保护对跨国并购的影响。银行并购已成为企业拓展海外市场和收购战略资产的重要工具。近年来,这个话题引起了极大的学术兴趣。最近,许多国家颁布了保护主义措施,以保护当地公司和就业。因此,这些措施对经济活动的影响在文献中存在争议。本研究利用了美国跨国企业(MNEs)在2011年至2017年期间在49个东道国进行的CB M&的重要背景。研究结果表明,东道国的知识产权保护对美国跨国公司开展的企业并购活动的积极影响要比东道国本身的保护主义政策大得多。研究结果进一步表明,虽然地方保护主义本身并不在工商企业并购中发挥重要作用,但它的存在加强了知识产权保护对东道国工商企业并购活动的积极影响,从而支持了这种保护的偶然作用。这些发现对研究、实践和政策具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Dealing with Trust Deficit and Liabilities of Foreignness in Host Countries: Chinese Multinational Enterprises in Australia 东道国信任赤字与涉外负债的处理:在澳中资跨国企业
3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00524-2
Mingqiong Mike Zhang, Ying Lu, Jiuhua Cherrie Zhu, Kaixin Zhang
Abstract In the face of growing global tendencies of anti-globalization and de-globalization, emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs) are suffering from a trust deficit and multiple liabilities of foreignness in leading economies. The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the coping strategies of EMNEs towards the challenging institutional environment in host countries. It adopts a qualitative approach, conducting longitudinal multiple cases studies among MNE subsidiaries and employing interviews as the main method of data collection. The findings reveal that EMNEs are not passive recipients of the adverse institutional environment and adopt institutional adaptation as the only response strategy. Given that a single strategy cannot be effective, they have developed both proactive and protective strategies to handle the multiple liabilities of foreignness and trust deficit. This study can help EMNEs gain a better understanding of the dominance effect and develop more effective measures to manage challenging institutional environments in host countries. Given that interactions between institutional environments and firm-level strategies of MNEs remain under-researched, this study advances understanding of strategies and behaviours of MNEs in host countries.
面对日益增长的全球逆全球化和去全球化趋势,新兴经济体跨国企业(EMNEs)面临着信任赤字和领先经济体的多重外债。本研究的目的是实证检验EMNEs对东道国具有挑战性的制度环境的应对策略。本文采用定性方法,对跨国公司子公司进行纵向多案例研究,并以访谈为主要数据收集方法。研究结果表明,EMNEs并不是不利制度环境的被动接受者,而是将制度适应作为唯一的应对策略。考虑到单一的策略不能有效,他们制定了积极和保护性的策略来处理外国和信任赤字的多重负债。本研究可以帮助EMNEs更好地理解优势效应,并制定更有效的措施来管理东道国具有挑战性的制度环境。鉴于制度环境与跨国公司公司层面战略之间的相互作用尚未得到充分研究,本研究促进了对东道国跨国公司战略和行为的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Subsidiary Capital Structure in Multinational Enterprises: A New Internalization Theory Perspective 跨国企业子公司资本结构:一个新的内部化理论视角
3区 管理学 Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1007/s11575-023-00517-1
Asmund Rygh, Gabriel R. G. Benito
Abstract We study subsidiary capital structure as a mechanism of intra-MNE (multinational enterprise) governance from the perspective of “new internalization theory”. We build on the argument from transaction cost theory that equity and debt are not just financial instruments but also alternative governance structures, with equity useful for financing specific assets that do not serve well as collateral, especially when external uncertainty is high. Inside an MNE, debt represents a partial reintroduction of market mechanisms that can limit governance costs and strengthen subsidiary manager incentives. However, debt financing may be inappropriate if subsidiaries possess specific assets that are lost if debt contracts are enforced. Using subsidiary-level panel data from Norwegian MNEs, we argue that patents registered in the subsidiary represent MNE-specific non-location bound knowledge assets, while subsidiary R&D income represents location-bound and subsidiary-specific assets. We predict MNE-specific assets to be negatively related to external debt, and subsidiary-specific assets to be negatively related to all debt, under conditions of external uncertainty. We find only partial support for our hypotheses. Patents are negatively related to external debt when external uncertainty in the form of political risk is high. However, we do not find similar significant results for location-bound and subsidiary-specific assets, measured by subsidiary R&D income. For both measures, there is evidence that debt financing is viable in low-risk contexts. Further analysis indicates different effects for joint ventures as compared to wholly owned subsidiaries. We build on the partly unexpected results to propose an expanded internalization perspective on subsidiary capital structure.
摘要本文从“新内部化理论”的视角对子公司资本结构作为跨国企业内部治理机制进行了研究。我们建立在交易成本理论的论点之上,即股权和债务不仅是金融工具,也是替代的治理结构,股权对于为不能很好地作为抵押品的特定资产融资有用,特别是在外部不确定性很高的情况下。在跨国公司内部,债务代表部分地重新引入市场机制,这种机制可以限制治理成本并加强对子公司经理的激励。但是,如果子公司拥有特定的资产,而这些资产在执行债务合同时将会损失,则债务融资可能是不合适的。利用挪威跨国公司子公司层面的面板数据,我们认为子公司注册的专利代表了跨国公司特有的非地点约束的知识资产,而子公司的研发收入代表了地点约束和子公司特有的资产。我们预测,在外部不确定性条件下,跨国公司特定资产与外债呈负相关,子公司特定资产与所有债务呈负相关。我们的假设只得到部分支持。当以政治风险为形式的外部不确定性较高时,专利与外债呈负相关。然而,我们没有发现由子公司研发收入衡量的地点约束和子公司特定资产的类似显著结果。对于这两项指标,有证据表明债务融资在低风险环境下是可行的。进一步分析表明,与全资子公司相比,合资企业的影响有所不同。我们在部分出乎意料的结果的基础上,提出了子公司资本结构的扩大内部化视角。
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引用次数: 0
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Management International Review
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