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The Allocation of Additional Slots for the FIFA World Cup 国际足联世界杯额外名额的分配
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160757
Alex Krumer, Juan D. Moreno-Ternero
How to select participants for a sports tournament when they are divided into different sets, and one should find a fair number of slots for each set? We propose to address this question by resorting to standard tools from the fair allocation literature. To frame our discussion, we focus on the increase in the number of participating teams in the FIFA World Cup. We explore the allocation of additional slots among continental confederations. We consider 10 different allocations. Based on our analysis, we can argue that the European soccer confederation (UEFA) has a solid basis to claim for additional slots.
当运动员被分为不同的组时，如何选择他们参加体育比赛，并且每个组都应该找到公平数量的名额？我们建议通过采用公平分配文献中的标准工具来解决这个问题。为了构建我们的讨论框架，我们将重点关注国际足联世界杯参赛球队数量的增加。我们探讨了在各大陆联盟之间分配额外名额的问题。我们考虑了10种不同的分配。根据我们的分析，我们可以认为欧洲足球联合会（UEFA）有坚实的基础来申请额外的名额。
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引用次数: 3
Cross-Quality Impacts of NCAA Division I Baseball and Softball NCAA一级棒球和垒球的交叉质量影响
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160759
L. Beaudin
Fifty years after Title IX, inequalities still exist between men's and women's sports. Most sport studies still fail to examine women's sports. This study explores the cross-quality impacts of Division I baseball and softball teams. The softball team win percentage is positively related to softball and baseball game attendance. However, models produce mixed results for the impact of the quality of the baseball team. Therefore, improving the strength of the softball team could increase softball and baseball game attendance, while improving the strength of the baseball team might only increase attendance at baseball games.
在第九条颁布50年后，男子和女子体育之间仍然存在不平等现象。大多数体育研究仍然没有研究女性的体育运动。本研究探讨了第一赛区棒球队和垒球队的交叉素质影响。垒球队获胜率与垒球和棒球比赛的上座率呈正相关。然而，模型对棒球队质量的影响产生了好坏参半的结果。因此，提高垒球队的实力可以增加垒球和棒球比赛的上座率，而提高棒球队的实力可能只会增加棒球比赛的出席率。
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引用次数: 0
Crowds and the Timing of Goals and Referee Decisions 人群、进球时机和裁判判罚
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231160761
C. Magee, Amy M Wolaver
This paper investigates how crowds affect the timing of events during football matches. In theory, the presence of fans influences the urgency of the players on the field, and the magnitude of this effect grows during the match. Thus, crowds should lead to a faster increase during the match in goals scored, yellow cards, red cards, and penalty kicks. We test the hypothesis using a data set including pandemic ghost games and we find strong support for the hypothesis as it relates to goals, yellow cards, and penalty kicks but not as it relates to red cards.
本文研究了足球比赛中人群对比赛时间的影响。理论上，球迷的存在会影响球员在场上的紧迫性，这种影响的程度在比赛中会增加。因此，观众应该会导致比赛中进球、黄牌、红牌和点球的快速增加。我们使用包括疫情幽灵游戏在内的数据集测试了这一假设，我们发现这一假设得到了有力的支持，因为它与进球、黄牌和点球有关，但与红牌无关。
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引用次数: 0
Outcome Uncertainty and Viewer Demand for Basic Cable Boxing 基本电缆装箱的结果不确定性和观众需求
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-02-19 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156052
David Butler, Robbie Butler, Joel G. Maxcy, S. Woodworth
We examine the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis and consider direct demand for professional boxing using a new dataset for basic cable broadcasts. Our analysis covers 103 broadcasts in the United States from February 2017 to February 2021 for Premier Boxing Champions (FOX) and Top Rank Boxing (ESPN). Using a generalized linear model, we estimate a demand function for basic cable broadcasts and place specific emphasis on adopting alternative measures of outcome uncertainty. We find no evidence that increasing balance between boxers increases viewership figures on basic cable broadcasts. Consistent with pay-per-view boxing viewership, our results demonstrate that bout quality impacts demand for cable broadcasts. Furthermore, we find no evidence of a declining viewership trend, a finding relevant to the industry given the general decrease in viewership trends for main events and pay-per-view broadcasts. Fans continue to demonstrate a preference for the welterweight division.
我们使用一个用于基本有线广播的新数据集来检验结果假设的不确定性，并考虑对职业拳击的直接需求。我们的分析涵盖了2017年2月至2021年2月在美国举行的103场顶级拳击冠军（FOX）和顶级拳击（ESPN）的转播。使用广义线性模型，我们估计了基本有线广播的需求函数，并特别强调采用结果不确定性的替代措施。我们没有发现任何证据表明拳击手之间日益平衡会增加基本有线广播的收视率。与按次付费拳击观众人数一致，我们的研究结果表明，拳击质量会影响有线广播的需求。此外，我们没有发现收视率下降趋势的证据，考虑到主要活动和按次付费广播的收视率趋势普遍下降，这一发现与该行业有关。球迷们继续表现出对次中量级的偏爱。
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引用次数: 0
The Emergence of Mixed Martial-Arts and the Future of Boxing: An Analysis of Consumer Interest and Compensation 综合格斗的出现与拳击的未来:消费者利益与赔偿分析
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156058
N. Watanabe, B. Soebbing, Tarlan Chahardovali, Yinle Huang
Despite its long-standing history as the most popular and mainstream combat sport, boxing has been confronted with increased competition from mixed martial arts (MMA) in recent decades. The dominant organization in the MMA market, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), has grown to become a multibillion dollar organization. In this article, we directly compare consumer interest and fighter compensation between boxing and the UFC to consider the economic potential for these combat sports into the future. Overall, our conclusions indicate that boxing has continued to be more lucrative as a whole, with the key factor being the presence of superstar athletes.
尽管拳击作为最受欢迎的主流格斗运动有着悠久的历史，但近几十年来，它面临着来自综合格斗(MMA)日益激烈的竞争。综合格斗市场的主导组织，终极格斗冠军赛(UFC)，已经发展成为一个数十亿美元的组织。在本文中，我们直接比较了拳击和UFC之间的消费者利益和拳击手补偿，以考虑这些格斗运动未来的经济潜力。总的来说，我们的结论表明，拳击作为一个整体仍然是更有利可图的，关键因素是超级明星运动员的存在。
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引用次数: 0
Stock Markets’ Reactions to the Announcement of the Hosts. An Event Study in the Analysis of Large Sporting Events in the Years 1976–2032 股市对东道主宣布的反应。1976-2032年大型体育赛事分析中的事件研究
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1177/15270025231156051
K. Zawadzki, Marcin Potrykus
This study attempts to estimate the impact of the announcements of hosts of large sporting events on domestic stock markets. The research problem is to establish a connection between the uniqueness of a sporting event and investors’ beliefs through stock price behavior. Using appropriate estimation windows, 13 different sporting events classified as large, including mega and major events, were tested. The obtained results show that, in principle, one day after the announcement of the host of a large sporting event, an average positive reaction of 0.22% is observed on national stock exchanges. The analyzed events were also classified as being neutral for capital markets or generating positive or negative reactions when the host country is announced to the public.
本研究试图估计大型体育赛事主办单位公告对国内股市的影响。研究问题是通过股价行为建立体育赛事的独特性与投资者信念之间的联系。使用适当的估计窗口，测试了13个被归类为大型的不同体育赛事，包括大型和大型赛事。所得结果表明，原则上，大型体育赛事举办地公布后一天，全国证券交易所的平均积极反应为0.22%。分析的事件还被分类为对资本市场来说是中性的，或者在向公众宣布东道国时产生积极或消极的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Gendered Consequences of COVID-19 Among Professional Tennis Players. 新冠肺炎对职业网球运动员的性别影响
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/15270025221120591
Michael Cary, Heather Stephens

The COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of travelling, working, and participating in public events. To test whether there were gendered differences in the response to COVID-19, we examine the behavior of male and female professional tennis players. We use data from major tennis tournaments which included a rather large number of athletes withdrawing from play. After controlling for past performance, wealth, and other relevant player attributes, we find that female tennis players were more likely to withdraw. This suggests that high-earning women may have greater risk aversion, especially related to COVID-19, than their male counterparts. Importantly, women were more risk-averse when it comes to international travel.

新冠肺炎大流行增加了旅行、工作和参加公共活动的风险。为了测试对新冠肺炎的反应是否存在性别差异，我们研究了男性和女性职业网球运动员的行为。我们使用了主要网球比赛的数据，其中包括相当多的运动员退出比赛。在控制了过去的表现、财富和其他相关球员属性后，我们发现女性网球运动员更有可能退出。这表明，高收入女性可能比男性更厌恶风险，尤其是与新冠肺炎有关的风险。重要的是，在国际旅行中，女性更不愿冒险。
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引用次数: 0
Division Play and Outcome Uncertainty in Sports Leagues 体育联赛中的分区比赛与结果不确定性
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148995
Y. H. Lee, R. Fort
The analysis of outcome uncertainty (OU) and competitive balance (CB) has been of overwhelming importance in sports economics. Surprisingly, there is little work on the impact of the structure of play on either OU or CB. Balanced and unbalanced schedules, and division play have been used to analyze biasedness of CB measures. And the impact of the introduction of unbalanced schedules on OU has been analyzed. But the impact of the introduction of both unbalanced schedules and division play on OU has not been analyzed. In this paper, we assess the impacts on OU, for given choices of CB (OU/CB) of moving to division play. This includes the impact of schedule imbalance, division strength, the number of teams, and the number of divisions. We also obtain estimates of their marginal impacts on OU/CB via numerical analysis and regression. The results are compared to OU/CB from unbiased estimators, for the case of the introduction of division play in Major League Baseball. The results suggest that the approach is useful and there are policy implications.
结果不确定性(OU)和竞争平衡(CB)的分析在体育经济学中具有十分重要的意义。令人惊讶的是，几乎没有关于游戏结构对OU或CB的影响的研究。平衡和不平衡的时间表，分工发挥已被用来分析偏差的CB措施。并分析了不平衡调度的引入对OU的影响。但是不平衡赛程和赛区比赛的引入对OU的影响还没有被分析。在本文中，我们评估了在给定CB选择(OU/CB)的情况下，移动到分组游戏对OU的影响。这包括赛程不平衡、赛区强度、队伍数量和赛区数量的影响。我们还通过数值分析和回归估计了它们对OU/CB的边际影响。对于美国职业棒球大联盟引入分区比赛的情况，将结果与来自无偏估计的OU/CB进行比较。结果表明，该方法是有用的，并具有政策意义。
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引用次数: 0
Market Efficiency and Censoring Bias in College Football Gambling 大学橄榄球赌博的市场效率与审查偏见
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-01-17 DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148991
R. Arscott
The team totals and point spread betting lines jointly predict team scores in college football games. The gambling market’s score predictions are shown to be biased due to censoring at zero points. This presents arbitrage opportunities for gamblers who place wagers on the team totals line in cases for which expected bias is high. A naïve betting strategy that exploits this bias using only information contained within the two betting lines themselves yields a win percentage of over 55 percent over the past two decades. This significantly exceeds the typical transaction costs associated with wagers, indicating the market is semi-strong inefficient.
球队总数和点差投注线共同预测球队在大学橄榄球比赛中的得分。由于零分审查，博彩市场的分数预测被证明是有偏差的。这为赌徒提供了套利机会，他们在预期偏差较高的情况下，在团队总数线上下注。在过去的二十年里，一种天真的投注策略，只使用两条投注线本身包含的信息来利用这种偏见，其获胜率超过55%。这大大超过了与下注相关的典型交易成本，表明市场是半强低效的。
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引用次数: 0
False Start? An Analysis of NFL Penalties With and Without Crowds 错误启动？有人群和无人群的NFL处罚分析
IF 1.7 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Journal of Sports Economics
Pub Date : 2023-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/15270025221148997
A. Farnell
The lack of crowds at sports fixtures as a result of COVID-19 restrictions has allowed researchers a unique opportunity to examine the widely accepted convention of home advantage. This work takes a slightly different approach, by examining within game outcomes. Specifically using play-by-play data from the NFL, this paper asks whether the lack of crowds aided a Quarterback's ability to manipulate opposition defenses. Results suggest this was the case, though effects are not uniform by home and away team.
由于新冠肺炎限制措施，体育比赛场地缺乏人群，这为研究人员提供了一个独特的机会来研究广泛接受的主场优势惯例。这项工作采取了一种略有不同的方法，通过检查游戏内的结果。特别是使用美国国家橄榄球联盟的逐场比赛数据，本文询问缺少观众是否有助于四分卫操纵对手防守的能力。结果表明情况确实如此，尽管主客场球队的影响并不一致。
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引用次数: 1
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