Zeina A.Althanoon, Loay A. Alchalaby, Farah Ramzi, Marwan M. Merkhan
Trihexyphenidyl is an antimuscarinic agent used for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic use, trihexyphenidyl misuse and addiction have been reported. Its antimus¬carinic effect alone does not explain this abuse potential. This study investigated if trihexyphenidyl pro¬duces psychostimulant-like behavioural effects in mice related to dopamine signalling. Male and female mice received 1 or 2 mg/kg trihexyphenidyl orally before open field and forced swim tests. Trihex¬yphenidyl at 2 mg/kg increased locomotor activity, prevented by olanzapine pre-treatment. It also de¬creased forced swim test immobility time. These findings suggest trihexyphenidyl has dopamine-medi¬ated psycho-stimulant properties, providing preclinical evidence for its abuse liability. Further studies on trihexyphenidyl’s impact on dopamine neurotransmission and addiction risk are warranted.
{"title":"Trihexyphenidyl has a psychostimulant-like effect on mice","authors":"Zeina A.Althanoon, Loay A. Alchalaby, Farah Ramzi, Marwan M. Merkhan","doi":"10.61873/ibtm5678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/ibtm5678","url":null,"abstract":"Trihexyphenidyl is an antimuscarinic agent used for managing motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Despite its therapeutic use, trihexyphenidyl misuse and addiction have been reported. Its antimus¬carinic effect alone does not explain this abuse potential. This study investigated if trihexyphenidyl pro¬duces psychostimulant-like behavioural effects in mice related to dopamine signalling. Male and female mice received 1 or 2 mg/kg trihexyphenidyl orally before open field and forced swim tests. Trihex¬yphenidyl at 2 mg/kg increased locomotor activity, prevented by olanzapine pre-treatment. It also de¬creased forced swim test immobility time. These findings suggest trihexyphenidyl has dopamine-medi¬ated psycho-stimulant properties, providing preclinical evidence for its abuse liability. Further studies on trihexyphenidyl’s impact on dopamine neurotransmission and addiction risk are warranted.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halima O. Qasim, Israa M. Jabber, Sami M. Ahmed, Marwan M. Merkhan
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of children's neurodevelopmental psychological disorders with ideal therapy obscure. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic medication with a unique mechanism of action that enhances dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex in turn it might executive function in ADHD patients. This study aimed to clarify the impact of aripiprazole on ADHD using a socially isolated (SI) mice model. Methods: In the current study we used early-life SI mice as models for ADHD and tested three different doses of aripiprazole on attention set-shifting performance. The socially Isolated mice are known to have impairment in attentional set-shifting. Socially housed and isolated reared mice across different doses of aripiprazole for each stage were cross-matched for comparison. Results: Socially isolated mice showed selective great deficits in interdimen¬sional discriminations and extradimensional discriminations. Aripiprazole at 3 and 6mg/kg did greatly mitigate the cognition deficits in comparison with placebo and 1 mg/kg of aripiprazole. Conclusion: The current study results emphasise the positive effect of aripiprazole on cognition. Aripiprazole has the potential to be a treatment for ADHD with a psychostimulatory effect.
{"title":"Aripiprazole cognitive effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in experimental mouse model","authors":"Halima O. Qasim, Israa M. Jabber, Sami M. Ahmed, Marwan M. Merkhan","doi":"10.61873/tozb6842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/tozb6842","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of children's neurodevelopmental psychological disorders with ideal therapy obscure. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic medication with a unique mechanism of action that enhances dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex in turn it might executive function in ADHD patients. This study aimed to clarify the impact of aripiprazole on ADHD using a socially isolated (SI) mice model. Methods: In the current study we used early-life SI mice as models for ADHD and tested three different doses of aripiprazole on attention set-shifting performance. The socially Isolated mice are known to have impairment in attentional set-shifting. Socially housed and isolated reared mice across different doses of aripiprazole for each stage were cross-matched for comparison. Results: Socially isolated mice showed selective great deficits in interdimen¬sional discriminations and extradimensional discriminations. Aripiprazole at 3 and 6mg/kg did greatly mitigate the cognition deficits in comparison with placebo and 1 mg/kg of aripiprazole. Conclusion: The current study results emphasise the positive effect of aripiprazole on cognition. Aripiprazole has the potential to be a treatment for ADHD with a psychostimulatory effect.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"112 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141665700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. T. Abdulaziz, E. Mohammed, R. Khalil, Y. Mustafa
For many years, natural bioactives have been used to treat, cure, and prevent diseases. Crude extracts from fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess a range of advantageous biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorous effects. In this study, the seeds of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum, Cr) were extracted using ethanol as a solvent and two extraction techniques. These methods are microwave-facilitated extraction and successive microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction, resulting in Cr-1 and Cr-2, respectively. These two ethanolic extracts were investigated for several biochemical characteristics, including flavonoid content, phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective effects. The first and second characteristics were computed using the colorimetric AlCl3 and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant char¬acteristic was investigated against two reactive species, named hydroxyl and DPPH. Also, the total reducing power was calculated in this regard. The anti-inflammatory-reducing characteristics of the extracts were evaluated employing three inflammation-progressing enzymes. The last two characteristics were assessed using MTT-based methodology in two malignant and one healthy cellular population, respectively. The outcomes demonstrated that the extract of microwave-facilitation (Cr-1) has the highest flavonoid and phenolic contents, as well as the best antioxidant activity. Furthermore, when compared to the other one, Cr-1 showed a greater inhibitory effect on inflammation-progressing enzymes and selectivity against COX2. At the applied concentrations, neither extract, however, had any antiprolifer¬ative effect on malignant or healthy cellular lines. Moreover, the extracts had no additional influence on the ability of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to stop the proliferation of malignant cells. However, when the extracts were individually applied with 5-FU, the cytotoxic capability of the drug in healthy cellular populations was substantially lowered. Given these findings, the authors concluded that using Cr-1 together with 5-FU may serve as a measure of normal cellular protection.
{"title":"Unrevealing the total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects of Garden Cress seed ethanolic extracts","authors":"N. T. Abdulaziz, E. Mohammed, R. Khalil, Y. Mustafa","doi":"10.61873/agnd5435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/agnd5435","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, natural bioactives have been used to treat, cure, and prevent diseases. Crude extracts from fruit seeds have been demonstrated to possess a range of advantageous biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumorous effects. In this study, the seeds of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum, Cr) were extracted using ethanol as a solvent and two extraction techniques. These methods are microwave-facilitated extraction and successive microwave-ultrasound-assisted extraction, resulting in Cr-1 and Cr-2, respectively. These two ethanolic extracts were investigated for several biochemical characteristics, including flavonoid content, phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective effects. The first and second characteristics were computed using the colorimetric AlCl3 and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant char¬acteristic was investigated against two reactive species, named hydroxyl and DPPH. Also, the total reducing power was calculated in this regard. The anti-inflammatory-reducing characteristics of the extracts were evaluated employing three inflammation-progressing enzymes. The last two characteristics were assessed using MTT-based methodology in two malignant and one healthy cellular population, respectively. The outcomes demonstrated that the extract of microwave-facilitation (Cr-1) has the highest flavonoid and phenolic contents, as well as the best antioxidant activity. Furthermore, when compared to the other one, Cr-1 showed a greater inhibitory effect on inflammation-progressing enzymes and selectivity against COX2. At the applied concentrations, neither extract, however, had any antiprolifer¬ative effect on malignant or healthy cellular lines. Moreover, the extracts had no additional influence on the ability of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to stop the proliferation of malignant cells. However, when the extracts were individually applied with 5-FU, the cytotoxic capability of the drug in healthy cellular populations was substantially lowered. Given these findings, the authors concluded that using Cr-1 together with 5-FU may serve as a measure of normal cellular protection.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141677222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Tamm, I. Mamontov, Valentin Nepomnyashchy, Olha Danylova, Kostiantyn Sokol
Taking into account that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase worldwide, secondary complications associated with this endocrine disorder are becoming increasingly common. Disruption of glucose homeostasis and hyperglycemia lead to the activation of several pathological metabolic pathways, contributing to the development of vascular insufficiency and neurodegenerative processes in the lower limbs. These processes are the causes of a condition known as diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), which requires special attention and meticulous treatment. Complications in the form of trophic ulcers of the lower limbs are one of the serious consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM) since they often lead to severe medical and social problems, including high rates of limb amputations. The purpose of the research is to investigate the redistribution of plantar pressure depending on the volume of surgical intervention in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) by measuring individual statographic parameters. The analysis of a series of parameters from statographic studies in patients with diabetic foot syndrome undergoing various volumes of surgical interventions has allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the features of vertical standing of these patients. In the course of the research, it has been revealed that as the support area of the operated foot decreases, there is an increase in body oscillation in both the sagittal and frontal planes relative to the support area. It has been proven that in cases with a normal support area of the foot, the relative body oscillation decreases.
{"title":"The impact of surgical intervention on statographic parameters of patients with diabetic foot syndrome","authors":"T. Tamm, I. Mamontov, Valentin Nepomnyashchy, Olha Danylova, Kostiantyn Sokol","doi":"10.61873/chcd3910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/chcd3910","url":null,"abstract":"Taking into account that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase worldwide, secondary complications associated with this endocrine disorder are becoming increasingly common. Disruption of glucose homeostasis and hyperglycemia lead to the activation of several pathological metabolic pathways, contributing to the development of vascular insufficiency and neurodegenerative processes in the lower limbs. These processes are the causes of a condition known as diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), which requires special attention and meticulous treatment. Complications in the form of trophic ulcers of the lower limbs are one of the serious consequences of diabetes mellitus (DM) since they often lead to severe medical and social problems, including high rates of limb amputations. The purpose of the research is to investigate the redistribution of plantar pressure depending on the volume of surgical intervention in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) by measuring individual statographic parameters. The analysis of a series of parameters from statographic studies in patients with diabetic foot syndrome undergoing various volumes of surgical interventions has allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the features of vertical standing of these patients. In the course of the research, it has been revealed that as the support area of the operated foot decreases, there is an increase in body oscillation in both the sagittal and frontal planes relative to the support area. It has been proven that in cases with a normal support area of the foot, the relative body oscillation decreases.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molecular docking simulations were utilized to determine the binding affinities of five compounds produced. These compounds were IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, and IVe. Chemicals derived from thiazolidin-4-one were designed to target cancer and human carbonic anhydrase IX (PDB code: 4M2V). These chemicals were designed to target humans. Our de¬tailed sketching of the structure of the molecules was accomplished with the help of Chem Draw Ultra 12.0. To validate the compounds produced, the S. score and Rmsd values of the compounds were examined using the Molecular Operating Environment program. In contrast to acetazolamide, the proteins of the synthesized compounds had con¬siderable binding affinities with the receptor active pocket, which suggested potential activity against cancer.
{"title":"In silico study of five new sulfonamide derivatives bearing a thiazolidine-4-one moiety: targeting carbonic anhydrase IX","authors":"Zahraa Falah Naji, Noor H. Naser","doi":"10.61873/daqo3640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/daqo3640","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular docking simulations were utilized to determine the binding affinities of five compounds produced. These compounds were IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, and IVe. Chemicals derived from thiazolidin-4-one were designed to target cancer and human carbonic anhydrase IX (PDB code: 4M2V). These chemicals were designed to target humans. Our de¬tailed sketching of the structure of the molecules was accomplished with the help of Chem Draw Ultra 12.0. To validate the compounds produced, the S. score and Rmsd values of the compounds were examined using the Molecular Operating Environment program. In contrast to acetazolamide, the proteins of the synthesized compounds had con¬siderable binding affinities with the receptor active pocket, which suggested potential activity against cancer.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"64 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Borysiuk, Mariia Shevchenko, Anna Tiutiunnyk, Polina Kovalenco, Nataliia Surtaieva
Background: Analysing the modern pharmaceutical market is crucial for making management decisions, forming strategies, and ensuring competitiveness in this sector. Aim: Determination of the impact of various economic factors of the pharmaceutical industry on market conditions and development of economically justified areas of cost formation in the pharmaceutical market. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific publications in the search databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar was conducted. Statistical research methods used are observation, index and regression analysis. The methods of benchmarking analysis and interpretation were applied. Results: A detailed examination of published works by scientists and doctors has highlighted critical problems in forming the cost of medicinal products in the pharmaceutical market. The use of medicines worldwide and in individual countries has been considered, and a trend of increasing revenue in the global pharmaceutical market has been identified. The main approaches to forming pricing models in the pharmaceutical industry have been summarised. The peculiarities of the formation of EU legislation on the registration, production, sale, and quality control of medicinal products have been highlighted. The characteristics of the functioning of reimbursement programmes in certain countries worldwide have been described. A benchmarking analysis of the pharmaceutical market economy in Ukraine and the European Union has been conducted. Conclusions: The main directions for improving pricing policy in the modern pharmaceutical market have been outlined. It has been established that the main directions for forming the cost of medicinal products are expenses on research and development, costs of goods sold and patent expenses, marketing and advertising, regulatory and permitting procedures, and market competition.
背景：分析现代医药市场对于做出管理决策、制定战略和确保该行业的竞争力至关重要。目的：确定制药业的各种经济因素对市场条件的影响，开发制药市场成本形成的经济合理领域。材料和方法：对 Scopus、Web of Science、Medline 和 Google Scholar 等检索数据库中的科学出版物进行了系统审查。使用的统计研究方法有观察法、指数法和回归分析法。采用了基准分析和解释的方法。研究结果通过对科学家和医生发表的著作进行详细研究，发现了医药市场在形成医药产品成本方面存在的关键问题。对全球和各个国家的药品使用情况进行了研究，发现了全球医药市场收入增长的趋势。总结了医药行业形成定价模型的主要方法。重点介绍了欧盟关于药品注册、生产、销售和质量控制立法的形成特点。介绍了世界上某些国家报销计划的运作特点。对乌克兰和欧盟的医药市场经济进行了基准分析。结论：概述了改进现代医药市场定价政策的主要方向。已经确定，形成医药产品成本的主要方向是研发费用、销售成本和专利费用、营销和广告、监管和许可程序以及市场竞争。
{"title":"Economic perspectives in pharmaceuticals: market dynamics and pricing of medications","authors":"I. Borysiuk, Mariia Shevchenko, Anna Tiutiunnyk, Polina Kovalenco, Nataliia Surtaieva","doi":"10.61873/zfor1179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/zfor1179","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Analysing the modern pharmaceutical market is crucial for making management decisions, forming strategies, and ensuring competitiveness in this sector. Aim: Determination of the impact of various economic factors of the pharmaceutical industry on market conditions and development of economically justified areas of cost formation in the pharmaceutical market. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific publications in the search databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, and Google Scholar was conducted. Statistical research methods used are observation, index and regression analysis. The methods of benchmarking analysis and interpretation were applied. Results: A detailed examination of published works by scientists and doctors has highlighted critical problems in forming the cost of medicinal products in the pharmaceutical market. The use of medicines worldwide and in individual countries has been considered, and a trend of increasing revenue in the global pharmaceutical market has been identified. The main approaches to forming pricing models in the pharmaceutical industry have been summarised. The peculiarities of the formation of EU legislation on the registration, production, sale, and quality control of medicinal products have been highlighted. The characteristics of the functioning of reimbursement programmes in certain countries worldwide have been described. A benchmarking analysis of the pharmaceutical market economy in Ukraine and the European Union has been conducted. Conclusions: The main directions for improving pricing policy in the modern pharmaceutical market have been outlined. It has been established that the main directions for forming the cost of medicinal products are expenses on research and development, costs of goods sold and patent expenses, marketing and advertising, regulatory and permitting procedures, and market competition.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"324 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141686548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Zervoudis, George Iatrakis, Panagiotis Tsikouras, Panagiotis Peitsidis, Angeliki Sarella, Christos Ampatzis
Gynecomastia is very common cause of a patient’s visit to a mastology office. Gynecomastia is experienced in up to 70% of mid-puberty males and in up to 65% of middle-aged men. The treatment starts with the identification of the cause, but in most cases the patient is treated with tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, liposuction or surgery. Τreatment of gynecomastia is not well standarized. In our prospective study, we examined the use of tamoxifen followed by letrozole and a clinically important reduction was achieved, when compared with those who were treated only with tamoxifen. Further research needs to be conducted in order to confirm this promising protocol.
{"title":"Gynecomastia treatment with Tamoxifen or Tamoxifen followed by Letrozole: Prototype Clinical Study","authors":"S. Zervoudis, George Iatrakis, Panagiotis Tsikouras, Panagiotis Peitsidis, Angeliki Sarella, Christos Ampatzis","doi":"10.61873/xvqy6568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/xvqy6568","url":null,"abstract":"Gynecomastia is very common cause of a patient’s visit to a mastology office. Gynecomastia is experienced in up to 70% of mid-puberty males and in up to 65% of middle-aged men. The treatment starts with the identification of the cause, but in most cases the patient is treated with tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, liposuction or surgery. Τreatment of gynecomastia is not well standarized. In our prospective study, we examined the use of tamoxifen followed by letrozole and a clinically important reduction was achieved, when compared with those who were treated only with tamoxifen. Further research needs to be conducted in order to confirm this promising protocol.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"124 42","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of alkaloids in Crassula ovata is a topic that is still unexplored, as there are no published studies on the matter. This study demonstrates the presence of an alkaloid compound (and its class) for the first time in Crassula ovata. The plant material was defatted with n-hexane, and a Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process, while the acid-base method was used for the isolation of alkaloids from the chloroform fractions. The quaternary alkaloid was precipitated from the aqueous layer spontaneously, in high quantity. By using standard spectroscopic methods (including liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy) we were able to clarify the structure of the precipi¬tated compound as a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid based on the general fragmentation pattern of this class of alkaloids and the retro-Diels-Alder reaction; a characteristic fragmentation pathway of tetrahydroprotoberberine alka¬loids.
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid from Crassula ovata","authors":"Hawraa Kareem Al-yassery, E. Kadhim","doi":"10.61873/ijzc4054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/ijzc4054","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of alkaloids in Crassula ovata is a topic that is still unexplored, as there are no published studies on the matter. This study demonstrates the presence of an alkaloid compound (and its class) for the first time in Crassula ovata. The plant material was defatted with n-hexane, and a Soxhlet apparatus was used for the extraction process, while the acid-base method was used for the isolation of alkaloids from the chloroform fractions. The quaternary alkaloid was precipitated from the aqueous layer spontaneously, in high quantity. By using standard spectroscopic methods (including liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy) we were able to clarify the structure of the precipi¬tated compound as a tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloid based on the general fragmentation pattern of this class of alkaloids and the retro-Diels-Alder reaction; a characteristic fragmentation pathway of tetrahydroprotoberberine alka¬loids.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"224 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficacy and easy access to antibiotics have led to their overuse, which allows for the development of resistance to them. This study took Babylon Governorate as a model to prove whether the above hypothesis is true or not. We aimed at exploring whether there are any restrictions for dealing with antibiotics by pharmacists in the Babylon Governorate, at identifying the distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, and at estimating the capability of the health au¬thority to control them. A total of 165 pharmacies were visited in an attempt to purchase antibiotics without a prescrip¬tion. Antibiotics were obtained from 164 pharmacies, and one pharmacy apologized because they did not have the antibiotic. Moreover, a survey was randomly distributed to different pharmacies and pharmacists asking them whether they sell antibiotics without prescriptions, and an online questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists and pharmacy students in the Babylon Governorate. The results revealed that the percentage of pharmacies that sell antibiotics without medical prescription is 98%; the remaining 2% belongs to the pharmacies that do not stock these antibiotics. We hypothesize that the main reason for this phenomenon is the chaotic distribution of pharmacies in the Governorate, and the lack of supervision by the authorities. Mapping has revealed a random distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, which is performed in an unscientific manner without taking into account whether these areas need pharmacies or not. Moreover, the lack of supervision by the Government and the health syndicates allows for antibiotics to be largely dispensed in the pharmacies without a medical prescription.
{"title":"Misuse of antibiotics in Iraq: Babylon Governorate as a model","authors":"F. Hussein, Halla M. Hassan","doi":"10.61873/slsi4403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/slsi4403","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy and easy access to antibiotics have led to their overuse, which allows for the development of resistance to them. This study took Babylon Governorate as a model to prove whether the above hypothesis is true or not. We aimed at exploring whether there are any restrictions for dealing with antibiotics by pharmacists in the Babylon Governorate, at identifying the distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, and at estimating the capability of the health au¬thority to control them. A total of 165 pharmacies were visited in an attempt to purchase antibiotics without a prescrip¬tion. Antibiotics were obtained from 164 pharmacies, and one pharmacy apologized because they did not have the antibiotic. Moreover, a survey was randomly distributed to different pharmacies and pharmacists asking them whether they sell antibiotics without prescriptions, and an online questionnaire was distributed to pharmacists and pharmacy students in the Babylon Governorate. The results revealed that the percentage of pharmacies that sell antibiotics without medical prescription is 98%; the remaining 2% belongs to the pharmacies that do not stock these antibiotics. We hypothesize that the main reason for this phenomenon is the chaotic distribution of pharmacies in the Governorate, and the lack of supervision by the authorities. Mapping has revealed a random distribution of pharmacies in Hillah, which is performed in an unscientific manner without taking into account whether these areas need pharmacies or not. Moreover, the lack of supervision by the Government and the health syndicates allows for antibiotics to be largely dispensed in the pharmacies without a medical prescription.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"285 S3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hindi, Baraa Hamid Hadi, Lubna Abdul Muttalib Al-Shalah, Ahmed Saleem Abbas
Cydonia oblonga is effective against many infections and has medicinal properties that are useful in the treatment of many other diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the antimicrobial activity (in the form of anti-adherence and anti-biofilm formation) of the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract. The biological activity of the extract was compared to that of imipenem. All bacterial isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria assessed were found to be susceptible to the Cydonia oblonga extract and the zone of inhibition ranged from 24 to 34 mm. Most bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotic, and some bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem. The adherence and biofilm formation inhibitory activities in the presence of the aqueous extract of Cydonia oblonga were found to be moderate or elevated in most of the Gram-negative bacteria assessed. According to our findings, the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract displays great effectiveness (and promise) against many pathogenic bacterial isolates.
{"title":"In vitro study of the antibacterial effects of the Cydonia oblonga extract","authors":"N. Hindi, Baraa Hamid Hadi, Lubna Abdul Muttalib Al-Shalah, Ahmed Saleem Abbas","doi":"10.61873/uauf7136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61873/uauf7136","url":null,"abstract":"Cydonia oblonga is effective against many infections and has medicinal properties that are useful in the treatment of many other diseases. The aim of this study was to elucidate the antimicrobial activity (in the form of anti-adherence and anti-biofilm formation) of the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract. The biological activity of the extract was compared to that of imipenem. All bacterial isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria assessed were found to be susceptible to the Cydonia oblonga extract and the zone of inhibition ranged from 24 to 34 mm. Most bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotic, and some bacterial isolates were sensitive to imipenem. The adherence and biofilm formation inhibitory activities in the presence of the aqueous extract of Cydonia oblonga were found to be moderate or elevated in most of the Gram-negative bacteria assessed. According to our findings, the aqueous Cydonia oblonga extract displays great effectiveness (and promise) against many pathogenic bacterial isolates.","PeriodicalId":515365,"journal":{"name":"Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics - International Edition","volume":"227 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141012751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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