Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102461
Achilleas Vassilopoulos , Marcin Adam Antoniak , Marija Cerjak
This paper presents a novel approach to structurally estimating the value of eliminating mild adverse food reactions (Value of Statistical Mild Food-Induced Adverse Reactions, VSFAR) using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), without assuming objective perception of risk or any particular functional form for utility. We showcase our method using a Forthright panel of 1,190 US consumers with some type of food intolerance and find VSFAR values ranging from 22 to 229 USD per case, with substantial variation across models and consumer classes. We also find meaningful differences in likelihood insensitivity and pessimism across consumer segments, underscoring the need to incorporate flexible probability weighting functions and account for heterogeneity in preferences when valuing food-related health risks. Because our estimates are not tied to specific food items or types of adverse reactions, they can be scaled by the expected case numbers to inform societal cost estimates for mild food-borne illness or used in marketing to quantify the effect of risk reduction on the value chain of relevant products.
本文提出了一种利用离散选择实验（DCE）从结构上估计消除轻度食物不良反应价值（value of Statistical mild food - induced adverse reactions， VSFAR）的新方法，无需假设风险的客观感知或任何特定的功能形式的效用。我们通过对1190名患有某种食物不耐受症的美国消费者进行调查，发现VSFAR值从22美元到229美元不等，在不同型号和消费者类别之间存在很大差异。我们还发现，不同消费者群体在可能性不敏感和悲观情绪方面存在有意义的差异，这强调了在评估与食品有关的健康风险时，需要纳入灵活的概率加权函数，并考虑到偏好的异质性。由于我们的估计与特定食品或不良反应类型无关，因此可以根据预期病例数进行调整，从而为轻度食源性疾病的社会成本估算提供信息，或用于营销，以量化降低风险对相关产品价值链的影响。
{"title":"Risk perception in food safety and the Value of Statistical Mild Food-Induced Adverse Reactions","authors":"Achilleas Vassilopoulos , Marcin Adam Antoniak , Marija Cerjak","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel approach to structurally estimating the value of eliminating mild adverse food reactions (Value of Statistical Mild Food-Induced Adverse Reactions, VSFAR) using a discrete choice experiment (DCE), without assuming objective perception of risk or any particular functional form for utility. We showcase our method using a Forthright panel of 1,190 US consumers with some type of food intolerance and find VSFAR values ranging from 22 to 229 USD per case, with substantial variation across models and consumer classes. We also find meaningful differences in likelihood insensitivity and pessimism across consumer segments, underscoring the need to incorporate flexible probability weighting functions and account for heterogeneity in preferences when valuing food-related health risks. Because our estimates are not tied to specific food items or types of adverse reactions, they can be scaled by the expected case numbers to inform societal cost estimates for mild food-borne illness or used in marketing to quantify the effect of risk reduction on the value chain of relevant products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102456
Ágoston Temesi , Tamás Harci , Brigitta Unger-Plasek , Zoltán Lakner , László Bendegúz Nagy , Riccardo Vecchio
The demand for kosher foods is significantly increasing worldwide, however little is known about the characteristics and motivations driving consumer choices. Applying a non-hypothetical artefactual field experiment, we explore the driving forces of Jewish and non-Jewish consumers’ monetary preferences for a kosher product and its conventional counterpart. The product investigated in the study was pálinka, a protected designation of origin spirit, well known to Hungarian citizens and widely available in a kosher version.
163 over-aged consumers, nearly half of whom identified as Jewish, participated in incentive-compatible experiments in Budapest (Hungary). Findings show that respondents who prefer the kosher spirit tend to have higher education levels, consider kosher products healthier, and are primarily Jewish, with higher Power (sense of greater power) value. Surprisingly, findings reveal that non-Jewish respondents who value kosher product attributes have a higher willingness to pay a premium compared to Jewish consumers.
{"title":"Jewish and not Jewish consumers’ preferences for a typical kosher product – an artefactual field experiment","authors":"Ágoston Temesi , Tamás Harci , Brigitta Unger-Plasek , Zoltán Lakner , László Bendegúz Nagy , Riccardo Vecchio","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for kosher foods is significantly increasing worldwide, however little is known about the characteristics and motivations driving consumer choices. Applying a non-hypothetical artefactual field experiment, we explore the driving forces of Jewish and non-Jewish consumers’ monetary preferences for a kosher product and its conventional counterpart. The product investigated in the study was pálinka, a protected designation of origin spirit, well known to Hungarian citizens and widely available in a kosher version.</div><div>163 over-aged consumers, nearly half of whom identified as Jewish, participated in incentive-compatible experiments in Budapest (Hungary). Findings show that respondents who prefer the kosher spirit tend to have higher education levels, consider kosher products healthier, and are primarily Jewish, with higher Power (sense of greater power) value. Surprisingly, findings reveal that non-Jewish respondents who value kosher product attributes have a higher willingness to pay a premium compared to Jewish consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102459
Katja Görlitz , Tim Sels
This study analyzes the gender gap in self- and peer evaluations based on a laboratory experiment. Five players performed a creative task in a high-stakes winner-takes-all tournament. The treatment without validation informed all players that evaluations that they will conduct determine who will win. The treatment with public validation additionally informed them that they can see an objective performance measure of all players (including themselves) at the end of the experiment which is irrelevant for winning. The results show that men give themselves better self-evaluations compared to women when there is no validation. This gender difference vanishes completely when providing public validation.
{"title":"Gender differences in performance evaluations","authors":"Katja Görlitz , Tim Sels","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the gender gap in self- and peer evaluations based on a laboratory experiment. Five players performed a creative task in a high-stakes winner-takes-all tournament. The treatment without validation informed all players that evaluations that they will conduct determine who will win. The treatment with public validation additionally informed them that they can see an objective performance measure of all players (including themselves) at the end of the experiment which is irrelevant for winning. The results show that men give themselves better self-evaluations compared to women when there is no validation. This gender difference vanishes completely when providing public validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102459"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102450
Rocco Caferra , Andrea Morone , Donato Pierno
This paper examines whether changes in risk preferences reflect genuine behavioural shifts or result from the elicitation method used. In a within-subject experiment, participants made initial risky choices, completed 24 unpaid learning rounds with real dice and recorded outcomes, and then made final choices. We compare four risk elicitation methods: two Ordered Lottery Selection (OLS) and two Multiple Price List (MPL) tasks. Our analysis focuses on how preferences evolve with experience, the role of reported errors during the learning phase, and the effect of method complexity (i.e., the number of potential payoff outcomes in a given lottery) on revealed risk attitudes. Results show that MPL tasks, particularly when more complex, produce stronger changes in behaviour. Participants who made errors during the MPL learning phase were more likely to display increased risk aversion. This suggests that task comprehension and cognitive load influence the stability of preferences. The findings contribute to the broader debate on preference stability and highlight the methodological relevance of comparing elicitation tools within the same experimental framework.
{"title":"Experimental methods: Learning your own risk preferences under different risk elicitation methods","authors":"Rocco Caferra , Andrea Morone , Donato Pierno","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines whether changes in risk preferences reflect genuine behavioural shifts or result from the elicitation method used. In a within-subject experiment, participants made initial risky choices, completed 24 unpaid learning rounds with real dice and recorded outcomes, and then made final choices. We compare four risk elicitation methods: two Ordered Lottery Selection (OLS) and two Multiple Price List (MPL) tasks. Our analysis focuses on how preferences evolve with experience, the role of reported errors during the learning phase, and the effect of method complexity (i.e., the number of potential payoff outcomes in a given lottery) on revealed risk attitudes. Results show that MPL tasks, particularly when more complex, produce stronger changes in behaviour. Participants who made errors during the MPL learning phase were more likely to display increased risk aversion. This suggests that task comprehension and cognitive load influence the stability of preferences. The findings contribute to the broader debate on preference stability and highlight the methodological relevance of comparing elicitation tools within the same experimental framework.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102460
Femke Cnossen , Milena Nikolova
Does experiencing work meaningfulness—defined as perceiving one’s work as personally or socially significant and worthwhile—influence employee effort? Drawing on self-determination theory, we define need satisfaction as the fulfillment of autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work. We develop a utility framework in which need satisfaction enhances motivation, lowers the perceived marginal cost of effort, and fosters work meaningfulness, which in turn increases effort. Using original Dutch LISS panel survey data, we find that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively associated with work meaningfulness, which in turn relates to higher self-reported effort and stronger pro-effort attitudes. These results indicate that meaningfulness is not a fixed outcome but one that may be shaped by job design. This would imply that organizations can boost productivity and worker well-being by creating conditions that satisfy employees’ psychological needs. Our findings contribute to labor economics by integrating motivation as an endogenous outcome into labor supply models and by providing empirical evidence on the link between meaningfulness and effort.
{"title":"Work meaningfulness and effort","authors":"Femke Cnossen , Milena Nikolova","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Does experiencing work meaningfulness—defined as perceiving one’s work as personally or socially significant and worthwhile—influence employee effort? Drawing on self-determination theory, we define need satisfaction as the fulfillment of autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work. We develop a utility framework in which need satisfaction enhances motivation, lowers the perceived marginal cost of effort, and fosters work meaningfulness, which in turn increases effort. Using original Dutch LISS panel survey data, we find that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively associated with work meaningfulness, which in turn relates to higher self-reported effort and stronger pro-effort attitudes. These results indicate that meaningfulness is not a fixed outcome but one that may be shaped by job design. This would imply that organizations can boost productivity and worker well-being by creating conditions that satisfy employees’ psychological needs. Our findings contribute to labor economics by integrating motivation as an endogenous outcome into labor supply models and by providing empirical evidence on the link between meaningfulness and effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145319919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102454
Rima-Maria Rahal
Open Science adoption may be seen as a process of normative change: Researchers must decide whether they will integrate Open Science principles into their work. Here, I outline first steps for developing a utility function, modeling individual researchers’ choices to engage in Open (OS) or Covert (CR) Research. In addition, I suggest examining economic games for their potential to partially model decision settings in which researchers operate. I argue that empirically studying the influence of researcher considerations, research environments and the academic incentive system on research norm compliance is a promising basis for developing targeted interventions and designing effective institutions in which robust and transparent research practices become the norm.
{"title":"Advancing openness in economic research through the lens of behavioral and experimental economics","authors":"Rima-Maria Rahal","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Open Science adoption may be seen as a process of normative change: Researchers must decide whether they will integrate Open Science principles into their work. Here, I outline first steps for developing a utility function, modeling individual researchers’ choices to engage in Open (OS) or Covert (CR) Research. In addition, I suggest examining economic games for their potential to partially model decision settings in which researchers operate. I argue that empirically studying the influence of researcher considerations, research environments and the academic incentive system on research norm compliance is a promising basis for developing targeted interventions and designing effective institutions in which robust and transparent research practices become the norm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102453
Annamaria Nese , Patrizia Sbriglia , Luigi Senatore
This study examines the relationship between trust, social capital, and migration decisions through theoretical and experimental analyses of how social perception influences behaviour in trust games. Small societies are more likely to develop higher levels of cooperation and trust due to closer social bonds and informal mechanisms of social control. Also, related researches on emigration in some European countries stress the negative impact of such phenomenon both on human (brain drain hypothesis) and on social capital. In this paper, we take a different perspective. We conducted a field experiment in small towns of Southern Italy (2023), recruiting both migrants and non-migrants. Our evidence demonstrates that individuals who chose to stay exhibit higher levels of trust compared to those who left their community of origin. These results prompt the development of a theoretical model in which migration operates as a social perception filter affecting trust. In this framework, the greater trust observed among non-migrants is interpreted not simply as a consequence of staying, but as a pre-existing trait that may have influenced their decision not to leave. The main contribution of this study is to build a psychological game that formalizes how social perception mechanisms interact with migration decisions.
{"title":"Go your own way? social perception, migration and trust","authors":"Annamaria Nese , Patrizia Sbriglia , Luigi Senatore","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the relationship between trust, social capital, and migration decisions through theoretical and experimental analyses of how social perception influences behaviour in trust games. Small societies are more likely to develop higher levels of cooperation and trust due to closer social bonds and informal mechanisms of social control. Also, related researches on emigration in some European countries stress the negative impact of such phenomenon both on human (brain drain hypothesis) and on social capital. In this paper, we take a different perspective. We conducted a field experiment in small towns of Southern Italy (2023), recruiting both migrants and non-migrants. Our evidence demonstrates that individuals who chose to stay exhibit higher levels of trust compared to those who left their community of origin. These results prompt the development of a theoretical model in which migration operates as a social perception filter affecting trust. In this framework, the greater trust observed among non-migrants is interpreted not simply as a consequence of staying, but as a pre-existing trait that may have influenced their decision not to leave. The main contribution of this study is to build a psychological game that formalizes how social perception mechanisms interact with migration decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102453"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102452
Christian Ben Lakhdar , Antoine Deplancke , Fabrice Le Lec , Sophie Massin , Anthony Piermatteo , Nicolas G. Vaillant
In response to the health impacts of smoking, cigarette packs with health warnings have proven effective. However, it remains undetermined whether enhancements or modifications could amplify their impact, in helping smokers to quit and/or deterring initiation. We aimed at providing new evidence on this issue by using different motivational leverages identified in the psychology and economic literature. We developed new warnings based on commitment, cognitive dissonance, empowerment and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems use. To determine which types of warnings are the most effective, we conducted an online experiment where participants (n = 860, including 335 smokers) were exposed to a specific type of warning, using conventional regulatory warnings as a control. Traditional indicators (measures of emotions, reactions, beliefs, perceived efficacy and intentions) and an innovative behavioural indicator (incentive-compatible willingness-to-pay) were used to assess the efficacy of the warnings. The conventional regulatory warnings performed at least as well as the alternative ones in almost all the relevant dimensions. In this respect, alternative warnings are disappointing, although some have a positive effect compared to no warning and may be used as a basis for complementary or targeted warnings or prevention measures in other contexts.
{"title":"‘You can quit!’: Exploring the efficacy of new cigarette pack warnings through an experiment","authors":"Christian Ben Lakhdar , Antoine Deplancke , Fabrice Le Lec , Sophie Massin , Anthony Piermatteo , Nicolas G. Vaillant","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the health impacts of smoking, cigarette packs with health warnings have proven effective. However, it remains undetermined whether enhancements or modifications could amplify their impact, in helping smokers to quit and/or deterring initiation. We aimed at providing new evidence on this issue by using different motivational leverages identified in the psychology and economic literature. We developed new warnings based on commitment, cognitive dissonance, empowerment and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems use. To determine which types of warnings are the most effective, we conducted an online experiment where participants (<em>n</em> = 860, including 335 smokers) were exposed to a specific type of warning, using conventional regulatory warnings as a control. Traditional indicators (measures of emotions, reactions, beliefs, perceived efficacy and intentions) and an innovative behavioural indicator (incentive-compatible willingness-to-pay) were used to assess the efficacy of the warnings. The conventional regulatory warnings performed at least as well as the alternative ones in almost all the relevant dimensions. In this respect, alternative warnings are disappointing, although some have a positive effect compared to no warning and may be used as a basis for complementary or targeted warnings or prevention measures in other contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102452"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102446
Vojtěch Zíka , Petra Olšová , Michaela Jánská
This incentivized laboratory experiment () maps survey-measured environmental attitudes onto behavior elicited through an effort task, enabling the analysis of both negative attitude–behavior gaps (where attitudes exceed behavior) and positive gaps (where behavior exceeds attitudes). Environmental attitudes were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm Scale. Behavior was assessed through the Survivor Task, in which participants had to press the spacebar at least once every 20 seconds to keep the task running. As long as the task remained active, it generated donations for a local project aimed at improving the environment. The experiment revealed not only the commonly discussed negative attitude–behavior gap but also a similarly sized positive gap. Although the negative gap was slightly larger, participants with a positive gap contributed three times more to the total donation of €182. Given gender differences in attitudes, exploratory analysis showed that women exhibited smaller gaps than men, indicating a closer alignment between attitudes and behavior. This aligns with our additional finding: attitudes and behavior were positively correlated for women but negatively for men. The results challenge the common belief that most people fail to act on their attitudes. Since many act better than their attitudes predict, efforts to close the negative gap may fail if the positive gap is overlooked.
{"title":"The attitude–behavior gap is not one-sided: Some do more for the environment than they believe","authors":"Vojtěch Zíka , Petra Olšová , Michaela Jánská","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This incentivized laboratory experiment (<span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>99</mn></mrow></math></span>) maps survey-measured environmental attitudes onto behavior elicited through an effort task, enabling the analysis of both negative attitude–behavior gaps (where attitudes exceed behavior) and positive gaps (where behavior exceeds attitudes). Environmental attitudes were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm Scale. Behavior was assessed through the Survivor Task, in which participants had to press the spacebar at least once every 20 seconds to keep the task running. As long as the task remained active, it generated donations for a local project aimed at improving the environment. The experiment revealed not only the commonly discussed negative attitude–behavior gap but also a similarly sized positive gap. Although the negative gap was slightly larger, participants with a positive gap contributed three times more to the total donation of €182. Given gender differences in attitudes, exploratory analysis showed that women exhibited smaller gaps than men, indicating a closer alignment between attitudes and behavior. This aligns with our additional finding: attitudes and behavior were positively correlated for women but negatively for men. The results challenge the common belief that most people fail to act on their attitudes. Since many act better than their attitudes predict, efforts to close the negative gap may fail if the positive gap is overlooked.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102451
Andrea Guido , Louis Putterman , Rustam Romaniuc
Grouping cooperatively disposed subjects with one another has been shown to slow the decline of contributions in public goods games. So far, similar findings have been obtained both when groups are exogenously formed by the experimenter and when they are endogenously formed by algorithms taking subjects’ preferences for partners into account. We designed an experiment in which internally homogeneous groups – composed of like-minded subjects – can form either exogenously or endogenously, testing the conjecture that endogenously formed groups of cooperators will outperform similar exogenously formed groups due to subjects’ decision rights in the endogenous procedure. We find that the conjecture is not supported, discussing potential explanations.
{"title":"A comparison of endogenous and exogenous group formation to increase cooperation","authors":"Andrea Guido , Louis Putterman , Rustam Romaniuc","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grouping cooperatively disposed subjects with one another has been shown to slow the decline of contributions in public goods games. So far, similar findings have been obtained both when groups are exogenously formed by the experimenter and when they are endogenously formed by algorithms taking subjects’ preferences for partners into account. We designed an experiment in which internally homogeneous groups – composed of like-minded subjects – can form either exogenously or endogenously, testing the conjecture that endogenously formed groups of cooperators will outperform similar exogenously formed groups due to subjects’ decision rights in the endogenous procedure. We find that the conjecture is not supported, discussing potential explanations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 102451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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