Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics最新文献

英文中文

Are employers happy to hire happy candidates? Happiness and Employability Sources

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102334

Arie Sherman , Erga Atad , Zeev Shtudiner

The literature demonstrates that while employee happiness has been shown to influence labor productivity, sales, and profits directly, including a happiness statement in an applicant's CV results in increased callback only for men. This paper explores gender-based discrimination through the lens of message design in impression management research, labor market practices, and happiness science. Employing a two-stage field experiment, this study probes the labor market's receptivity to the attribution of happiness responsibility in applicants. CVs with two happiness statements - corporate and personal - were dispatched to 634 job postings in economics, finance, and budgeting. Results from the within-subjects stage indicate that including the corporate happiness responsibility statement significantly elevated the number of callbacks for both genders. Conversely, the between-subjects stage revealed that personal happiness responsibility statements significantly boosted callback rates exclusively for males. These findings are consistent for three business objective factors: company type, location, and years of required experience. Moreover, the results have practical implications for both job seekers and employers in various industries.

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引用次数: 0

Lotto lotteries — Decision making under uncertainty when payoffs are unknown 乐透彩票-在收益未知的不确定性下的决策

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102310

David Schröder

This paper analyses decision making under uncertainty when payoffs are unknown, similar to a Lotto lottery. In a Lotto lottery, the probability of winning a prize is known, but the size of the prize is unknown. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to model preferences over Lotto lotteries as compound lotteries. The first stage determines whether a prize is obtained, while the second stage determines the size of the prize. Then the paper empirically analyses human behaviour when uncertainty can be described as a Lotto lottery. There is considerable heterogeneity in the subjects’ aversion to lotteries with unknown payoffs. Further analysis shows that choices of decision makers can be best explained by a combination of risk and ambiguity preferences. These results suggest that subjects treat unknown payoffs similar to known payoffs with ambiguous probabilities.

本文分析了收益未知的不确定情况下的决策，类似于乐透彩票。在乐透彩票中，中奖的概率是已知的，但奖金的大小是未知的。本文提出了一个理论框架来模拟乐透彩票作为复合彩票的偏好。第一阶段决定是否获得奖品，第二阶段决定奖品的大小。然后，实证分析了当不确定性可以被描述为乐透彩票时的人类行为。受试者对收益未知的彩票的厌恶程度存在相当大的异质性。进一步的分析表明，决策者的选择可以用风险偏好和模糊偏好的结合来最好地解释。这些结果表明，受试者对待未知收益与对待概率模糊的已知收益相似。

引用次数: 0

Expectations and social decision making: An investigation of gain and loss ultimatum games 期望与社会决策：对得失最后通牒游戏的研究

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102313

Renata M. Heilman , Alexandru Ursu , Sabina R. Trif , Petko Kusev , Rose Martin , Joseph Teal

Fairness plays a pivotal role in shaping the emergence and evolution of social relationships. The equitable distribution of resources holds significant importance. In addition to resource allocation, the distribution of losses frequently arises within business or personal partnerships. In this study, we used the Ultimatum Game to investigate comparatively how people respond to fair and unfair divisions of gains and losses. In addition, we aimed to expand current knowledge on how expectations regarding monetary divisions interact with the decisional domain. A total sample of 117 undergraduate students was divided into 3 experimental conditions after the expectation induction manipulation. All participants were presented with 30 gain and 30 loss allocation offers. Our results indicate that both the expectation regarding future monetary allocations and individual decisions when confronted with unfair offers were influenced by the decisional domain. Our study is the first one to directly investigate expectations in conjunction with decisional domains.

公平在社会关系的产生和演变过程中起着举足轻重的作用。资源的公平分配至关重要。除了资源分配，损失的分配也经常出现在商业或个人合作关系中。在本研究中，我们使用最后通牒游戏来比较研究人们如何应对公平和不公平的收益和损失分配。此外，我们的目的还在于扩展目前关于货币分配预期如何与决策领域相互作用的知识。经过期望诱导操作后，117 名本科生被分为 3 个实验条件。所有参与者都接受了 30 次收益和 30 次损失分配提议。我们的研究结果表明，对未来金钱分配的预期和面对不公平提议时的个人决定都受到了决策领域的影响。我们的研究是第一项直接将期望与决策域结合起来进行研究的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of externalities on emotions: A game-theoretic analysis 外部性对情绪的影响：一个博弈论分析

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102308

Sung-Hoon Park

We model two players’ emotions with externalities as a three-stage game in which each player can disclose their emotional information. To solve for the equilibrium of the game, we work backwards. In equilibrium, we obtain the following results. First, players reveal their emotional information. Second, the factor determining a player's emotion is the externality generated by the other player's effort—a player reveals altruism (envy) if the opponent's effort generates a positive (negative) externality. Third, when players’ efforts generate negative externalities, a prisoner's dilemma arises. Fourth, each player's effort level and payoff change according to combinations of emotions and externalities—e.g., an altruist increases (decreases) their effort levels when the generated positive (negative) externalities increase, enhancing the increase in (mitigating the decrease in) the opponent's payoff.

我们将两个具有外部性的参与者的情绪建模为一个三阶段博弈，其中每个参与者都可以透露他们的情绪信息。为了解决游戏的平衡问题，我们需要进行反向研究。在平衡状态下，我们得到以下结果。首先，玩家会透露自己的情感信息。其次，决定玩家情绪的因素是其他玩家努力所产生的外部性——如果对手的努力产生了积极（消极）的外部性，那么玩家就会表现出利他主义（嫉妒）。第三，当玩家的努力产生负外部性时，就会出现囚徒困境。第四，每个玩家的努力水平和收益会根据情绪和外部性的组合而变化。，当产生的正（负）外部性增加时，利他主义者会增加（减少）他们的努力水平，从而增加（减轻）对手收益的减少。

引用次数: 0

Does society influence the gender gap in risk attitudes? Evidence from East and West Germany 社会是否影响风险态度中的性别差距？来自东德和西德的证据

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102311

Cornelia Chadi , Uwe Jirjahn

Previous international research suggests that women are on average more risk averse than men. This gives rise to the question of whether the gender gap in risk attitudes is shaped by the social environment. We address this question by examining risk attitudes among East and West Germans. Even many years after reunification, East Germans have much more equal gender roles than West Germans. Thus, if the gender gap reflects socially constructed norms, it should be smaller among East Germans. Using data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), our empirical analysis confirms this prediction. Specifically with respect to career and financial matters, the gender gap in risk tolerance is smaller among East Germans. We find no evidence that the East German gender gap has converged to the higher West German level after reunification. By contrast, our estimates provide some cautious indications that the West German gap has narrowed over time.

以往的国际研究表明，女性平均比男性更厌恶风险。这就产生了一个问题：风险态度上的性别差距是否是由社会环境造成的。我们通过研究东德和西德人的风险态度来解决这个问题。即使在德国统一多年后，东德人的性别角色也比西德人平等得多。因此，如果性别差距反映的是社会建构规范，那么东德人的性别差距应该较小。利用德国社会经济小组（SOEP）的数据，我们的实证分析证实了这一预测。特别是在职业和财务方面，东德人在风险承受能力上的性别差距更小。我们没有发现任何证据表明东德的性别差距在德国统一后向西德的较高水平靠拢。相比之下，我们的估计结果谨慎地表明，西德的差距随着时间的推移有所缩小。

引用次数: 0

Privacy during pandemics: Attitudes to public use of personal data 大流行病期间的隐私问题：对公众使用个人数据的态度

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102304

Eleonora Freddi , Ole Christian Wasenden

In this paper we investigate people’s attitudes to privacy and sharing of personal data when used to help society combat a contagious disease, such as COVID-19. Through a two-wave survey, we investigate the role of personal characteristics, and the effect of information, in shaping privacy attitudes. By conducting the survey in Norway and Sweden, which adopted very different strategies to handle the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyze potential differences in privacy attitudes due to policy changes. We find that privacy concern is negatively correlated with allowing public use of personal data. Trust in the entity collecting data and collectivist preferences are positively correlated with this type of data usage. Providing more information about the public benefit of sharing personal data makes respondents more positive to the use of their data, while providing additional information about the costs associated with data sharing does not change attitudes. The analysis suggests that stating a clear purpose and benefit for the data collection makes respondents more positive about sharing. Despite very different policy approaches, we do not find any major differences in privacy attitudes between Norway and Sweden. Findings are also similar between the two survey waves, suggesting a minor role for contextual changes.

在本文中，我们调查了人们对隐私和共享个人数据的态度，当这些数据被用于帮助社会对抗传染性疾病（如 COVID-19）时，人们的态度是什么。通过两波调查，我们研究了个人特征和信息对隐私态度的影响。挪威和瑞典在应对 COVID-19 大流行病方面采取了截然不同的策略，通过在挪威和瑞典开展调查，我们分析了政策变化可能导致的隐私态度差异。我们发现，对隐私的关注与允许公众使用个人数据呈负相关。对数据收集实体的信任和集体主义偏好与这类数据使用呈正相关。提供更多有关共享个人数据的公共利益的信息，会使受访者对使用其数据持更积极的态度，而提供更多有关数据共享相关成本的信息并不会改变受访者的态度。分析表明，说明收集数据的明确目的和好处会使受访者对共享数据持更积极的态度。尽管政策方针截然不同，但我们并未发现挪威和瑞典在隐私态度方面存在任何重大差异。两次调查的结果也很相似，这表明环境变化的作用很小。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding inconsistencies in risk attitude elicitation games: Evidence from smallholder farmers in five African countries 了解风险态度诱导游戏中的不一致性：来自五个非洲国家小农的证据

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102307

Haftom Bayray Kahsay , Simone Piras , Laure Kuhfuss , Marco Setti , Valentino Marini Govigli

Recent empirical studies eliciting farmers’ risk attitudes through lab-in-the-field experiments have reported high levels of inconsistency in responses. We investigate inconsistencies in risk attitudes elicitation games using data from incentivized lotteries involving 2,319 smallholder farmers from Eastern Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania) and Northern Africa (Tunisia, Morocco). Our sample demonstrates high levels of inconsistent behavior, with 48 % of the farmers exhibiting some type of inconsistency. Depending on the country, inconsistencies are explained by poverty, gender, and/or the interaction of gender and level of education. We find no significant impact (negative or positive) of education alone in all but one country model. Furthermore, we find session fixed effects to significantly explain inconsistencies in many cases, suggesting that session-specific circumstances, including inconsistencies across enumerators, play a crucial role in the successful implementation of these experiments. Our findings suggest that using risk attitude parameters without accounting for the presence and the potential causes of inconsistency may lead to unreliable results. This study may guide practitioners in identifying farmer typologies more prone to inconsistent decisions and inform policymakers about factors influencing operators’ choices.

最近通过田间实验室实验激发农民风险态度的实证研究报告称，农民的回答存在高度不一致性。我们利用来自东非（肯尼亚、乌干达、坦桑尼亚）和北非（突尼斯、摩洛哥）2,319 名小农参与的激励彩票数据，调查了风险态度诱导游戏中的不一致性。我们的样本显示出高度的行为不一致性，48% 的农民表现出某种类型的不一致性。根据国家的不同，贫困、性别和/或性别与教育水平的交互作用是造成不一致的原因。除一个国家模型外，我们在其他所有国家模型中均未发现教育本身的重大影响（消极或积极影响）。此外，我们发现在许多情况下，会话固定效应对不一致性有显著的解释作用，这表明会话的具体情况，包括不同调查员之间的不一致性，对这些实验的成功实施起着至关重要的作用。我们的研究结果表明，使用风险态度参数而不考虑不一致性的存在和潜在原因，可能会导致不可靠的结果。这项研究可以指导从业人员识别更容易出现决策不一致的农民类型，并让政策制定者了解影响经营者选择的因素。

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引用次数: 0

Inflation expectations in the wake of the war in Ukraine 乌克兰战争后的通货膨胀预期

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102303

Geghetsik Afunts , Misina Cato , Tobias Schmidt

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine brought a range of new challenges to the global economy, including affecting the inflation expectations of individuals. In this paper, we aim to quantify the effect of the invasion on short- and long-term inflation expectations of individuals in Germany. We use microdata from the Bundesbank Online Panel - Households (BOP-HH), for the period from February 15th to March 29th, 2022. Treating the unanticipated start of the war in Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022 as a natural experiment, we find that both short- and long-term inflation expectations increased as an immediate result of the invasion. Long-term inflation expectations increased by around 0.4 percentage points, while the impact on short-term inflation expectations was more than twice as large - around one percentage point. These significant deviations from the central bank’s target, highlight an elevated risk of de-anchoring of inflation expectations early in March 2022. Looking into the possible mechanisms of this increase, we suggest that it can be partially attributed to individuals’ fears of soaring energy prices and increasing pessimism about economic trends in general. Our results indicate that large geopolitical shocks can have a substantial impact on both short and long-term inflation expectations.

俄罗斯入侵乌克兰给全球经济带来了一系列新的挑战，包括影响个人的通胀预期。本文旨在量化俄罗斯入侵对德国个人短期和长期通胀预期的影响。我们使用的微观数据来自德国联邦银行在线面板-家庭（BOP-HH），时间跨度为 2022 年 2 月 15 日至 3 月 29 日。将 2022 年 2 月 24 日乌克兰战争的意外爆发视为一个自然实验，我们发现短期和长期通胀预期都因乌克兰入侵而立即上升。长期通胀预期增加了约 0.4 个百分点，而对短期通胀预期的影响是其两倍多，约为 1 个百分点。这些与中央银行目标的重大偏离，凸显了 2022 年 3 月初通胀预期去锚化的高风险。在探究这一增长的可能机制时，我们认为部分原因在于个人对能源价格飙升的担忧以及对整体经济趋势日益悲观的情绪。我们的研究结果表明，大规模地缘政治冲击会对短期和长期通胀预期产生重大影响。

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引用次数: 0

Increased cooperation in stochastic social dilemmas: Can it be explained by risk sharing? 随机社会困境中的合作增加：能否用风险分担来解释？

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102309

Stepan Vesely , Erik Wengström

A potential mechanism to explain changes in cooperativeness in the presence of risk may be opportunities for informal risk sharing. Using a novel experimental design, we show that the presence of both independent and correlated risk prevents the typical decay of cooperation in a laboratory social dilemma game. Notably, this result seems to rule out risk sharing as a possible mechanism behind the cooperation increase. Exploratory analyses tentatively suggest that behavior consistent with a risk sharing account may emerge late in the game, congruent with previous theorizing of slow learning in stochastic environments.

解释风险存在时合作性变化的一个潜在机制可能是非正式风险分担的机会。我们采用了一种新颖的实验设计，证明在实验室社会两难博弈中，独立风险和相关风险的存在都会阻止合作性的典型衰减。值得注意的是，这一结果似乎排除了风险分担作为合作增加背后的可能机制的可能性。探索性分析初步表明，与风险分担观点一致的行为可能会在博弈后期出现，这与之前关于随机环境下缓慢学习的理论是一致的。

引用次数: 0

Asking for a friend: Reminders and incentives for crowdfunding college savings 请求朋友大学储蓄众筹的提醒和激励措施

IF 1.6 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2024.102305

Jason Jabbari, Stephen Roll, Laura Brugger

Given the importance of college savings and the novel technologies that make gifting more accessible, new programs have been developed to increase college savings contributions among families and friends. Backer, an online college-savings platform that allows 529 account holders to "crowdfund'' their child's education by inviting a team of contributors, is one of the first and largest organizations to facilitate such contributions among families and friends. We conducted a field experiment to examine the impact of a suite of interventions aimed at increasing both parent contributions through visual reminders and the contributions of family members and friends through account incentives. We find that visual reminders significantly increased the amount of contributors and the frequency of contributions. We find similar effects for a combination of visual reminders and relatively large recruitment incentives. This pattern of results indicates that it is likely the reminder component of the interventions, rather than the incentives themselves, that drove the improvements in study outcomes.

鉴于大学储蓄的重要性，以及新技术使赠与变得更加容易，人们开发了新的项目来增加家庭和朋友之间的大学储蓄捐款。Backer是一个在线大学储蓄平台，它允许529账户持有人通过邀请团队成员为其子女的教育 "众筹 "资金，是最早也是最大的促进家庭和朋友间此类捐款的组织之一。我们开展了一项实地实验，考察了一系列干预措施的影响，这些措施旨在通过视觉提醒增加家长的捐款，以及通过账户激励增加家人和朋友的捐款。我们发现，视觉提醒大大提高了捐款者的捐款额和捐款频率。我们还发现，将视觉提醒与相对较大的招募奖励相结合也会产生类似的效果。这种结果模式表明，促使研究结果改善的可能是干预措施中的提醒部分，而不是激励措施本身。

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引用次数: 0

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