Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics最新文献

英文中文

Legal reforms, norms, and child marriage: observational evidence on behavioral responses in sub-Saharan Africa 法律改革、规范和童婚：撒哈拉以南非洲地区行为反应的观察证据

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102499

Anne Lieke Ebbers-Pardijs, Juliette Alenda-Demoutiez, Natascha Wagner

This study takes a macro perspective to examine how age-of-marriage laws have evolved across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, and how societal norms and behavior related to child marriage changed concurrently. The literature has not found a clear effect of age-of-marriage laws on the practice of child marriage. To analyze the possible reasons for the mixed results, we combine a document and discourse analysis of 88 age-of-marriage laws in 38 Sub-Saharan African countries with trend and regression analyses performed on 3312,019 individuals aged 15–49. We show that legal changes are not associated with a systematic decrease in child marriage even when accounting for the strictness of the law and specified punishments. The primary explanations center on the discrepancy between formal and informal institutions, and how national governments and individuals behaviorally accommodate this mismatch. The analysis highlights why treating child marriage laws as uniform interventions is prone to error and demonstrates that accounting for informal institutions matters. Adapting too much to informal norms may result in limited change, while completely overrunning informal institutions may create a significant gap between formal and informal rules, equally leading to limited progress. The findings also suggest that mandatory marriage registration could help address enforcement gaps.

本研究从宏观角度考察了撒哈拉以南非洲各国的婚姻法是如何演变的，以及与童婚相关的社会规范和行为是如何同时发生变化的。文献没有发现婚龄法对童婚实践的明显影响。为了分析混合结果的可能原因，我们结合了38个撒哈拉以南非洲国家88个婚龄法的文献和话语分析，并对3312,019名15-49岁的个人进行了趋势和回归分析。我们表明，即使考虑到法律的严格程度和具体的惩罚措施，法律的变化也与童婚的系统性减少无关。主要的解释集中在正式和非正式制度之间的差异，以及国家政府和个人如何在行为上适应这种不匹配。分析强调了为什么将童婚法视为统一的干预措施容易出错，并表明对非正式制度的考虑很重要。过度适应非正式规范可能导致有限的变化，而完全超越非正式机构可能在正式和非正式规则之间造成重大差距，同样导致有限的进展。调查结果还表明，强制结婚登记有助于解决执法差距。

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引用次数: 0

Why should I comply with taxes if others don’t?: Social information and behavioral convergence: An experimental study 别人不交税，我为什么要交税？社会信息与行为趋同：实验研究

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102497

Nathalie Etchart-Vincent , Marisa Ratto , Emmanuelle Taugourdeau

This experimental study investigates the impact of social information about others’ tax behavior on individuals’ subsequent tax decisions. Two types of social information are introduced: (i) the average income reported within the subject’s entire group, and (ii) the average income reported within a reference subgroup made of either peers or non-peers and chosen by the subject. Our results show that social information significantly affects subsequent tax decisions, with a change in reported income ranging from 15% to 30% of total income on average. Moreover, the influence of whole-group information on tax behavior appears to be stronger than that of chosen-group information. Quite strikingly, a majority of subjects show more interest in the tax behavior of non-peers than in that of peers. Finally, our data provide strong evidence of behavioral convergence towards the average tax behavior of others.

本实验研究探讨了他人税收行为的社会信息对个人后续税收决策的影响。引入了两种类型的社会信息：(i)受试者整个群体内报告的平均收入，以及（ii）由受试者选择的同龄人或非同龄人组成的参考子群体内报告的平均收入。我们的研究结果表明，社会信息显著影响随后的税收决策，报告收入的变化平均在总收入的15%到30%之间。此外，整体信息对税收行为的影响似乎比选择群体信息的影响更强。相当引人注目的是，大多数研究对象对非同龄人的税收行为比对同龄人的更感兴趣。最后，我们的数据提供了强有力的证据，证明行为趋同于其他人的平均税收行为。

引用次数: 0

Misperception of descriptive norms and adoption of eco-schemes by French farmers 法国农民对描述性规范的误解和对生态方案的采用

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102496

Benjamin Ouvrard , Arnaud Reynaud

Social norms have been shown to explain the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices by farmers. In this article, we focus on the role played by perceived social norms regarding eco-schemes (ES), a new type of direct monetary compensation provided to European farmers who voluntarily adopt specific environmentally-friendly practices. Using data from a large-scale web-survey (N = 1109), we assess to what extent French farmers’ willingness to adopt ES depends on their beliefs about peers’ participation, accounting for the fact that farmers may hold wrong beliefs about what peers think or do. We demonstrate that French farmers systematically underestimate the share of peers wishing to adopt ES, and that this misperception is substantial (more than 20 percentage points). French farmers who misperceive peers’ adoption of ES are also less likely to adopt ES themselves. Finally, we show that the perceived effectiveness of the ES influences both their adoption and the monetary compensation French farmers require to implement them.

社会规范已被证明可以解释农民采用可持续农业实践的原因。在这篇文章中，我们关注的是关于生态计划（ES）的感知社会规范所起的作用，这是一种为自愿采用特定环境友好做法的欧洲农民提供的新型直接货币补偿。利用大规模网络调查（N = 1109）的数据，我们评估了法国农民采用ES的意愿在多大程度上取决于他们对同伴参与的看法，考虑到农民可能对同伴的想法或行为持有错误的看法这一事实。我们证明，法国农民系统性地低估了希望采用ES的同行的份额，而且这种误解是实质性的（超过20个百分点）。法国的农民如果误解了同伴采用社会认知系统，他们自己也不太可能采用社会认知系统。最后，我们表明，ES的感知有效性影响了它们的采用和法国农民需要实施它们的货币补偿。

引用次数: 0

Hey, what did you expect ? Confirmation bias in credence goods markets: Theoretical and experimental analyses 嘿，你还想怎么样？可信商品市场中的确认偏差：理论与实验分析

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102495

Maxime Perodaud , Michela Chessa

This study investigates how consumer confirmation bias affects expert decision-making in credence goods markets by combining theoretical modeling with experimental analysis. Using psychological game theory, we develop a dynamic two-player model in which an expert’s utility is shaped by both financial incentives and the psychological disutility associated with not meeting consumer expectations. The model predicts that experts with higher psychological sensitivity are more likely to deviate from profit-maximizing strategies to align with consumer beliefs, potentially increasing market inefficiencies. Experimental results show that the extent to which confirmation bias influences expert behavior depends on both the expert’s sensitivity and state of the world. Under conditions of high sensitivity and consumer bias, experts adjusted their recommendations to match consumer expectations, even when doing so led to suboptimal outcomes. These findings have policy implications and contribute to the literature on credence goods by highlighting the tension between expert judgment and consumer-driven expectations.

本文采用理论建模与实验分析相结合的方法，探讨了消费者确认偏差对可信商品市场中专家决策的影响。利用心理博弈论，我们开发了一个动态的双玩家模型，其中专家的效用由财务激励和与不满足消费者期望相关的心理负效用共同塑造。该模型预测，心理敏感度较高的专家更有可能偏离利润最大化策略，与消费者的信念保持一致，这可能会增加市场的低效率。实验结果表明，确认偏误对专家行为的影响程度取决于专家的敏感性和世界状态。在高度敏感和消费者偏见的条件下，专家们调整了他们的建议，以满足消费者的期望，即使这样做会导致次优结果。这些发现具有政策意义，并通过强调专家判断和消费者驱动的期望之间的紧张关系，为可信度产品的文献做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Remembering past present biases 记住过去和现在的偏见

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102484

Barna Bakó , Antal Ertl , Hubert János Kiss

This study examines a potential link between present bias and reduced memory accuracy in intertemporal decision-making. In a classroom experiment with university students, participants made choices between smaller-sooner and larger-later rewards on two occasions. The second time included an immediate option, tempting present-biased participants to choose the immediate reward. During a third visit, participants were randomized into two groups and asked to recall their decisions from one of the previous visits. The results show that participants with present bias had lower memory accuracy than their time-consistent peers in situations involving immediate rewards. Regression analysis indicates that this reduced accuracy is consistent with motivated misremembering — in which individuals recall their past decisions as more virtuous than they actually were. Robustness checks reveal that time inconsistency is positively associated with lower memory accuracy in general, but present-biased participants exhibit clearly distinct patterns compared to their future-biased counterparts. These results are weighed against alternative explanations, notably the possibility of noisy cognition.

本研究探讨了当前偏见与跨期决策记忆准确性降低之间的潜在联系。在一项针对大学生的课堂实验中，参与者在两种情况下在较小的“早”奖励和较大的“晚”奖励之间做出选择。第二次实验包括一个即时选项，诱使偏好现在的参与者选择即时奖励。在第三次访问中，参与者被随机分为两组，并被要求回忆他们在前一次访问中的决定。结果表明，在涉及即时奖励的情况下，具有当前偏见的参与者的记忆准确性低于具有时间一致性的参与者。回归分析表明，这种准确性的降低与动机性记忆错误是一致的——在这种情况下，人们回忆起自己过去的决定时，认为自己比实际情况更有道德。鲁棒性检验表明，时间不一致性通常与较低的记忆准确性呈正相关，但现在偏见的参与者与未来偏见的参与者相比，表现出明显不同的模式。这些结果与其他解释进行了权衡，特别是嘈杂认知的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

Meritocracy meets cooperative behavior in redistribution decisions 精英政治在再分配决策中满足合作行为

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102485

Cristina Cattaneo , Daniela Grieco , Claudio Daminato

The paper studies redistributive choices and tests the trade-off between a meritocratic ideal and the willingness to reward cooperation. We design an online experiment that collects information on real redistribution in favor of subjects that differ in relative performance and cooperative levels. Cooperative behavior plays a major role in making people “deserve” redistribution; furthermore, redistribution to reward cooperation is influenced by the subjects’ income. To quantify the weight of cooperative behavior in redistribution, we present a model and structurally estimate its parameters. We find that a percentage between 37% and 56% of total redistribution is driven by cooperation-related concerns.

本文研究了再分配选择，并测试了精英理想与奖励合作意愿之间的权衡关系。我们设计了一个在线实验，收集了真实再分配的信息，这些信息有利于在相对表现和合作水平上不同的受试者。合作行为在使人们“值得”再分配方面起着重要作用；此外，奖励合作的再分配受到受试者收入的影响。为了量化再分配中合作行为的权重，我们提出了一个模型，并对其参数进行了结构估计。我们发现，37%至56%的再分配是由与合作有关的担忧驱动的。

引用次数: 0

Refusing to lose: Reciprocity in complete information first-price sealed-bid auctions 拒绝失败：在完全信息第一价格密封竞拍中的互惠

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102483

Rachel Mannahan

I characterize the pure strategy equilibria in complete information, first-price sealed-bid auctions when bidders have reciprocity preferences. While the equilibria under selfish preferences persist, two additional types of equilibria arise under reciprocity. There is an equilibrium with negative reciprocity in which a bidder with a low value may refuse to lose by overbidding to win the auction. There is also an equilibrium with positive reciprocity in which several bidders collude by submitting a tying bid at a low price.

我描述了完全信息下的纯策略均衡，当竞标者有互惠偏好时，首价密封竞价拍卖。当自私偏好下的均衡存在时，互惠下出现了两种额外的均衡。存在一种负互惠的平衡，在这种平衡中，价值较低的竞标者可能会拒绝通过出价过高来赢得拍卖。还存在一种积极互惠的均衡，在这种均衡中，几个竞标者串通以较低的价格提交并列出价。

引用次数: 0

Elicitation bias in Multiple Price Lists: A field experiment 多重价目表的启发偏差：一项实地实验

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102479

Stein T. Holden , Sarah Tione , Mesfin Tilahun , Samson Katengeza

Multiple Price Lists (MPLs) or Choice Lists (CLs) are widely used to elicit risk and time preferences, yet are prone to cognitive biases, particularly among respondents with limited numeracy skills. This paper compares three elicitation approaches; row-by-row from the top, from the bottom, and a Rapid Elicitation (RE) method using random starting points; in a field experiment with 906 rural Malawian farmers. With 20 MPLs per subject, we estimate starting point and order biases in switch points using nonparametric and parametric methods.

Row-by-row elicitation from the top or bottom introduces significant bias in preference elicitation, with effect sizes of up to 0.4 standard deviations. In contrast, the RE approach yields significantly lower starting point bias (Cohen’s d of 0.08 or less). Order effects were present, but of smaller magnitude. RE also reduced the cognitive load and shortened the response time.

These findings underscore the importance of the elicitation method in experimental design, particularly in low-literacy settings. The RE method offers a more reliable and scalable tool for eliciting risk and time preferences in development economics.

多种价格表（MPLs）或选择清单（CLs）被广泛用于引发风险和时间偏好，但容易产生认知偏差，特别是在计算能力有限的受访者中。本文比较了三种启发方法；从上到下逐行，以及使用随机起点的快速启发（RE）方法；对906名马拉维农民进行了实地试验。每个受试者有20个MPLs，我们使用非参数和参数方法估计开关点的起点和顺序偏差。从顶部或底部逐行引出，在偏好引出中引入了显著的偏差，效应量高达0.4个标准差。相比之下，可再生能源方法的起点偏差显著降低（Cohen’s d为0.08或更低）。序效应存在，但量级较小。RE还减少了认知负荷，缩短了反应时间。这些发现强调了启发法在实验设计中的重要性，特别是在低识字率的环境中。在发展经济学中，可重构方法提供了一种更可靠和可扩展的工具，用于引出风险和时间偏好。

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引用次数: 0

Cognitive perspective on the self-reinforcing nature of poverty: Is subjective scarcity related to financial behaviour via the ability to think analytically? 对贫困自我强化本质的认知视角：主观稀缺性是否通过分析性思考能力与财务行为相关？

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102481

Viktória Sunyík , Matúš Grežo , Magdalena Adamus

Previous research suggests that the conditions of poverty can create cycles in which economic strain and certain financial behaviours reinforce each other over time. According to the scarcity theory, this pattern arises because scarcity depletes cognitive resources and narrows individuals’ attention to poverty-related concerns. The present study introduces a third, previously unexplored mechanism, positing that subjective scarcity indirectly affects financial behaviour by impairing analytic thinking. A representative sample of 712 participants completed a self-report survey, providing information about appraisal of their current financial situation (subjective scarcity), completing a test on analytic thinking, and responding to scales measuring financial management behaviour and impulsive self-gifting financial behaviour. Whilst the results offer limited support for the proposed mechanism, subjective scarcity was found to be directly associated with diminished analytic thinking and lower engagement in both financial management and self-gifting behaviour. These findings suggest that experiencing scarcity is not necessarily linked to impulsive financial behaviour that exacerbates financial strain, but rather to a lower tendency to pursue adaptive financial actions that might help relieve it.

先前的研究表明，贫困的条件会造成经济压力和某些金融行为随着时间的推移相互加强的循环。根据稀缺性理论，这种模式的出现是因为稀缺性耗尽了认知资源，并使个人对贫困相关问题的关注范围缩小。本研究引入了第三种以前未被探索的机制，假设主观稀缺性通过削弱分析思维间接影响金融行为。有代表性的712名参与者完成了一项自我报告调查，提供了对他们当前财务状况的评估信息（主观稀缺性），完成了一项分析性思维测试，并回答了衡量财务管理行为和冲动的自我赠与性财务行为的量表。虽然结果对提议的机制提供有限的支持，但主观稀缺性被发现与分析思维的减少和财务管理和自我赠送行为的低参与度直接相关。这些发现表明，经历匮乏并不一定与加剧财务压力的冲动金融行为有关，而是与追求可能有助于缓解压力的适应性金融行为的较低倾向有关。

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Do incentives matter in elicitation of beliefs? 激励在信念的产生中起作用吗？

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102477

Fulya Y. Ersoy

Beliefs are a critical component of economic decision-making. Since they are not directly observable, they are generally elicited through survey questions. Hence, it is important to know whether and how incentivization affects the elicited beliefs. Using an experiment, this paper tests the effect of incentivized versus unincentivized belief elicitation on students’ beliefs about returns to effort in an educational setting. Initially, incentivization significantly reduces the bias in beliefs, without impacting the accuracy of beliefs. It also reduces the frequency of round answers and increases time spent responding to the belief questions, both of which suggest increased effort. However, these initial effects on bias and response times diminish or become nonexistent in later weeks, suggesting short-lived effects.

信念是经济决策的重要组成部分。由于它们不能直接观察到，所以通常是通过调查问题得出的。因此，了解激励是否以及如何影响诱发的信念是很重要的。本文通过实验，考察了在教育环境下，激励与非激励的信念启发对学生努力回报信念的影响。最初，激励显著减少了信念的偏见，而不影响信念的准确性。它还减少了圆形答案的频率，增加了回答信念问题的时间，这两者都表明增加了努力。然而，这些对偏见和反应时间的最初影响在随后的几周内减弱或不存在，表明影响是短暂的。

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