Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics最新文献

英文中文

Experimental methods: Learning your own risk preferences under different risk elicitation methods 实验方法：了解自己在不同风险诱导方法下的风险偏好

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102450

Rocco Caferra , Andrea Morone , Donato Pierno

This paper examines whether changes in risk preferences reflect genuine behavioural shifts or result from the elicitation method used. In a within-subject experiment, participants made initial risky choices, completed 24 unpaid learning rounds with real dice and recorded outcomes, and then made final choices. We compare four risk elicitation methods: two Ordered Lottery Selection (OLS) and two Multiple Price List (MPL) tasks. Our analysis focuses on how preferences evolve with experience, the role of reported errors during the learning phase, and the effect of method complexity (i.e., the number of potential payoff outcomes in a given lottery) on revealed risk attitudes. Results show that MPL tasks, particularly when more complex, produce stronger changes in behaviour. Participants who made errors during the MPL learning phase were more likely to display increased risk aversion. This suggests that task comprehension and cognitive load influence the stability of preferences. The findings contribute to the broader debate on preference stability and highlight the methodological relevance of comparing elicitation tools within the same experimental framework.

本文考察了风险偏好的变化是否反映了真正的行为转变，还是所使用的启发方法的结果。在一项受试者内部实验中，参与者首先做出有风险的选择，用真正的骰子完成24轮无偿学习，并记录结果，然后做出最终选择。我们比较了四种风险激发方法：两种有序彩票选择（OLS）和两种多重价格表（MPL）任务。我们的分析侧重于偏好如何随着经验而演变，报告错误在学习阶段的作用，以及方法复杂性（即给定彩票中潜在回报结果的数量）对揭示风险态度的影响。研究结果表明，MPL任务，尤其是复杂的任务，会产生更强烈的行为变化。在MPL学习阶段犯错误的参与者更有可能表现出增加的风险厌恶。这表明任务理解和认知负荷影响偏好的稳定性。这些发现有助于对偏好稳定性进行更广泛的辩论，并强调在同一实验框架内比较启发工具的方法相关性。

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引用次数: 0

Work meaningfulness and effort 工作有意义和努力

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102460

Femke Cnossen , Milena Nikolova

Does experiencing work meaningfulness—defined as perceiving one’s work as personally or socially significant and worthwhile—influence employee effort? Drawing on self-determination theory, we define need satisfaction as the fulfillment of autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work. We develop a utility framework in which need satisfaction enhances motivation, lowers the perceived marginal cost of effort, and fosters work meaningfulness, which in turn increases effort. Using original Dutch LISS panel survey data, we find that autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively associated with work meaningfulness, which in turn relates to higher self-reported effort and stronger pro-effort attitudes. These results indicate that meaningfulness is not a fixed outcome but one that may be shaped by job design. This would imply that organizations can boost productivity and worker well-being by creating conditions that satisfy employees’ psychological needs. Our findings contribute to labor economics by integrating motivation as an endogenous outcome into labor supply models and by providing empirical evidence on the link between meaningfulness and effort.

体验工作意义——定义为认为自己的工作具有个人或社会意义和价值——会影响员工的努力吗？根据自我决定理论，我们将需求满足定义为在工作中实现自主、能力和关系。我们开发了一个效用框架，在这个框架中，需求满足增强了动机，降低了努力的感知边际成本，并促进了工作的意义，这反过来又增加了努力。使用原始的荷兰LISS面板调查数据，我们发现自主性，能力和相关性与工作意义正相关，而工作意义又与更高的自我报告努力和更强的支持努力的态度相关。这些结果表明，意义不是一个固定的结果，而是一个可能由工作设计塑造的结果。这意味着组织可以通过创造满足员工心理需求的条件来提高生产力和员工的幸福感。我们的研究结果通过将动机作为内生结果整合到劳动供给模型中，并通过提供意义与努力之间联系的经验证据，为劳动经济学做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing openness in economic research through the lens of behavioral and experimental economics 通过行为经济学和实验经济学的视角推进经济研究的开放性

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102454

Rima-Maria Rahal

Open Science adoption may be seen as a process of normative change: Researchers must decide whether they will integrate Open Science principles into their work. Here, I outline first steps for developing a utility function, modeling individual researchers’ choices to engage in Open (OS) or Covert (CR) Research. In addition, I suggest examining economic games for their potential to partially model decision settings in which researchers operate. I argue that empirically studying the influence of researcher considerations, research environments and the academic incentive system on research norm compliance is a promising basis for developing targeted interventions and designing effective institutions in which robust and transparent research practices become the norm.

开放科学的采用可能被视为一个规范变化的过程：研究人员必须决定是否将开放科学原则融入他们的工作中。在这里，我概述了开发效用函数的第一步，模拟了个人研究人员从事开放（OS）或隐蔽（CR）研究的选择。此外，我建议研究经济博弈的潜力，以部分模拟研究人员操作的决策环境。我认为，实证研究研究者考虑因素、研究环境和学术激励制度对研究规范遵守的影响，为制定有针对性的干预措施和设计有效的制度提供了一个有希望的基础，在这些制度中，稳健和透明的研究实践成为规范。

引用次数: 0

Go your own way? social perception, migration and trust 走自己的路？社会认知、移民和信任

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102453

Annamaria Nese , Patrizia Sbriglia , Luigi Senatore

This study examines the relationship between trust, social capital, and migration decisions through theoretical and experimental analyses of how social perception influences behaviour in trust games. Small societies are more likely to develop higher levels of cooperation and trust due to closer social bonds and informal mechanisms of social control. Also, related researches on emigration in some European countries stress the negative impact of such phenomenon both on human (brain drain hypothesis) and on social capital. In this paper, we take a different perspective. We conducted a field experiment in small towns of Southern Italy (2023), recruiting both migrants and non-migrants. Our evidence demonstrates that individuals who chose to stay exhibit higher levels of trust compared to those who left their community of origin. These results prompt the development of a theoretical model in which migration operates as a social perception filter affecting trust. In this framework, the greater trust observed among non-migrants is interpreted not simply as a consequence of staying, but as a pre-existing trait that may have influenced their decision not to leave. The main contribution of this study is to build a psychological game that formalizes how social perception mechanisms interact with migration decisions.

本研究通过理论和实验分析社会知觉如何影响信任游戏中的行为，探讨了信任、社会资本和移民决策之间的关系。由于更紧密的社会联系和非正式的社会控制机制，小社会更有可能发展出更高水平的合作和信任。此外，一些欧洲国家对移民的相关研究也强调了这种现象对人力（人才流失假说）和社会资本的负面影响。在本文中，我们采取了不同的视角。我们在意大利南部的小城镇进行了实地实验（2023年），招募了移民和非移民。我们的证据表明，与离开原籍社区的人相比，选择留下来的人表现出更高的信任水平。这些结果促使理论模型的发展，其中移民作为影响信任的社会感知过滤器运作。在这一框架下，非移民之间观察到的更大的信任不仅被解释为留下来的结果，而且被解释为可能影响他们决定不离开的预先存在的特征。本研究的主要贡献是建立了一个心理游戏，以形式化社会感知机制如何与移民决策相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

‘You can quit!’: Exploring the efficacy of new cigarette pack warnings through an experiment “你可以辞职了！”：通过实验探索新烟盒警语的功效

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102452

Christian Ben Lakhdar , Antoine Deplancke , Fabrice Le Lec , Sophie Massin , Anthony Piermatteo , Nicolas G. Vaillant

In response to the health impacts of smoking, cigarette packs with health warnings have proven effective. However, it remains undetermined whether enhancements or modifications could amplify their impact, in helping smokers to quit and/or deterring initiation. We aimed at providing new evidence on this issue by using different motivational leverages identified in the psychology and economic literature. We developed new warnings based on commitment, cognitive dissonance, empowerment and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems use. To determine which types of warnings are the most effective, we conducted an online experiment where participants (n = 860, including 335 smokers) were exposed to a specific type of warning, using conventional regulatory warnings as a control. Traditional indicators (measures of emotions, reactions, beliefs, perceived efficacy and intentions) and an innovative behavioural indicator (incentive-compatible willingness-to-pay) were used to assess the efficacy of the warnings. The conventional regulatory warnings performed at least as well as the alternative ones in almost all the relevant dimensions. In this respect, alternative warnings are disappointing, although some have a positive effect compared to no warning and may be used as a basis for complementary or targeted warnings or prevention measures in other contexts.

针对吸烟对健康的影响，印有健康警告的香烟包装已被证明是有效的。然而，在帮助吸烟者戒烟和/或阻止开始吸烟方面，增强或修改是否会扩大其影响仍未确定。我们的目的是通过使用心理学和经济学文献中确定的不同动机杠杆，为这个问题提供新的证据。我们基于承诺、认知失调、授权和电子尼古丁传递系统的使用开发了新的警告。为了确定哪种类型的警告是最有效的，我们进行了一项在线实验，参与者（n = 860，包括335名吸烟者）暴露于特定类型的警告，使用传统的监管警告作为对照。传统的指标（情绪、反应、信念、感知效果和意图的测量）和创新的行为指标（激励相容的支付意愿）被用来评估警告的效果。在几乎所有相关方面，传统监管警告的表现至少与替代警告一样好。在这方面，替代警告令人失望，尽管与没有警告相比，有些警告具有积极作用，并可作为其他情况下补充或有针对性的警告或预防措施的基础。

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引用次数: 0

The attitude–behavior gap is not one-sided: Some do more for the environment than they believe 态度和行为的差异不是单方面的：有些人对环境的贡献比他们认为的要大

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102446

Vojtěch Zíka , Petra Olšová , Michaela Jánská

This incentivized laboratory experiment (

N = 99

) maps survey-measured environmental attitudes onto behavior elicited through an effort task, enabling the analysis of both negative attitude–behavior gaps (where attitudes exceed behavior) and positive gaps (where behavior exceeds attitudes). Environmental attitudes were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm Scale. Behavior was assessed through the Survivor Task, in which participants had to press the spacebar at least once every 20 seconds to keep the task running. As long as the task remained active, it generated donations for a local project aimed at improving the environment. The experiment revealed not only the commonly discussed negative attitude–behavior gap but also a similarly sized positive gap. Although the negative gap was slightly larger, participants with a positive gap contributed three times more to the total donation of €182. Given gender differences in attitudes, exploratory analysis showed that women exhibited smaller gaps than men, indicating a closer alignment between attitudes and behavior. This aligns with our additional finding: attitudes and behavior were positively correlated for women but negatively for men. The results challenge the common belief that most people fail to act on their attitudes. Since many act better than their attitudes predict, efforts to close the negative gap may fail if the positive gap is overlooked.

这个激励实验室实验（N=99）将调查测量的环境态度映射到通过努力任务引起的行为上，从而可以分析消极的态度-行为差距（态度超过行为）和积极的差距（行为超过态度）。环境态度采用新生态范式量表进行测量。行为是通过幸存者任务来评估的，在这个任务中，参与者必须至少每20秒按一次空格键来保持任务的运行。只要这项任务保持活跃，它就会为当地一个旨在改善环境的项目筹集捐款。实验不仅揭示了通常讨论的消极态度-行为差距，也揭示了同样大小的积极差距。虽然负差距略大，但有正差距的参与者在182欧元的总捐款中贡献了三倍多的钱。考虑到态度上的性别差异，探索性分析表明，女性表现出的差距比男性小，这表明态度和行为之间的联系更紧密。这与我们的另一个发现一致：态度和行为对女性来说是正相关的，而对男性来说是负相关的。调查结果挑战了人们的普遍看法，即大多数人都没有将自己的态度付诸行动。由于许多人的行为比他们的态度预期的要好，如果忽视了积极的差距，缩小消极差距的努力可能会失败。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison of endogenous and exogenous group formation to increase cooperation 增加合作的内生和外生群体形成的比较

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102451

Andrea Guido , Louis Putterman , Rustam Romaniuc

Grouping cooperatively disposed subjects with one another has been shown to slow the decline of contributions in public goods games. So far, similar findings have been obtained both when groups are exogenously formed by the experimenter and when they are endogenously formed by algorithms taking subjects’ preferences for partners into account. We designed an experiment in which internally homogeneous groups – composed of like-minded subjects – can form either exogenously or endogenously, testing the conjecture that endogenously formed groups of cooperators will outperform similar exogenously formed groups due to subjects’ decision rights in the endogenous procedure. We find that the conjecture is not supported, discussing potential explanations.

在公共产品游戏中，将具有合作倾向的受试者分组可以减缓贡献的下降。到目前为止，在实验者外生形成的群体和考虑受试者对伴侣偏好的算法内生形成的群体两种情况下，都得到了类似的发现。我们设计了一个实验，在这个实验中，由志同道合的主体组成的内部同质群体可以外生或内生地形成，以检验内生形成的合作群体会因为主体在内生过程中的决策权而优于类似的外生形成的合作群体的猜想。我们发现这个猜想是不支持的，讨论潜在的解释。

引用次数: 0

Active choosing or default rules? A revealed preference approach 主动选择还是默认规则？揭示偏好方法

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102449

Yukinori Iwata

When should a policymaker require active choosing or use a default rule to get people to make better choices? Are default rules unjustly manipulative, even if their use improves people’s welfare? This study addresses these questions by evaluating choice architecture in the limited attention with status quo bias model (Dean et al., 2017). We first show that an axiom that justifies default rules in terms of non-manipulation is inherently incompatible with another axiom that requires that revealed preferences be respected. Furthermore, we propose that there exists a welfarist justification for the argument that a policymaker should not set a worse alternative for a person as the default option, even if he or she gets better off. Based on these results, we define act-consequentialism and libertarian paternalism as evaluations of choice architecture and discuss their policy implications for policymakers.

什么时候政策制定者应该要求人们主动选择，或者使用默认规则来让人们做出更好的选择？默认规则是不公正的操纵吗，即使它们的使用提高了人们的福利？本研究通过使用现状偏见模型评估有限注意力中的选择架构来解决这些问题（Dean et al., 2017）。我们首先表明，一个以非操纵来证明默认规则的公理与另一个要求尊重揭示的偏好的公理本质上是不相容的。此外，我们提出存在福利主义的理由，即政策制定者不应该为一个人设置一个更坏的选择作为默认选择，即使他或她变得更好了。基于这些结果，我们将行为后果主义和自由意志家长式主义定义为选择架构的评估，并讨论了它们对决策者的政策含义。

引用次数: 0

Verification and reputational concerns: An experiment 验证和声誉问题：实验

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102435

Magnus Våge Knutsen

I investigate the interaction between two solutions to the moral hazard problem in experience goods markets: Quality verification and reputational concerns. I set up an experimental market where a long-lived seller interacts with a sequence of short-lived buyers and where buyers observe previous decisions by sellers. I test the effect of letting buyers verify product quality at a cost in two distinctly different environments: One in which reputational concerns for sellers are induced by way of computerized sellers, and one without induced reputational concerns. My equilibrium analysis shows that with induced reputational concerns, costly quality verification may fully crowd out reputational concerns and lead to inferior market outcomes. However, when reputational concerns are not induced, verification can improve market outcomes. Results from the experiment to some extent corroborate these predictions. First, in the environment where reputational concerns are induced, short-run incentives created by verification almost fully crowd out the reputational concerns. Second, in the environment without induced reputational concerns, verification improves market outcomes by increasing quality and overall market surplus.

我研究了体验商品市场中道德风险问题的两种解决方案之间的相互作用：质量验证和声誉问题。我建立了一个实验市场，在这个市场中，一个长寿的卖家与一系列短命的买家互动，买家观察卖家之前的决定。我在两种截然不同的环境中测试了让买家以成本来验证产品质量的效果：一种环境中，卖家的声誉担忧是由计算机化的卖家引起的，另一种环境中没有引发声誉担忧。我的均衡分析表明，在引起声誉关注的情况下，昂贵的质量验证可能会完全挤出声誉关注，并导致劣质的市场结果。然而，当声誉问题没有引起时，验证可以改善市场结果。实验结果在一定程度上证实了这些预测。首先，在引起声誉关注的环境中，由核查产生的短期激励几乎完全排挤了声誉关注。其次，在没有引起声誉担忧的环境中，验证通过提高质量和整体市场剩余来改善市场结果。

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引用次数: 0

Moral wiggle room in the dictator game 独裁者游戏中的道德回旋余地

IF 1.4 3区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102431

Sanmitra Ghosh , Mridu Prabal Goswami , Shubhro Sarkar

This study analyzes a modified dictatorship game in which, before splitting a fixed endowment, dictators are informed about the amount their recipients would have kept for themselves had they been assigned the role of allocators. We posit that dictators will selectively use the additional information and exploit a moral wiggle room — they will keep a larger amount when they face recipients who would have behaved more selfishly than themselves and ignore the knowledge in case of more benevolent recipients. We ran an experiment with treatment and control sessions, giving dictators information regarding potential recipients only in the former. Our experimental findings support our hypotheses, which suggest that dictators’ decisions are driven not just by their idiosyncratic preferences for fairness but also by those of others. Our paper contributes to the literature on subtle contextual cues that adversely affect the prosocial behavior of dictators.

本研究分析了一个改良的独裁博弈，在这个博弈中，在分配固定捐赠之前，独裁者被告知，如果他们被分配到分配者的角色，他们的接受者会为自己保留多少。我们假设独裁者会有选择地使用额外的信息，并利用道德上的回旋余地——当他们面对比自己表现得更自私的接受者时，他们会保留更多的信息，而在面对更仁慈的接受者时，他们会忽略这些信息。我们对治疗组和控制组进行了实验，只在前者中向独裁者提供有关潜在接受者的信息。我们的实验结果支持了我们的假设，即独裁者的决定不仅受到他们对公平的特殊偏好的驱动，还受到其他人的影响。我们的论文有助于研究微妙的上下文线索对独裁者的亲社会行为产生不利影响的文献。

引用次数: 0

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