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Communication and coordination in firms:A lab-in-the-field experiment with small manufacturers in Vietnam 企业的沟通与协调:越南小型制造商的实地实验
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102470
Yuki Higuchi , Vu Hoang Nam , Tetsushi Sonobe
Coordination is crucial for effective collective action; however, it is often challenging to achieve. Understanding the factors that facilitate coordination is particularly relevant for firms that require coordinated efforts for efficient production. In this study, we conducted an incentivized four-person minimum effort game involving 45 Vietnamese firms. Although games have been widely studied, they are typically conducted in laboratory settings. This study is the first to implement the game in real firms, where we invited an owner-manager and three randomly selected workers from each firm. In this game, the payoff depends positively on the minimum effort of the four players and negatively on their own efforts. During the first five rounds, when communication was prohibited, all firms were trapped in coordination failure, with low effort being made. However, when communication was allowed, many firms achieved a Pareto-efficient equilibrium with the highest level of effort in the subsequent five rounds. Importantly, firms that frequently communicate in their daily operations were more likely to achieve successful coordination. Workers in such firms adhere to the owner-manager’s suggestions regarding their level of effort. These findings highlight the importance of communication in facilitating coordination among firms.
协调对有效的集体行动至关重要;然而,实现这一目标往往具有挑战性。了解促进协调的因素对需要协调努力以提高生产效率的公司尤为重要。在本研究中,我们进行了一个涉及45家越南公司的激励四人最小努力博弈。尽管人们对游戏进行了广泛的研究,但它们通常是在实验室环境中进行的。这项研究是第一次在真实的公司中实施这个游戏,我们邀请了一个业主经理和三个随机选择的员工从每个公司。在这个博弈中,收益正取决于四个玩家的最小努力,负取决于他们自己的努力。在前五轮中,由于禁止沟通,所有企业都陷入了协调失败,付出的努力很少。然而,当允许沟通时,许多公司在随后的五轮中以最高水平的努力达到了帕累托效率均衡。重要的是,在日常运营中频繁沟通的公司更有可能实现成功的协调。在这样的公司里,工人们会听从老板经理关于他们努力程度的建议。这些发现突出了沟通在促进企业间协调方面的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of social norms on parents’ beliefs and food choices: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field experiment 社会规范对父母信仰和食物选择的影响:来自实地实验室实验的证据
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102463
Noémi Berlin , Tarek Jaber-Lopez , Moustapha Sarr
In a lab-in-the-field experiment, we investigate the influence of social norms on 300 parents’ beliefs regarding the nutritional quality of food items and their subsequent food choices. We use a 3 × 2 between-subject experimental design where we vary two factors: 1 — the social norm provided to parents: a descriptive norm (what other parents choose) vs. an injunctive norm (what other parents approve of), and 2 — the recipient of the food decisions made by parents: their own child vs. an unknown child. Parents participate in a two-stage process. In the first stage, we elicit their beliefs regarding the nutritional quality of various food items and ask them to make a food basket without specific information. In the second stage, based on their assigned treatment, they receive specific information and repeat the belief elicitation and the food basket selection tasks. We find that only the descriptive norm significantly reduces parents’ overestimation rate of items’ nutritional quality. Injunctive norm significantly improves the nutritional quality of both, the parent’s and child’s baskets. Descriptive norm significantly improves the nutritional quality of child’s baskets only when parents are choosing for unknown child.
在一项实地实验中,我们调查了社会规范对300名父母关于食品营养质量的信念及其随后的食品选择的影响。我们使用了一个3 × 2的受试者间实验设计,其中我们改变了两个因素:1 -提供给父母的社会规范:描述性规范(其他父母选择的)vs.强制性规范(其他父母赞成的);2 -父母做出的食物决定的接受者:他们自己的孩子vs.一个不认识的孩子。家长参与的过程分为两个阶段。在第一阶段,我们引出他们对各种食物的营养质量的信念,并要求他们制作一个没有具体信息的食物篮子。在第二阶段,根据分配给他们的待遇,他们接受特定的信息,并重复信念启发和食物篮选择任务。我们发现,只有描述性规范才能显著降低家长对项目营养质量的高估率。禁令规范显著提高了父母和孩子篮子的营养质量。描述性规范仅在父母为未知儿童选择篮子时显著提高了儿童篮子的营养质量。
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引用次数: 0
Gender and neighborhood penalties in Karachi’s information technology sector 卡拉奇信息技术行业的性别和邻里处罚
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102469
Sana Khalil
This paper examines how gender and residential socioeconomic status shape hiring outcomes in Karachi’s information technology sector. Employers in Pakistan can openly state preferences regarding gender, residential location, and other characteristics, but the majority in the information technology sector choose not to do so. This creates an opportunity to examine whether discrimination persists when such biases are not explicitly stated.
An analysis of explicitly gender-targeted job ads shows that men are preferred over women across most occupations, even in traditionally pink-collar roles. Moreover, results from a resume audit experiment, submitting 2,032 applications to 508 full-time job openings, show that men receive more callbacks for job interviews than women, even in the absence of explicit gender preferences in job ads.
The study also indicates a significant premium favoring candidates from high-income areas, who receive 45 % more callbacks than applicants from low-income neighborhoods. This advantage remains robust even after controlling for commuting distance.
Qualitative interviews with human resource officials suggest that employers associate productivity with both gender and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Residential address acts as a proxy for class background and signals education, skills, and perceived “fit” in professional settings. These perceptions may reinforce stereotypes, disadvantaging women and candidates from low-income backgrounds.
本文考察了性别和居民社会经济地位如何影响卡拉奇信息技术部门的招聘结果。巴基斯坦的雇主可以公开表示对性别、居住地和其他特征的偏好,但信息技术行业的大多数雇主选择不这样做。这就创造了一个机会,可以检查在没有明确说明这种偏见的情况下,歧视是否仍然存在。一项对明确针对性别的招聘广告的分析表明,在大多数职业中,男性比女性更受青睐,即使是在传统的粉领岗位上。此外,一项针对508个全职职位空缺提交了2032份简历的简历审核实验的结果表明,即使在招聘广告中没有明确的性别偏好,男性也比女性获得更多的面试机会。研究还表明,高收入地区的求职者获得的面试机会比低收入地区的求职者多45%。即使在控制了通勤距离之后,这种优势仍然很强。与人力资源官员的定性访谈表明,雇主将生产力与性别和社区社会经济地位联系起来。居住地址作为阶级背景的代表,标志着教育、技能和对专业环境的“适应”。这些观念可能会强化刻板印象,使女性和低收入背景的候选人处于不利地位。
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引用次数: 0
The relationship between household debt and the Big Five personality traits 家庭债务与五大人格特征之间的关系
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102468
Taehyun Lee , Almas Heshmati
This study investigates the relationship between household debt and the Big Five personality traits using data from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Study. The extensive and intensive margins of debt participation are analyzed through regression analysis. To address potential sample selection bias from non-random missing data, a Heckman selection model is employed. The results indicate that openness is negatively associated with the probability of debt-holding, while conscientiousness is positively associated. To enhance causal interpretation, panel models are additionally estimated, treating personality traits as predetermined. While personality traits do not significantly predict year-on-year changes in debt amounts, they remain a relevant predictor of debt participation. These findings suggest that personality-based financial profiling may help identify households more prone to incurring debt. The results are interpreted in the light of South Korea’s cultural context, particularly the influence of Chemyeon (social face), and compared with findings from Western societies.
本研究使用韩国劳动和收入小组研究的数据来调查家庭债务与五大人格特征之间的关系。通过回归分析,分析了债务参与的粗放型边际和集约型边际。为了解决非随机缺失数据的潜在样本选择偏差,采用了Heckman选择模型。结果表明,开放性与持有债务的可能性呈负相关,而严谨性与持有债务的可能性呈正相关。为了加强因果解释,面板模型被额外估计,将人格特征视为预先确定的。虽然人格特征不能显著预测债务金额的逐年变化,但它们仍然是债务参与的相关预测因素。这些发现表明,基于个性的财务分析可能有助于识别更容易负债的家庭。研究结果是根据韩国的文化背景,特别是社会面孔的影响来解释的,并与西方社会的研究结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating behavioural strategies for environmental cooperation: Evidence from a public goods game 评估环境合作的行为策略:来自公共产品博弈的证据
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102464
Valeria Faralla , Alessandro Innocenti
In a laboratory experiment, this study investigates the effectiveness of different behavioural interventions designed to promote climate-friendly behaviours within the framework of a public good game. The results show that educative nudging, which involves providing information-based cues to encourage contribution levels, significantly increased participant cooperation levels. In contrast, non-educative nudges, a classical default option, and boosting techniques proved less effective in fostering collaborative behaviour. While participants generally perceived educational interventions favourably, their acceptability declined when considering real-life applications, and the acceptability of nudging/boosting instruments in experimental and real-life contexts was not significant in terms of contributions to the game. The study also finds that individuals with stronger environmental values were more inclined to contribute to the public good. These results underscore the importance of effectiveness and ethical concerns regarding the acceptability of behavioural interventions in decision-making, suggesting the need for further research to refine these approaches and enhance their long-term impact in real-world settings.
在一项实验室实验中,本研究调查了旨在促进公共利益博弈框架内气候友好行为的不同行为干预措施的有效性。结果表明,通过提供基于信息的提示来鼓励贡献水平的教育性推动显著提高了参与者的合作水平。相比之下,非教育性的推动(一种经典的默认选择)和促进技术在培养合作行为方面被证明效果较差。虽然参与者普遍认为教育干预是有利的,但当考虑到现实生活中的应用时,他们的可接受性就会下降,而在实验和现实环境中,轻推/促进工具的可接受性在对游戏的贡献方面并不显著。研究还发现,具有更强环境价值观的个人更倾向于为公共利益做出贡献。这些结果强调了决策中行为干预的有效性和可接受性的伦理问题的重要性,表明需要进一步研究以完善这些方法并增强其在现实环境中的长期影响。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived agency and paternalism: Increasing support for people with substance use disorder 感知代理和家长式作风:增加对物质使用障碍患者的支持
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102465
Madison Ashworth , Linda Thunström , Klaas van't Veld , Robin A. Thompson , David Johnson
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a public health and economic crisis in the United States, yet funding for recovery services remains limited. We designed an experiment to examine whether presenting people in SUD recovery as having high or low agency impacts how much donors give in support of SUD recovery, and how donors allocate donations across paternalistic and non-paternalistic aid. Participants in our experiment could donate up to $100 to paternalistic and non-paternalistic SUD recovery support (aid to a recovery house and direct aid to those with SUD, respectively). We found that participants donated about $40 to SUD recovery, of which two-thirds was allocated to recovery houses (paternalistic aid). Both the low and high agency treatments increased recovery house donations, and the high agency treatment significantly increased overall donation amounts. In a follow-up experiment, we tested two additional treatments to rule out alternative explanations (besides agency) for our treatment effects, namely empathy towards residents (tested for by eliminating the description of the residents) and perceived recovery housing effectiveness (tested for by using an agency neutral description). The follow-up experiment replicated the main findings and the agency neutral treatment weakly increased overall donations in support of SUD recovery. These findings suggest that donors have strong preferences for providing paternalistic rather than non-paternalistic aid when supporting a stigmatized population. They also suggest that communicating characteristics of a stigmatized population may help increase donations, particularly if beneficiaries’ positive characteristics (such as agency) are emphasized and donors have the option to provide paternalistic aid.
物质使用障碍(SUD)是美国的公共卫生和经济危机,但用于康复服务的资金仍然有限。我们设计了一项实验,以检验在SUD恢复中呈现的人是否具有高或低的代理影响,捐赠者为SUD恢复提供的支持数量,以及捐赠者如何在家长式和非家长式援助中分配捐赠。在我们的实验中,参与者可以为家长式和非家长式的SUD康复支持捐赠高达100美元(分别援助康复中心和直接援助患有SUD的人)。我们发现参与者为SUD的恢复捐赠了大约40美元,其中三分之二分配给了恢复机构(家长式援助)。低代理和高代理处理均增加了回收房屋捐赠,高代理处理显著增加了总体捐赠金额。在后续实验中,我们测试了两种额外的治疗方法,以排除治疗效果的其他解释(除了机构),即对居民的共情(通过消除对居民的描述来测试)和感知恢复住房有效性(通过使用机构中性描述来测试)。后续实验重复了主要发现,代理中立治疗微弱地增加了支持SUD恢复的总体捐赠。这些发现表明,在支持受歧视人群时,捐助者更倾向于提供家长式的援助,而不是非家长式的援助。他们还认为,受歧视人群的沟通特征可能有助于增加捐赠,特别是如果强调受益人的积极特征(如代理),捐赠者可以选择提供家长式的援助。
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引用次数: 0
Search costs, choice overload, and intermediary deviation: Barriers to optimal insurance choices in multi-distribution channel setting 搜索成本、选择过载和中介偏差:多分销渠道下最优保险选择的障碍
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102458
Claire Mouminoux , Jean-Louis Rullière , Stéphane Loisel
This paper explores the challenges that insurance purchasers face when selecting from multiple distribution channels and their impact on insurance demand optimality. It investigates the choice between independently assessing various insurance contracts or relying on potentially dishonest intermediaries. We use a lab experiment mimicking real-world insurance distribution channels with varying informational frameworks, where information is gathered in exchange for search costs. Search costs deter some individuals from thorough exploration, preventing them from finding optimal contracts. However, suboptimality in choices also arises for those exploring extensively, due to choice overload. Lastly, some individuals prefer to delegate to intermediaries, but intermediaries are likely to deviate from optimal advice due to their own financial incentives. Overall, we find that brokers yield the highest rate of optimal choices, but these choices also come at a higher cost.
本文探讨了保险购买者在选择多个分销渠道时所面临的挑战及其对保险需求最优性的影响。它调查了独立评估各种保险合同或依赖可能不诚实的中介机构之间的选择。我们使用了一个实验室实验,模拟了现实世界中具有不同信息框架的保险分销渠道,其中收集信息以换取搜索成本。搜索成本阻碍了一些人进行彻底的探索,使他们无法找到最优契约。然而,由于选择过载,对于那些广泛探索的人来说,选择中的次优性也会出现。最后,一些个人倾向于委托给中介机构,但中介机构可能由于自身的经济激励而偏离最佳建议。总的来说,我们发现经纪人的最优选择率最高,但这些选择的成本也更高。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the peer effects on willingness to pay for low-carbon food: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial 评估对低碳食品支付意愿的同伴效应:来自随机对照试验的证据
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102462
Xinyu Wang, Yinyu Zhao, Zemiao Xi
Food consumption is one of the main sources of global carbon emissions, and promoting low-carbon food consumption is seen as a key strategy for sustainable development. This study conducted a randomized controlled trial with 1388 Chinese university students in 2024, using the contingent valuation method and interval regression model to explore how peer effects affect consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for low-carbon milk. The study reveals an asymmetric peer effect on WTP for low-carbon milk, with positive influence being more pronounced than negative. The information intervention enhanced the positive peer effect and mitigated the negative peer effect, but stand-alone information showed no significant impact. Heterogeneous effects were observed across SN levels. Given that peer effects may be an essential driver of low-carbon food consumption, it is recommended that public policy consider its catalytic role.
食品消费是全球碳排放的主要来源之一,促进低碳食品消费被视为可持续发展的关键战略。本研究于2024年对1388名中国大学生进行随机对照试验,运用条件评估法和区间回归模型,探讨同伴效应对低碳牛奶消费者支付意愿的影响。该研究揭示了低碳牛奶WTP的不对称同伴效应,积极影响比消极影响更明显。信息干预增强了积极同伴效应,减轻了消极同伴效应,而独立信息干预没有显著影响。在不同SN水平上观察到异质性效应。鉴于同伴效应可能是低碳食品消费的重要驱动因素,建议公共政策考虑其催化作用。
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引用次数: 0
The honest (electricity) thief—Experimental evidence on the relationship between electricity theft and social norms 诚实(电)贼——电盗窃与社会规范关系的实验证据
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102457
Esther Schuch , Maria Apergi , Luis Correa Lindarte
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim for universal access to affordable and reliable clean energy by 2030, but especially in rural areas this has not been achieved yet. Small scale electricity theft is one of the major obstacles to achieving electrification access in many countries of the Global South. Electricity theft has been associated with a number of different factors such as poverty, quality of electricity services, and social norms. Electricity theft causes problems that not only affect the electricity providers but have negative effects on whole communities. Combating electricity theft effectively requires a better understanding of the underlying causes. To analyse the role of dishonesty in electricity theft, we use the die-in-a-cup game to establish the prevalence of dishonest behaviour within Puebloviejo, Magdalena, a community in Colombia. We combine the game with a survey-based social norm elicitation to identify the predominant social norms. We find that acceptance of electricity theft is conditional on the reason, with poverty being the justification with the highest support. We find clear differences of dishonesty between people condoning or opposing electricity theft, with people condoning electricity theft being more honest.
可持续发展目标(sdg)旨在到2030年普及负担得起和可靠的清洁能源,但这一目标在农村地区尚未实现。小规模的电力盗窃是全球南方许多国家实现电气化的主要障碍之一。电力盗窃与许多不同的因素有关,如贫困、电力服务质量和社会规范。电力盗窃不仅会影响电力供应商,还会对整个社区产生负面影响。有效打击窃电行为需要更好地了解其根本原因。为了分析不诚实在电力盗窃中的作用,我们使用“杯中死亡”游戏来确定哥伦比亚马格达莱纳普韦布洛维耶霍社区中不诚实行为的普遍程度。我们将游戏与基于调查的社会规范启发结合起来,以确定主要的社会规范。我们发现,对窃电行为的接受是有条件的,其中贫困是支持度最高的正当理由。我们发现,容忍和反对偷电的人在不诚实方面存在明显差异,容忍偷电的人更诚实。
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引用次数: 0
Return intentions of Ukrainian refugees: The role of national identity and pride 乌克兰难民的回归意向:民族认同与自豪感的作用
IF 1.4 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102455
Volodymyr Vakhitov , Nataliia Zaika , Serhiy Kandul
The war in Ukraine has displaced over 6.4 million Ukrainians to neighboring countries. This study investigates the return intentions of Ukrainian refugees, focusing on national identity and pride as psychological factors. Using a large-scale experimental survey, we examined how increasing the salience of these factors affects return decisions. Our findings show that making national identity more salient slightly increases the desire to return, while making pride more salient decreases it, particularly among those with lower pride levels. These results suggest that interventions enhancing national identity could promote return migration, but pride-based strategies should be used cautiously. The study contributes to the literature on forced displacement and identity economics, providing policy insights for facilitating the return of war refugees.
乌克兰的战争使640多万乌克兰人流离失所,逃往邻国。本研究探讨乌克兰难民的返乡意向,重点探讨民族认同和自豪感作为心理因素。通过大规模的实验调查,我们研究了增加这些因素的显著性如何影响回报决策。我们的研究结果表明,让国家认同变得更加突出会略微增加回国的愿望,而让自豪感变得更加突出则会降低这种愿望,尤其是在那些自豪感水平较低的人群中。这些结果表明,加强国家认同的干预措施可以促进回迁,但应谨慎使用基于自豪感的策略。该研究为被迫流离失所和身份经济学的文献做出了贡献,为促进战争难民的回归提供了政策见解。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics
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