Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102368
Debin Zheng , Yulin Long , Yuehua Wei , Zhenyu Cai , Zhiwen Cheng , Changlin Ao
Compared with the traditional utility maximization decision mechanism in choice experiments, the role of anticipated regret in choosing air pollution treatment policies has received limited attention, especially when respondent uncertainty is considered. This study explores the importance of the regret mechanism compared with the traditional utility mechanism while accounting for respondent uncertainty. The preference characteristics between the two classes of respondents who follow different decision mechanisms are examined. Moreover, the impact of neglecting respondent uncertainty on the assessment of public preferences and willingness to pay is analyzed. Results suggest that a regret-based behavioral framework is more appropriate for explaining the public's choice of air pollution treatment policies compared to a traditional utility-based framework. Anticipated regret is the main driver influencing the public's choice behavior. There is obvious heterogeneity in the preferences for air pollution treatment between the two classes of respondents who follow different decision mechanisms. Notably, ignoring respondent uncertainty leads to distortions in the willingness-to-pay estimates of attributes.
{"title":"Anticipated regret and respondent uncertainty in assessing public preferences for air pollution treatment policies: A choice experiment","authors":"Debin Zheng , Yulin Long , Yuehua Wei , Zhenyu Cai , Zhiwen Cheng , Changlin Ao","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with the traditional utility maximization decision mechanism in choice experiments, the role of anticipated regret in choosing air pollution treatment policies has received limited attention, especially when respondent uncertainty is considered. This study explores the importance of the regret mechanism compared with the traditional utility mechanism while accounting for respondent uncertainty. The preference characteristics between the two classes of respondents who follow different decision mechanisms are examined. Moreover, the impact of neglecting respondent uncertainty on the assessment of public preferences and willingness to pay is analyzed. Results suggest that a regret-based behavioral framework is more appropriate for explaining the public's choice of air pollution treatment policies compared to a traditional utility-based framework. Anticipated regret is the main driver influencing the public's choice behavior. There is obvious heterogeneity in the preferences for air pollution treatment between the two classes of respondents who follow different decision mechanisms. Notably, ignoring respondent uncertainty leads to distortions in the willingness-to-pay estimates of attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102367
Stephen L. Cheung , Vindesh Nadan
We study anticipatory changes in confidence and risk preference aroused by the prospect of future competition. Participants in our treatment group are told they will later participate in a tournament, while those in the control group are told they will work for a piece rate. Beliefs over relative ability and risk attitudes are measured prior to this prospective task. We find no anticipatory effect on confidence in relative ability, but a significant effect on risk preference. Specifically, the treatment increases risk aversion in males, but not in females, such that the conventional gender difference in risk preference is neutralized.
{"title":"Anticipatory effects of competition on confidence and risk preference","authors":"Stephen L. Cheung , Vindesh Nadan","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study anticipatory changes in confidence and risk preference aroused by the prospect of future competition. Participants in our treatment group are told they will later participate in a tournament, while those in the control group are told they will work for a piece rate. Beliefs over relative ability and risk attitudes are measured prior to this prospective task. We find no anticipatory effect on confidence in relative ability, but a significant effect on risk preference. Specifically, the treatment increases risk aversion in males, but not in females, such that the conventional gender difference in risk preference is neutralized.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102367"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-25DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102365
Karl Overdick
This paper analyses the effect of happiness on an objective measure of willingness to compete (WTC). It conducts two online experiments on 895 respondents with real-effort tasks eliciting WTC for different levels of happiness. Happiness shows no significant effect despite sufficient statistical power. I provide an explanation for the lack of an effect by analysing behavioural preferences as mediators. WTC is highly correlated with subjective competitiveness and task confidence. Happiness does not change these subjective attitudes towards competition or toward task completion (the answer to being asked how competitive one is or to how many tasks one will be able to do). In contrast, gender as a well-established factor shifts both subjective and objective WTC significantly.
{"title":"Happiness and willingness to compete","authors":"Karl Overdick","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper analyses the effect of happiness on an objective measure of willingness to compete (WTC). It conducts two online experiments on 895 respondents with real-effort tasks eliciting WTC for different levels of happiness. Happiness shows no significant effect despite sufficient statistical power. I provide an explanation for the lack of an effect by analysing behavioural preferences as mediators. WTC is highly correlated with subjective competitiveness and task confidence. Happiness does not change these subjective attitudes towards competition or toward task completion (the answer to being asked how competitive one is or to how many tasks one will be able to do). In contrast, gender as a well-established factor shifts both subjective and objective WTC significantly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102366
Ahmed Bouteska , Taimur Sharif , Petr Hajek , Mohammad Zoynul Abedin
This study investigates the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to forecast the one-day-ahead closing price of the US and G7 indices, and makes an extended analysis of three distinct periods, namely, the pre-2008 financial crisis (2003–2007), post-crisis recovery (2009–2016), and recent economic uncertainty (2017–2022). Unlike the traditional predictive approaches, our model distinguishes itself by utilizing a hybrid ANN-based architecture that integrates variable selection and forecasting stages. The proposed model consists of two main parts: selecting relevant input variables and developing a forecasting model. In the first part, an ANN-based variable selection model is utilized to identify significant input variables based on historical market conditions that reflect economic and psychological influences over the study period. These inputs are then refined by eliminating variables with low contributions, resulting in improved model performance. In the second part, we evaluate the impact of different training algorithms, hidden layer sizes, and training data distributions on the ANN's forecasting accuracy. The findings demonstrate that ANNs can effectively forecast the S&P 500 index's and G7 indices’ prices with high accuracy, particularly when employing the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with a simplified model architecture. Moreover, the expanded dataset covering three distinct periods has enabled us to test the model's stability and generalization across diverse market volatility and structural conditions. The study highlights the critical role of data volume in enhancing the model's performance, confirming that extensive training data is essential for capturing the complex dynamics of market behavior.
本研究调查了人工神经网络（ANN）在预测美国和七国集团指数前一日收盘价中的应用，并对三个不同时期进行了扩展分析，即 2008 年金融危机前（2003-2007 年）、危机后复苏（2009-2016 年）和近期经济不确定性（2017-2022 年）。与传统的预测方法不同，我们的模型采用基于混合 ANN 的架构，将变量选择和预测阶段整合在一起，从而与众不同。所提出的模型包括两个主要部分：选择相关输入变量和开发预测模型。在第一部分中，利用基于 ANN 的变量选择模型，根据历史市场条件确定重要的输入变量，这些条件反映了研究期间的经济和心理影响。然后，通过剔除贡献率低的变量来完善这些输入变量，从而提高模型性能。在第二部分，我们评估了不同训练算法、隐层大小和训练数据分布对 ANN 预测准确性的影响。研究结果表明，ANN 可以有效地预测 S&P 500 指数和 G7 指数的价格，尤其是在采用 Levenberg-Marquardt 算法和简化模型结构的情况下，预测准确率更高。此外，覆盖三个不同时期的扩展数据集使我们能够测试模型在不同市场波动和结构条件下的稳定性和泛化能力。这项研究强调了数据量在提高模型性能方面的关键作用，证实了广泛的训练数据对于捕捉市场行为的复杂动态至关重要。
{"title":"Predicting prices of the US and G7 stock indices in uncertain times: Evidence from the application of a hybrid neural network","authors":"Ahmed Bouteska , Taimur Sharif , Petr Hajek , Mohammad Zoynul Abedin","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to forecast the one-day-ahead closing price of the US and G7 indices, and makes an extended analysis of three distinct periods, namely, the pre-2008 financial crisis (2003–2007), post-crisis recovery (2009–2016), and recent economic uncertainty (2017–2022). Unlike the traditional predictive approaches, our model distinguishes itself by utilizing a hybrid ANN-based architecture that integrates variable selection and forecasting stages. The proposed model consists of two main parts: selecting relevant input variables and developing a forecasting model. In the first part, an ANN-based variable selection model is utilized to identify significant input variables based on historical market conditions that reflect economic and psychological influences over the study period. These inputs are then refined by eliminating variables with low contributions, resulting in improved model performance. In the second part, we evaluate the impact of different training algorithms, hidden layer sizes, and training data distributions on the ANN's forecasting accuracy. The findings demonstrate that ANNs can effectively forecast the S&P 500 index's and G7 indices’ prices with high accuracy, particularly when employing the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with a simplified model architecture. Moreover, the expanded dataset covering three distinct periods has enabled us to test the model's stability and generalization across diverse market volatility and structural conditions. The study highlights the critical role of data volume in enhancing the model's performance, confirming that extensive training data is essential for capturing the complex dynamics of market behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102363
Mark Schneider , Cary Deck , Patrick DeJarnette
We apply salience theory to choices over lotteries with multiple dimensions, such as insurance plans with deductibles and premiums, or monetary and non-monetary rewards. We show that salience theory can explain empirically observed dominated choices with large welfare costs to consumers (the selection of dominated insurance plans with low deductibles, dominated energy plans with a cancellation fee, and dominated consumption bundles with free features). The same framework also addresses a basic empirical puzzle in principal–agent problems: the effectiveness of non-monetary incentives over equivalent-in-value monetary incentives. Our results show that these systematically dominated choices documented in markets emerge from the same basic principles of salience perception that generate dominated choices in the laboratory.
{"title":"Salience perception and dominated choices in contracts","authors":"Mark Schneider , Cary Deck , Patrick DeJarnette","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We apply salience theory to choices over lotteries with multiple dimensions, such as insurance plans with deductibles and premiums, or monetary and non-monetary rewards. We show that salience theory can explain empirically observed dominated choices with large welfare costs to consumers (the selection of dominated insurance plans with low deductibles, dominated energy plans with a cancellation fee, and dominated consumption bundles with free features). The same framework also addresses a basic empirical puzzle in principal–agent problems: the effectiveness of non-monetary incentives over equivalent-in-value monetary incentives. Our results show that these systematically dominated choices documented in markets emerge from the same basic principles of salience perception that generate dominated choices in the laboratory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-17DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102364
Daniel L. Chen , Markus Loecher
Emotions are said to underlie moral decision-making. We detect intra-judge variation spanning three decades in 1.5 million judicial decisions driven by factors unrelated to case merits. U.S. immigration judges grant an additional 1.4 % points of asylum petitions–and U.S. district judges assign 0.6 % points fewer prison sentences and 5 % longer probation sentences—on the day after their city's NFL team won, relative to days after the team lost. Bad weather has the opposite effect of a team win. Unrepresented parties in asylum bear the brunt of NFL effects. The effect on district judges only appears for judges born in the same state as the current state of residence, providing clean evidence of extraneous influences on judge decision-making as opposed to lawyer or applicant behavior.
Moving beyond OLS, we utilize models from machine learning to estimate the sentence length relative to the sentencing guideline. We find that while several appropriate features predict sentence length, such as details of the crime committed, other features seemingly unrelated, including daily temperature, sport game scores, and location of trial, are predictive as well. The predictive power of the unrelated events is derived from the permutation based variable importance score in random forests. We address recent criticism of the reliability of these scores with double residualization.
{"title":"Mood and the malleability of moral reasoning: the impact of irrelevant factors on judicial decisions","authors":"Daniel L. Chen , Markus Loecher","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotions are said to underlie moral decision-making. We detect intra-judge variation spanning three decades in 1.5 million judicial decisions driven by factors unrelated to case merits. U.S. immigration judges grant an additional 1.4 % points of asylum petitions–and U.S. district judges assign 0.6 % points fewer prison sentences and 5 % longer probation sentences—on the day after their city's NFL team won, relative to days after the team lost. Bad weather has the opposite effect of a team win. Unrepresented parties in asylum bear the brunt of NFL effects. The effect on district judges only appears for judges born in the same state as the current state of residence, providing clean evidence of extraneous influences on judge decision-making as opposed to lawyer or applicant behavior.</div><div>Moving beyond OLS, we utilize models from machine learning to estimate the sentence length relative to the sentencing guideline. We find that while several appropriate features predict sentence length, such as details of the crime committed, other features seemingly unrelated, including daily temperature, sport game scores, and location of trial, are predictive as well. The predictive power of the unrelated events is derived from the permutation based variable importance score in random forests. We address recent criticism of the reliability of these scores with double residualization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-11DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102354
Konstantinos Georgalos, Nathan Nabil
In this study we aim to test behavioural models of complexity aversion. In this framework, complexity is defined as a function of the number of outcomes in a lottery. Using Bayesian inference techniques, we re-analyse data from a lottery-choice experiment. We quantitatively specify and estimate adaptive toolbox models of cognition, which we rigorously test against popular expectation-based models; modified to account for complexity aversion. We find that for the majority of the subjects, a toolbox model performs best both in-sample, and with regards to its predictive capacity out-of-sample, suggesting that individuals resort to heuristics in the presense of extreme complexity.
{"title":"Testing models of complexity aversion","authors":"Konstantinos Georgalos, Nathan Nabil","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study we aim to test behavioural models of complexity aversion. In this framework, complexity is defined as a function of the number of outcomes in a lottery. Using Bayesian inference techniques, we re-analyse data from a lottery-choice experiment. We quantitatively specify and estimate adaptive toolbox models of cognition, which we rigorously test against popular expectation-based models; modified to account for complexity aversion. We find that for the majority of the subjects, a toolbox model performs best both in-sample, and with regards to its predictive capacity out-of-sample, suggesting that individuals resort to heuristics in the presense of extreme complexity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102362
Anna Adamecz , Radina Ilieva , Nikki Shure
The Dunning-Kruger effect (DKE) states that people with lower levels of the ability tend to self-assess their ability less accurately than people with relatively higher levels of the ability. Thus, the correlation between one's objective cognitive abilities and self-assessed abilities is higher at higher levels of objective cognitive abilities. There has been much debate as to whether this effect actually exists or is a statistical artefact. This paper replicates and extends Gignac and Zajenkowski (2020) and Dunkel, Nedelec, and van der Linden (2023) to test whether the DKE exists using several measures of ability and nationally representative data from a British birth cohort study. To do this, we construct a measure of objective cognitive abilities using 18 tests conducted at ages 5, 10, and 16, and a measure of subjective self-assessed abilities using estimates of school performance and being clever at ages 10 and 16. We replicate their models and show that the DKE exists in our secondary data. Importantly, we are the first to look at whether this relationship is heterogeneous by gender and find that while the self-assessment bias is gender specific, the DKE is not. The DKE comes from men relatively overestimating and women relatively underestimating their abilities.
{"title":"Revisiting the Dunning-Kruger effect: Composite measures and heterogeneity by gender","authors":"Anna Adamecz , Radina Ilieva , Nikki Shure","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dunning-Kruger effect (DKE) states that people with lower levels of the ability tend to self-assess their ability less accurately than people with relatively higher levels of the ability. Thus, the correlation between one's objective cognitive abilities and self-assessed abilities is higher at higher levels of objective cognitive abilities. There has been much debate as to whether this effect actually exists or is a statistical artefact. This paper replicates and extends Gignac and Zajenkowski (2020) and Dunkel, Nedelec, and van der Linden (2023) to test whether the DKE exists using several measures of ability and nationally representative data from a British birth cohort study. To do this, we construct a measure of objective cognitive abilities using 18 tests conducted at ages 5, 10, and 16, and a measure of subjective self-assessed abilities using estimates of school performance and being clever at ages 10 and 16. We replicate their models and show that the DKE exists in our secondary data. Importantly, we are the first to look at whether this relationship is heterogeneous by gender and find that while the self-assessment bias is gender specific, the DKE is not. The DKE comes from men relatively overestimating and women relatively underestimating their abilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102362"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-03DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102353
Maliheh Paryavi, Francisco Campos, Indhira Santos
This study examines gender differences in competitive behavior in Kenya using a series of laboratory experiments. The control condition was designed to assess the baseline competitive behavior in a mixed-gender competitive environment in a stereotypical male domain. To further understand the role of mixed-gender competitive environment on women's competition behavior, the control condition was replicated with women facing only other women as competitors. The paper also examines gender differences in competition in a high-stakes environment, where the control condition was replicated, but financial stakes were increased by a factor of ten. The study finds significant differences in competition entry between men and women in both the control and high-stakes conditions. These are largely driven by gender differences in preferences for competing in the control condition, and differences in risk and feedback aversion when the stakes are high. Women in the women-only treatment were significantly more competitive than women in the control condition and just as competitive as men in the control condition. Our findings suggest that women do not avoid competition; they avoid competing against men.
{"title":"Women don't avoid competition, they avoid competing against men: Experimental evidence from Kenya","authors":"Maliheh Paryavi, Francisco Campos, Indhira Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines gender differences in competitive behavior in Kenya using a series of laboratory experiments. The control condition was designed to assess the baseline competitive behavior in a mixed-gender competitive environment in a stereotypical male domain. To further understand the role of mixed-gender competitive environment on women's competition behavior, the control condition was replicated with women facing only other women as competitors. The paper also examines gender differences in competition in a high-stakes environment, where the control condition was replicated, but financial stakes were increased by a factor of ten. The study finds significant differences in competition entry between men and women in both the control and high-stakes conditions. These are largely driven by gender differences in preferences for competing in the control condition, and differences in risk and feedback aversion when the stakes are high. Women in the women-only treatment were significantly more competitive than women in the control condition and just as competitive as men in the control condition. Our findings suggest that women do not avoid competition; they avoid competing against men.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102353"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2025.102352
Giulio Callegaro , Mario Lackner , Hendrik Sonnabend
We analyse evaluation biases caused by physical attributes. Using data from German elite soccer, we find that referees are more inclined to sanction players when the difference in body size is sufficiently large. Moreover, we document an ‘inverse Napoleon effect’ in situations when the referee is confronted with smaller players, suggesting that sanctions are used as a substitute for authority gained by stature in the industry. Further analyses reveal that referees discriminate less against more talented players and teams with a higher concentration of these players. Finally, we find that the bias is reduced but still exists for the group of more experienced referees.
{"title":"The Napoleon complex revisited: New evidence from professional soccer","authors":"Giulio Callegaro , Mario Lackner , Hendrik Sonnabend","doi":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.socec.2025.102352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We analyse evaluation biases caused by physical attributes. Using data from German elite soccer, we find that referees are more inclined to sanction players when the difference in body size is sufficiently large. Moreover, we document an ‘inverse Napoleon effect’ in situations when the referee is confronted with smaller players, suggesting that sanctions are used as a substitute for authority gained by stature in the industry. Further analyses reveal that referees discriminate less against more talented players and teams with a higher concentration of these players. Finally, we find that the bias is reduced but still exists for the group of more experienced referees.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 102352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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