Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186931
Michał Gorzym, D. Markuszewski
The aim of the research was to design and build a research stand that can be used to compare different types of tire tread profiles of the Mars rover (made using 3D printing) and to select the one that meets the criterion of the lowest power consumption of the drive motor, which corresponds to the minimum rolling resistance in paved area. As part of the task, a research stand was designed and built, consisting of two drive units of the tested drive system: one as a driving unit, the other as a driven unit, generating resistance when rolling one tire after another. During the tests, the following parameters were measured: the amplitude of the supply current, the rotational speed, information about which was obtained from the motor controller and the encoder located in the BLDC (brushless direct-current) motor, and their variability over time. Additionally, the amplitude of the force press - ing the wheel against the supporting surface, which generated tire deflection, was also measured. A relationship was demonstrated between the type of tire tread used, the force pressing the tires against the supporting surface and the rolling resistance forces of the Mars rover tires. The tire with the lowest rolling resistance under given operating conditions was selected.
{"title":"Laboratory Tests of Rolling Resistance of Different Tread Profiles for the Wheel of Martian Roverr","authors":"Michał Gorzym, D. Markuszewski","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186931","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research was to design and build a research stand that can be used to compare different types of tire tread profiles of the Mars rover (made using 3D printing) and to select the one that meets the criterion of the lowest power consumption of the drive motor, which corresponds to the minimum rolling resistance in paved area. As part of the task, a research stand was designed and built, consisting of two drive units of the tested drive system: one as a driving unit, the other as a driven unit, generating resistance when rolling one tire after another. During the tests, the following parameters were measured: the amplitude of the supply current, the rotational speed, information about which was obtained from the motor controller and the encoder located in the BLDC (brushless direct-current) motor, and their variability over time. Additionally, the amplitude of the force press - ing the wheel against the supporting surface, which generated tire deflection, was also measured. A relationship was demonstrated between the type of tire tread used, the force pressing the tires against the supporting surface and the rolling resistance forces of the Mars rover tires. The tire with the lowest rolling resistance under given operating conditions was selected.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186528
Manoj Kumar Gurunathan, Navasingh Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes, M. Bartoszuk, Angela J. Sujana, O. Al-Khashman
Alkaline water electrolysis represents a fundamental method for hydrogen generation, offering simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Operating at a standard voltage of 1.23 V, electrolyzers efficiently split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Central to this process are the electrodes within the electrolytic cell, where the cathode serves as the site for hydrogen production via reduction reactions. To enable the integration of hydrogen into conventional spark-ignition (SI) engines, a blend of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen at a 4:1 ratio is utilized, strategically adjusting combustion characteristics. This blended fuel undergoes meticulous preparation through a vaporizer unit to ensure precise mixing ratios before introduction into the engine’s combustion chamber via a bypass line on the input manifold. Here, controlled air mixing at a stoichiometric ratio of 17:1 ensures optimal combustion. The combustion of this LPG-hydrogen mixture is marked by the distinct blue flame characteristic of hydrogen combustion, signifying complete combustion. Leveraging vaporized fuel delivery enhances fuel-air mix - ing within the combustion chamber, promoting thorough combustion and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas, thereby contributing to cleaner combustion processes in conventional SI engines. Furthermore, hydrogen gas demonstrates rapid combustion tendencies, presenting a potential hazard with its flammability range spanning from 4% to 75% concentration in the atmosphere. These inherent characteristics highlight the necessity for rigorous safety protocols and engineering innovations to effectively manage the chal - lenges inherent in utilizing hydrogen as a vehicle fuel source.
碱性水电解法是制氢的基本方法，既简单又经济。电解器在 1.23 V 的标准电压下工作，能有效地将水分子分离成氢和氧。这一过程的核心是电解槽中的电极，其中阴极是通过还原反应产生氢气的场所。为了将氢气整合到传统的火花点火（SI）发动机中，我们采用了液化石油气（LPG）和氢气以 4:1 的比例混合，从而对燃烧特性进行战略性调整。这种混合燃料在通过输入歧管上的旁通管路进入发动机燃烧室之前，要经过蒸发器装置的精心制备，以确保精确的混合比例。在这里，可控的空气混合比例为 17:1，确保了最佳燃烧效果。这种液化石油气-氢气混合物燃烧时会出现氢气燃烧特有的蓝色火焰，标志着完全燃烧。利用汽化燃料的输送，可增强燃烧室内的燃料-空气混合，促进彻底燃烧，减少废气中氮氧化物和碳氢化合物的排放，从而促进传统 SI 发动机的清洁燃烧过程。此外，氢气具有快速燃烧的趋势，在大气中的可燃性范围从 4% 到 75% 不等，具有潜在危险。这些固有特性突出表明，必须制定严格的安全规程和进行工程创新，以有效管理利用氢气作为汽车燃料源所固有的挑战。
{"title":"Modeling and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen Powered Hybrid Bike","authors":"Manoj Kumar Gurunathan, Navasingh Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes, M. Bartoszuk, Angela J. Sujana, O. Al-Khashman","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186528","url":null,"abstract":"Alkaline water electrolysis represents a fundamental method for hydrogen generation, offering simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Operating at a standard voltage of 1.23 V, electrolyzers efficiently split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Central to this process are the electrodes within the electrolytic cell, where the cathode serves as the site for hydrogen production via reduction reactions. To enable the integration of hydrogen into conventional spark-ignition (SI) engines, a blend of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and hydrogen at a 4:1 ratio is utilized, strategically adjusting combustion characteristics. This blended fuel undergoes meticulous preparation through a vaporizer unit to ensure precise mixing ratios before introduction into the engine’s combustion chamber via a bypass line on the input manifold. Here, controlled air mixing at a stoichiometric ratio of 17:1 ensures optimal combustion. The combustion of this LPG-hydrogen mixture is marked by the distinct blue flame characteristic of hydrogen combustion, signifying complete combustion. Leveraging vaporized fuel delivery enhances fuel-air mix - ing within the combustion chamber, promoting thorough combustion and reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas, thereby contributing to cleaner combustion processes in conventional SI engines. Furthermore, hydrogen gas demonstrates rapid combustion tendencies, presenting a potential hazard with its flammability range spanning from 4% to 75% concentration in the atmosphere. These inherent characteristics highlight the necessity for rigorous safety protocols and engineering innovations to effectively manage the chal - lenges inherent in utilizing hydrogen as a vehicle fuel source.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141230712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186513
M. Walczak, Jonas Matijošius, Doğuş Özkan, K. Pasierbiewicz
The present work deals with the enhancement of the surface characteristics of stainless steel 316L as a result of shot peening treatment using ceramic balls. In accordance with our own research and information available in literature, as a result of shot peening process, the shot balls can penetrate to the surface layer (permanently depositing) and modify the mechanical performance and the corrosion resistance in the products being treated in this way. Shot peening leads to a significant change to the surface hardness and topography, and consequently, to the change in corrosion behaviour dependent on the choice of processing parameters. Therefore, in this paper, steel samples were treated using two variable parameters of peening pressure (0.3 and 0.4 MPa) and peening time (30 and 60s). In the research, the reference surface were the samples subjected to mechanical polishing. The surface morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed with 1 mV/s scan rate in 0.9% NalCl solution. The improved corrosion resistance (lowest current density I corr = 0.35 µA/cm 2 and highest corrosion potential E corr = -0.164 V) was obtained for specimens with longer time (60 s) and higher pressure of shot peening treatment (0.4 MPa). Greater changes in surface roughness were observed with an increase in peening pressure than with an increase in the processing time. The treatment of the surface with ceramic shots results in an increase in the hardness of the treated surface by more than 110% (for sample 316L/0.4/60) compared to the reference surface. Moreover, an increase in average hardness values was recorded for all surfaces after shot peening (by more than 42% relative to reference samples).
{"title":"Effect of Shot Peening Parameters on Surface Properties and Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel","authors":"M. Walczak, Jonas Matijošius, Doğuş Özkan, K. Pasierbiewicz","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186513","url":null,"abstract":"The present work deals with the enhancement of the surface characteristics of stainless steel 316L as a result of shot peening treatment using ceramic balls. In accordance with our own research and information available in literature, as a result of shot peening process, the shot balls can penetrate to the surface layer (permanently depositing) and modify the mechanical performance and the corrosion resistance in the products being treated in this way. Shot peening leads to a significant change to the surface hardness and topography, and consequently, to the change in corrosion behaviour dependent on the choice of processing parameters. Therefore, in this paper, steel samples were treated using two variable parameters of peening pressure (0.3 and 0.4 MPa) and peening time (30 and 60s). In the research, the reference surface were the samples subjected to mechanical polishing. The surface morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The potentiodynamic polarization tests were performed with 1 mV/s scan rate in 0.9% NalCl solution. The improved corrosion resistance (lowest current density I corr = 0.35 µA/cm 2 and highest corrosion potential E corr = -0.164 V) was obtained for specimens with longer time (60 s) and higher pressure of shot peening treatment (0.4 MPa). Greater changes in surface roughness were observed with an increase in peening pressure than with an increase in the processing time. The treatment of the surface with ceramic shots results in an increase in the hardness of the treated surface by more than 110% (for sample 316L/0.4/60) compared to the reference surface. Moreover, an increase in average hardness values was recorded for all surfaces after shot peening (by more than 42% relative to reference samples).","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/185497
M. Opiela, G. Fojt-Dymara
The work presents the results of research on the effect of deformation parameters on hot ductility of high-Mn aus - tenitic steel with niobium and titanium. The investigations were carried out on steel with 0.05% C, 24% Mn, 3.5% Si, 1.5% Al, 0.030% Nb and 0.075% Ti. Hot static tensile test was performed using Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator. Samples were deformed in a temperature range from 1050 °C to 1200 °C with a strain rate of 3·10 -3 s -1 . The reduction in area (RA), determined in the static tensile test, was the basis for determining the hot ductility of the examined steel. Reduction in area of examined steel decreases from 88% at the temperature of 1050 °C to 59% at 1200 °C. High hot ductility of the investigated steel is the result of the synergy of chemical composition optimization, properly conducted modification of non-metallic inclusions and formed fine-grained microstructure of dynamically recrystallized austenite. In addition to hot ductility, parameters characterizing susceptibility of studied steel to high temperature cracking were also defined, namely: ductility recovery temperature (DRT), nil ductility temperature (NDT) and nil strength temperature (NST) were determined. The values of these temperatures are 1240 °C, 1250 °C and 1270 °C, respectively. This means that the temperature of the beginning of plastic deformation of ingots of this steel may be equal even slightly above 1200 °C. In addition, the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR) was determined, which is equal 30 °C.
本论文介绍了变形参数对含铌和钛的高锰 aus - 韧性钢热延展性影响的研究成果。研究对象为含 0.05% C、24% Mn、3.5% Si、1.5% Al、0.030% Nb 和 0.075% Ti 的钢材。热静态拉伸试验是使用 Gleeble 3800 热机械模拟器进行的。样品在 1050 °C 至 1200 °C 的温度范围内变形，应变速率为 3-10 -3 s -1 。在静态拉伸试验中确定的面积缩减率（RA）是确定受检钢材热延展性的基础。受检钢材的面积缩减率从 1050 °C 时的 88% 降至 1200 °C 时的 59%。所研究钢材的高热延性是化学成分优化、非金属夹杂物适当改性和动态再结晶奥氏体细粒微结构形成的协同作用的结果。除热延性外，还确定了表征所研究钢材高温开裂敏感性的参数，即：延性恢复温度 (DRT)、无延性温度 (NDT) 和无强度温度 (NST)。这些温度值分别为 1240 ℃、1250 ℃ 和 1270 ℃。这意味着该钢锭开始塑性变形的温度可能等于甚至略高于 1200 ℃。此外，还确定了高温脆性范围（HTBR），等于 30 °C。
{"title":"Hot Ductility of High-Mn Steel with Niobium and Titanium","authors":"M. Opiela, G. Fojt-Dymara","doi":"10.12913/22998624/185497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/185497","url":null,"abstract":"The work presents the results of research on the effect of deformation parameters on hot ductility of high-Mn aus - tenitic steel with niobium and titanium. The investigations were carried out on steel with 0.05% C, 24% Mn, 3.5% Si, 1.5% Al, 0.030% Nb and 0.075% Ti. Hot static tensile test was performed using Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator. Samples were deformed in a temperature range from 1050 °C to 1200 °C with a strain rate of 3·10 -3 s -1 . The reduction in area (RA), determined in the static tensile test, was the basis for determining the hot ductility of the examined steel. Reduction in area of examined steel decreases from 88% at the temperature of 1050 °C to 59% at 1200 °C. High hot ductility of the investigated steel is the result of the synergy of chemical composition optimization, properly conducted modification of non-metallic inclusions and formed fine-grained microstructure of dynamically recrystallized austenite. In addition to hot ductility, parameters characterizing susceptibility of studied steel to high temperature cracking were also defined, namely: ductility recovery temperature (DRT), nil ductility temperature (NDT) and nil strength temperature (NST) were determined. The values of these temperatures are 1240 °C, 1250 °C and 1270 °C, respectively. This means that the temperature of the beginning of plastic deformation of ingots of this steel may be equal even slightly above 1200 °C. In addition, the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR) was determined, which is equal 30 °C.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"28 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/187103
Paweł Obstawski, Krzysztof Tomczuk
The paper presents the design of a two-stage subcritical compressor heat pump operating in an air-to-water system and running on environmentally friendly refrigerants. The pump is dedicated to buildings where there is a high-temperature central heating system and wall-mounted radiators are used as heat receivers. The first stage of the unit was supplied with R290 refrigerant and the second stage with R1234 ze(E) refrigerant. The nominal heating capacity of the unit is 10 kW for a lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C. The unit›s refrigeration system was designed and simulation tests were carried out to determine the unit›s operating parameters for the lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C, the condensation temperature of the stage I refrigerant for values: 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and the condensation temperature of the stage II refrigerant in the range 30÷60 °C. The value of the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined in relation to the heating capacity generated in stages I and II to the electricity consumed, which value, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 2.55 to 5.6. The value of the COP related to the heating capacity received from the stage II condenser to the total capacity consumed by the stage I and II compressor, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 1.5 to 2.9. It was found that by using a stepless adjustment of the volumetric efficiency of the stage I and II compressor, it is possible to match the heating capacity of stage I to the cooling capacity of stage II and thus increase the COP value by 50%.
本文介绍了一种在空气-水系统中运行并使用环保制冷剂的双级亚临界压缩机热泵的设计。该热泵专用于有高温中央供暖系统的建筑，并使用壁挂式散热器作为热接收器。该设备的第一级使用 R290 制冷剂，第二级使用 R1234 ze(E) 制冷剂。该设备的额定加热能力为 10 千瓦，低源温度范围为 -20÷10 °C。对机组的制冷系统进行了设计，并进行了模拟试验，以确定机组在低源温度为-20 ÷10 °C、第一级制冷剂冷凝温度为 20 °C、25 °C、30 °C、第二级制冷剂冷凝温度为 30 ÷60 °C时的运行参数。性能系数（COP）值是根据第一和第二阶段产生的热量与消耗的电量来确定的，根据运行参数的不同，其值在 2.55 至 5.6 之间。根据运行参数的不同，COP 值在 1.5 至 2.9 之间。研究发现，通过无级调节 I 级和 II 级压缩机的容积效率，可以使 I 级的制热能力与 II 级的制冷能力相匹配，从而将 COP 值提高 50%。
{"title":"High-Temperature Two-Stage Subcritical Heat Pump Running on Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants","authors":"Paweł Obstawski, Krzysztof Tomczuk","doi":"10.12913/22998624/187103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/187103","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the design of a two-stage subcritical compressor heat pump operating in an air-to-water system and running on environmentally friendly refrigerants. The pump is dedicated to buildings where there is a high-temperature central heating system and wall-mounted radiators are used as heat receivers. The first stage of the unit was supplied with R290 refrigerant and the second stage with R1234 ze(E) refrigerant. The nominal heating capacity of the unit is 10 kW for a lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C. The unit›s refrigeration system was designed and simulation tests were carried out to determine the unit›s operating parameters for the lower source temperature in the range -20÷10 °C, the condensation temperature of the stage I refrigerant for values: 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C and the condensation temperature of the stage II refrigerant in the range 30÷60 °C. The value of the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined in relation to the heating capacity generated in stages I and II to the electricity consumed, which value, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 2.55 to 5.6. The value of the COP related to the heating capacity received from the stage II condenser to the total capacity consumed by the stage I and II compressor, depending on the operating parameters, ranges from 1.5 to 2.9. It was found that by using a stepless adjustment of the volumetric efficiency of the stage I and II compressor, it is possible to match the heating capacity of stage I to the cooling capacity of stage II and thus increase the COP value by 50%.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"30 50","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186222
Dhuha Kadhim Ismayir, L. Dawood, M. Al-Khafaji
The study offers an analytical approach for assessing production control system performance in terms of vol - ume and variety features of the product being manufactured for the flexible manufacturing system. Throughput, resource utilization, cycle time, and maximum completion time are the four performance indicators taken into account. The objective was to quantify the performance of the production system and define the reactive capabil - ity of production control architectures in a market that is becoming increasingly competitive. The examination of the production performances of control systems motivates the evaluation of these architectures through the introduction of scheduling approaches that deal with uncertainty. Results revealed the semi-heterarchical control architecture outperforms the hierarchical control architecture through multiple performance criteria. A case study with regard to a manufacturing control system was presented in order to highlight the significance of the adopted methodology and the contribution of the research.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of a Production Control Architectures for Flexible Manufacturing System","authors":"Dhuha Kadhim Ismayir, L. Dawood, M. Al-Khafaji","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186222","url":null,"abstract":"The study offers an analytical approach for assessing production control system performance in terms of vol - ume and variety features of the product being manufactured for the flexible manufacturing system. Throughput, resource utilization, cycle time, and maximum completion time are the four performance indicators taken into account. The objective was to quantify the performance of the production system and define the reactive capabil - ity of production control architectures in a market that is becoming increasingly competitive. The examination of the production performances of control systems motivates the evaluation of these architectures through the introduction of scheduling approaches that deal with uncertainty. Results revealed the semi-heterarchical control architecture outperforms the hierarchical control architecture through multiple performance criteria. A case study with regard to a manufacturing control system was presented in order to highlight the significance of the adopted methodology and the contribution of the research.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141235495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186760
Agata Skwarczynska-Wojsa, E. Szatyłowicz, I. Skoczko
There have been investigated potential evaluation of equilibrium adsorption isotherm for the removal of nitrates from water solutions using two types of char (CH-1 and CH-2) produced in commercial-scale pyrolysis based on recycled waste rubber tires. Liquid phase adsorption studies were performed under batch conditions and maximum adsorption capacity was determined. Equilibrium data were mathematically modelled using two-parameters Lang-muir, Freundlich, three-parameters Redlich-Peterson, Toth, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Radke-Praushnitz, combined Langmuir-Freundlich and four-parameters Fritz-Schlunder, Marczewski-Jaroniec, Bi-Langmuir adsorption models. Obtained results revealed the potential use of the studied char adsorbents for nitrates removal from aqueous media (the maximum adsorption capacity at equilibrium 10.07 mg/g, have been achieved for CH-1 char). The Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm had the best fit for the adsorption experimental data over the whole concentration range. The highest percentage of NO 3 removal efficiency onto CH-1 char achieved in NO 3 initial concentration range from 26.44 to 66.55mg/L reaching values in the range of from 80.74 to 78.7%.
{"title":"Adsorption Equilibrium Studies on the Example of Nitrate Removal Onto Char Produced from Waste Tires","authors":"Agata Skwarczynska-Wojsa, E. Szatyłowicz, I. Skoczko","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186760","url":null,"abstract":"There have been investigated potential evaluation of equilibrium adsorption isotherm for the removal of nitrates from water solutions using two types of char (CH-1 and CH-2) produced in commercial-scale pyrolysis based on recycled waste rubber tires. Liquid phase adsorption studies were performed under batch conditions and maximum adsorption capacity was determined. Equilibrium data were mathematically modelled using two-parameters Lang-muir, Freundlich, three-parameters Redlich-Peterson, Toth, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Radke-Praushnitz, combined Langmuir-Freundlich and four-parameters Fritz-Schlunder, Marczewski-Jaroniec, Bi-Langmuir adsorption models. Obtained results revealed the potential use of the studied char adsorbents for nitrates removal from aqueous media (the maximum adsorption capacity at equilibrium 10.07 mg/g, have been achieved for CH-1 char). The Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm had the best fit for the adsorption experimental data over the whole concentration range. The highest percentage of NO 3 removal efficiency onto CH-1 char achieved in NO 3 initial concentration range from 26.44 to 66.55mg/L reaching values in the range of from 80.74 to 78.7%.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"5 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141229006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186159
A. R. Hayyawi, H. Al-Ethari, Ali Hubi Haleem
One of the most attractive β-Ti alloys is Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta wt% (TNZT) alloy, which has one of the lowest Young’s moduli among the β-Ti family (about 55 GPa) and contains no cytotoxic elements. On the other hand, the β -type Ti alloys are susceptible to bacterial infection because they lack an antibacterial function and can become contaminated quickly after implantation, making surface modification a keyway to improve the antibacterial properties of these alloys. A recently created technique called powder mixed-EDM can simultaneously improve machining, mechanical, and biological properties. In this research, silver was added to the dielectric fluid during PM-EDM of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta wt% alloy prepared by powder metallurgy route. The surface composition, Brinell hardness, corrosion resistance, ion release, and antibacterial properties were evaluated for the TNZT alloy before and after surface modification. The results show better hardness and corrosion resistance as well as lower ion re - lease for the PM-EDMed specimen due to the presence of Ag, oxides, and carbides such as NbC, TiC, TiO 2 , ZrO 2, and Nb 2 O 5 that is deposited and embedded as a hard phase in the recast layer of the machined surface. Also, the antibacterial property of the PM-EDMed specimen is effectively improved as silver is an antibiotic with a wide range, so it has favorable antibacterial properties for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
{"title":"Surface Modification of the Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta Bio Alloy by the PM-EDM Route","authors":"A. R. Hayyawi, H. Al-Ethari, Ali Hubi Haleem","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186159","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most attractive β-Ti alloys is Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta wt% (TNZT) alloy, which has one of the lowest Young’s moduli among the β-Ti family (about 55 GPa) and contains no cytotoxic elements. On the other hand, the β -type Ti alloys are susceptible to bacterial infection because they lack an antibacterial function and can become contaminated quickly after implantation, making surface modification a keyway to improve the antibacterial properties of these alloys. A recently created technique called powder mixed-EDM can simultaneously improve machining, mechanical, and biological properties. In this research, silver was added to the dielectric fluid during PM-EDM of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta wt% alloy prepared by powder metallurgy route. The surface composition, Brinell hardness, corrosion resistance, ion release, and antibacterial properties were evaluated for the TNZT alloy before and after surface modification. The results show better hardness and corrosion resistance as well as lower ion re - lease for the PM-EDMed specimen due to the presence of Ag, oxides, and carbides such as NbC, TiC, TiO 2 , ZrO 2, and Nb 2 O 5 that is deposited and embedded as a hard phase in the recast layer of the machined surface. Also, the antibacterial property of the PM-EDMed specimen is effectively improved as silver is an antibiotic with a wide range, so it has favorable antibacterial properties for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141230826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/185848
Krzysztof Kecik
Energy harvesting from human body kinetics is a crucial issue. The primary challenge lies in designing and opti - mizing the energy converter. This paper presents an analysis of energy harvesting using three variants of electro - magnetic harvesters designed for backpack integration. The first harvester comprises a single levitating magnet within a coil. The second concept involves a specially designed oscillating magnet consisting of two divided magnets with a separator. The third harvester variant utilizes two levitating magnets within the coil. The results indicate that, for harmonic excitation, the harvested power is the highest for the classical harvester with a single oscillating magnet. However, when integrated into a backpack, the concept of two levitating magnets proves to be more effective in lower speed ranges.
{"title":"Experimental Energy Recovery from a Backpack Using Various Harvester Concepts","authors":"Krzysztof Kecik","doi":"10.12913/22998624/185848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/185848","url":null,"abstract":"Energy harvesting from human body kinetics is a crucial issue. The primary challenge lies in designing and opti - mizing the energy converter. This paper presents an analysis of energy harvesting using three variants of electro - magnetic harvesters designed for backpack integration. The first harvester comprises a single levitating magnet within a coil. The second concept involves a specially designed oscillating magnet consisting of two divided magnets with a separator. The third harvester variant utilizes two levitating magnets within the coil. The results indicate that, for harmonic excitation, the harvested power is the highest for the classical harvester with a single oscillating magnet. However, when integrated into a backpack, the concept of two levitating magnets proves to be more effective in lower speed ranges.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.12913/22998624/186212
Małgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak, W. Andrzejuk, Robert Hunek, Grzegorz Łagód
The examinations of concrete involved partial substitution of cement with cement kiln dust (CKD) 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%. The water/cement (w/c) ratio amounted to 0.36. The obtained findings pertaining to open porosity, density, and volumetric density were found to correlate with the capillary action and absorptivity of the analyzed types of concrete. With the maximum addition of CKD, i.e. 30%, open porosity decreased by 35%. In turn, CKD added in the amount of 5% resulted in a slightly reduced addition compressive strength, amounting to 1.3% and 2.1% fol - lowing 28 days and 56 days of concrete curing, respectively. After 28 days, the differences in strength were greater when the additive was supplied in higher amounts, i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30%, resulting in 6.5%, 13.4%, and 22.9% decrease, respectively, in spite of strength improvement. In terms of flexural and splitting tensile strengths, compa - rable relations were noted. As far as the frost resistance test results are concerned, the mass losses in all examined concretes were not significant, reaching up to 0.5%. The strength reduction in the case of the first three series of concretes was below 3%. When the CKD addition was increased to 20% and 30%, the value of the dynamic modu - lus of elasticity E c,s decreased to a greater degree, by 8.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The hydrophobization effect is best seen in CKD-free concrete. After the impregnation, the loss of mass following the frost test of the samples is reduced by half. With a higher CKD content, the hydrophobization effectiveness is insignificant. The most favour - able results were observed for hydrophobization with the oligomer-based preparation A1.
{"title":"Effect of Surface Hydrophobization on the Durability of Concrete with Cement Kiln Dust","authors":"Małgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak, W. Andrzejuk, Robert Hunek, Grzegorz Łagód","doi":"10.12913/22998624/186212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/186212","url":null,"abstract":"The examinations of concrete involved partial substitution of cement with cement kiln dust (CKD) 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%. The water/cement (w/c) ratio amounted to 0.36. The obtained findings pertaining to open porosity, density, and volumetric density were found to correlate with the capillary action and absorptivity of the analyzed types of concrete. With the maximum addition of CKD, i.e. 30%, open porosity decreased by 35%. In turn, CKD added in the amount of 5% resulted in a slightly reduced addition compressive strength, amounting to 1.3% and 2.1% fol - lowing 28 days and 56 days of concrete curing, respectively. After 28 days, the differences in strength were greater when the additive was supplied in higher amounts, i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30%, resulting in 6.5%, 13.4%, and 22.9% decrease, respectively, in spite of strength improvement. In terms of flexural and splitting tensile strengths, compa - rable relations were noted. As far as the frost resistance test results are concerned, the mass losses in all examined concretes were not significant, reaching up to 0.5%. The strength reduction in the case of the first three series of concretes was below 3%. When the CKD addition was increased to 20% and 30%, the value of the dynamic modu - lus of elasticity E c,s decreased to a greater degree, by 8.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The hydrophobization effect is best seen in CKD-free concrete. After the impregnation, the loss of mass following the frost test of the samples is reduced by half. With a higher CKD content, the hydrophobization effectiveness is insignificant. The most favour - able results were observed for hydrophobization with the oligomer-based preparation A1.","PeriodicalId":517116,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal","volume":"20 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141233976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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