Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9170752
Peter C. Pihos
This article explores the conditions for changing news media coverage of police brutality, focusing on the Chicago Tribune. Police have historically dominated news about policing, resulting in very limited coverage of wrongdoing. Following the murders of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark by Chicago Police officers, a racially and politically heterogenous coalition exposed the connection between police brutality and knowledge production. Activists developed a radical critique of police brutality’s role in sustaining an unequal social order and opened new possibilities for political solidarity. When longtime Chicago machine alderman Ralph Metcalfe challenged Mayor Richard J. Daley on the issue, “regular” Black Democrats came to join liberals and radicals in demanding change. The conflict generated by Metcalfe’s revolt provided both a justification and a set of questions for the Tribune’s investigative task force to engage. In a pathbreaking series of investigative reports on police brutality in 1973, the task force convincingly demonstrated the existence of widespread police brutality but also tamed its political significance with bureaucratic reform. The dilemmas of coalition politics that shaped this investigative reporting and the response to it continue to structure the choices faced by political movements seeking meaningful transformation today.
本文以《芝加哥论坛报》为例，探讨了新闻媒体对警察暴行报道的变化情况。历史上，警察一直主导着有关警务的新闻，导致对不当行为的报道非常有限。弗雷德·汉普顿(Fred Hampton)和马克·克拉克(Mark Clark)被芝加哥警察谋杀后，一个种族和政治异质性的联盟暴露了警察暴行与知识生产之间的联系。活动人士对警察暴行在维持不平等社会秩序中的作用提出了激进的批评，并为政治团结开辟了新的可能性。当芝加哥资深议员拉尔夫·梅特卡夫(Ralph Metcalfe)在这个问题上挑战市长理查德·戴利(Richard J. Daley)时，“普通的”黑人民主党人加入了自由派和激进分子的行列，要求变革。梅特卡夫的反抗引发的冲突既为《论坛报》的调查特别小组提供了正当理由，也为他们提出了一系列问题。在1973年一系列关于警察暴行的开创性调查报告中，特别工作组令人信服地证明了普遍存在的警察暴行，但也通过官僚改革驯服了其政治意义。联合政治的困境塑造了这一调查报道及其回应，继续构成了今天寻求有意义变革的政治运动所面临的选择。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9170794
Steven Fabian
Columbia School of Journalism professor Andie Tucher talks about her forthcoming book on the history of fake news in the United States. She explains how, despite the fact that fake news has a long history in America, earlier incarnations were far less harmful than our current “post-truth” era. She also defines and examines what she calls “fake journalism,” which uses the conventions of objective journalism but in deceptive ways to mislead people into accepting lies as truth.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841718
Jih-Fei Cheng
This article historicizes viral transmissions through the global supply chain of blood plasma between the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since the 1941 initiation of plasma donation to serve US armed forces, privately exported US blood products have contributed significantly to a globalized industry, valuing $21 billion in sales by 2017. Although maintaining a blood surplus has been crucial for treating illnesses and traumatic injuries, blood banking has been a source for massive viral transmissions, including HIV and hepatitis C. Examining the news, activism, and state responses to blood-borne outbreaks across the United States and PRC, this essay outlines a constellation of viral infections derived from plasma coerced from US prisoners and PRC rural villagers. Viruses archive the structural violences of the global pharmaceutical and blood biotechnology industries. They point to the cyclical relations between persistent class-based racial and ethnic disparities, technoscientific experimentation, and viral epidemics across polities.
{"title":"Cold Blood","authors":"Jih-Fei Cheng","doi":"10.1215/01636545-8841718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841718","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article historicizes viral transmissions through the global supply chain of blood plasma between the United States and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Since the 1941 initiation of plasma donation to serve US armed forces, privately exported US blood products have contributed significantly to a globalized industry, valuing $21 billion in sales by 2017. Although maintaining a blood surplus has been crucial for treating illnesses and traumatic injuries, blood banking has been a source for massive viral transmissions, including HIV and hepatitis C. Examining the news, activism, and state responses to blood-borne outbreaks across the United States and PRC, this essay outlines a constellation of viral infections derived from plasma coerced from US prisoners and PRC rural villagers. Viruses archive the structural violences of the global pharmaceutical and blood biotechnology industries. They point to the cyclical relations between persistent class-based racial and ethnic disparities, technoscientific experimentation, and viral epidemics across polities.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46045634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841790
Tamar W Carroll
This article discusses the role of public history events and community archives in transmitting memories of the HIV/AIDS epidemics and the lessons of social activism to younger generations. By intentionally centering the stories of members of marginalized communities, organizers work toward institutionalizing a more inclusive memory.
{"title":"Rochester’s Rainbow Dialogues","authors":"Tamar W Carroll","doi":"10.1215/01636545-8841790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841790","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article discusses the role of public history events and community archives in transmitting memories of the HIV/AIDS epidemics and the lessons of social activism to younger generations. By intentionally centering the stories of members of marginalized communities, organizers work toward institutionalizing a more inclusive memory.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"2021 1","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48156194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841754
Jan Huebenthal
In November 1987, Linwood Boyette, an African American man and retired US army sergeant, became one of the first people in West Germany to be jailed for alleged HIV transmission, following charges brought under a legal Maßnahmenkatalog (catalog of measures) in the state of Bavaria. Boyette stood accused of having knowingly exposed three white male sexual partners to HIV and bringing them into “danger of death.” Boyette’s racial and national “otherness” underscored the widespread West German perception of AIDS as a racialized threat linked to the United States. With his example, this article frames early West German criminalization of HIV/AIDS as a transatlantic spectacle of carceral discipline and racialized punishment. The article concludes that the US-inspired Bavarian response mirrors an ongoing carceral racialization of HIV that systemically harms individuals and communities of color in the United States today.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841682
Joseph E. Hower
Drawing on union convention proceedings, reports, newspapers, speeches, and internal memoranda, this article uses the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) as a case study to explore organized labor’s response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. One the one hand, it shows that AFSCME eventually embraced an ambitious, two-pronged program that fought both for strong workplace safety measures for its members and against discrimination toward those most affected by HIV/AIDS. On the other, it highlights the ways in which the union’s campaign was constrained by a narrow focus on workplace hazards. Prioritizing workers’ protections over patients’ demands for privacy in diagnosis and treatment, AFSCME ultimately subsumed its rhetorical commitment to working-class solidarity beneath what many members saw as a practical need for somatic surveillance and segregation—marginalizing the very communities that the union claimed to protect.
{"title":"“I Want to Know How to Protect Myself without Scaring Our Patients”","authors":"Joseph E. Hower","doi":"10.1215/01636545-8841682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841682","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drawing on union convention proceedings, reports, newspapers, speeches, and internal memoranda, this article uses the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) as a case study to explore organized labor’s response to the HIV/AIDS crisis. One the one hand, it shows that AFSCME eventually embraced an ambitious, two-pronged program that fought both for strong workplace safety measures for its members and against discrimination toward those most affected by HIV/AIDS. On the other, it highlights the ways in which the union’s campaign was constrained by a narrow focus on workplace hazards. Prioritizing workers’ protections over patients’ demands for privacy in diagnosis and treatment, AFSCME ultimately subsumed its rhetorical commitment to working-class solidarity beneath what many members saw as a practical need for somatic surveillance and segregation—marginalizing the very communities that the union claimed to protect.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"2021 1","pages":"49-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46851875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841730
S. Bhattacharya
In 2001 a group of gay men and kotis (one of several terms used in India for feminine persons assigned male at birth, who may or may not identify as transfeminine) wrote a play titled Koti ki atma (Soul of the Koti), about a koti who dies of AIDS and returns as a ghost to prevent other kotis from having unprotected sex. This article investigates the sociopolitical context in which the play was written, analyzes its plot, and, most importantly, follows the ghost to track the labors she performs. The author offers a glimpse into the histories of care and queer community-making that exceed the terror of death and state apathy in the wake of HIV in India.
2001年，一群男同性恋者和科提人(在印度，科提人是指出生时被指定为男性的女性，可能被认定为跨性别者，也可能不被认定为跨性别者)写了一部名为《科提人之魂》(Koti ki atma)的戏剧，讲述了一名科提人死于艾滋病后化身鬼魂，以阻止其他科提人进行无保护措施的性行为的故事。本文调查了该剧创作的社会政治背景，分析了其情节，最重要的是，跟随鬼魂追踪她所做的工作。作者提供了一窥关怀和酷儿社区的历史，超越了死亡的恐怖和国家的冷漠，在印度艾滋病毒之后。
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Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841706
R. Esparza
Employing an anticolonial and anticapitalist approach to HIV/AIDS, the activists of the Latina/o Caucus of ACT UP/NY pushed beyond a biomedical framework of “drugs into bodies” that tended to dominate the larger organization. As US queer racialized/colonial subjects, Latinx AIDS activists enacted a queer and feminist decolonial activism that looked past the continental United States to the global South. In Puerto Rico, Latinx AIDS activists helped establish the first chapter of ACT UP in a Spanish-speaking country. Together, the Latina/o Caucus and ACT UP/Puerto Rico spearheaded a campaign against the colonial policies of the United States, the corporate greed of island-based pharmaceutical firms, and the heteropatriarchal investments of church and commonwealth officials—conditions that exacerbated the disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS among Puerto Rican island and diasporic communities. Through these efforts, Latinx AIDS activists transformed the domestic and global fight against AIDS into a queer, feminist, and decolonial endeavor.
{"title":"“Qué Bonita Mi Tierra”","authors":"R. Esparza","doi":"10.1215/01636545-8841706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841706","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Employing an anticolonial and anticapitalist approach to HIV/AIDS, the activists of the Latina/o Caucus of ACT UP/NY pushed beyond a biomedical framework of “drugs into bodies” that tended to dominate the larger organization. As US queer racialized/colonial subjects, Latinx AIDS activists enacted a queer and feminist decolonial activism that looked past the continental United States to the global South. In Puerto Rico, Latinx AIDS activists helped establish the first chapter of ACT UP in a Spanish-speaking country. Together, the Latina/o Caucus and ACT UP/Puerto Rico spearheaded a campaign against the colonial policies of the United States, the corporate greed of island-based pharmaceutical firms, and the heteropatriarchal investments of church and commonwealth officials—conditions that exacerbated the disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS among Puerto Rican island and diasporic communities. Through these efforts, Latinx AIDS activists transformed the domestic and global fight against AIDS into a queer, feminist, and decolonial endeavor.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"2021 1","pages":"107-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43510083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841802
T. Lang
In response to mainstream narratives of AIDS history, which too often highlight only experiences of white, cisgender gay men, this article argues that an analysis of recent AIDS activist media is crucial to complicate mainstream representations. It looks to recent video work as an important site of a diversified AIDS history and analyzes three videos made by Thomas Allen Harris, Shanti Avirgan, and Nguyen Tan Hoang for the Visual AIDS Alternate Endings series. Instead of presenting AIDS history as firmly embedded in the past, much of this newer work intertwines past and present to show the ongoing nature of the crisis. Many videos use archival footage to highlight the persistent nature of racism, poverty, drug use stigma, and health care barriers in the epidemic. Through temporal contrast, the videos powerfully show that progress is not always linear, and the past has much to teach us about the present.
{"title":"Remediating AIDS Archives","authors":"T. Lang","doi":"10.1215/01636545-8841802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841802","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In response to mainstream narratives of AIDS history, which too often highlight only experiences of white, cisgender gay men, this article argues that an analysis of recent AIDS activist media is crucial to complicate mainstream representations. It looks to recent video work as an important site of a diversified AIDS history and analyzes three videos made by Thomas Allen Harris, Shanti Avirgan, and Nguyen Tan Hoang for the Visual AIDS Alternate Endings series. Instead of presenting AIDS history as firmly embedded in the past, much of this newer work intertwines past and present to show the ongoing nature of the crisis. Many videos use archival footage to highlight the persistent nature of racism, poverty, drug use stigma, and health care barriers in the epidemic. Through temporal contrast, the videos powerfully show that progress is not always linear, and the past has much to teach us about the present.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"2021 1","pages":"207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42015758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-8841778
L. McTighe
The radical HIV prison activist movement has always been, in practice, an abolitionist movement. Set in Philadelphia in the early 2000s, this article centers the relationships through which leaders of ACT UP Philadelphia, the Philadelphia County Coalition for Prison Health Care, TEACH Outside, and Project UNSHACKLE worked to transform the social conditions for which prisons have been posited as the solution and to create a prison-free future in real time. Its pages unfold a three-part methodological toolkit for HIV prevention justice. First, harm reduction demands that one show up and provide relief, no questions asked. Second, mutual aid grounds the forging of new social relations that are more survivable than those produced by HIV stigma, mass criminalization, and organized abandonment. Third, transformative justice offers both a vision and a practice for challenging criminalization in all its intimate, communal, and structural forms, and building a racially just and strategic HIV movement.
激进的艾滋病监狱运动实际上一直是一场废奴主义运动。这篇文章以21世纪初的费城为背景，主要讲述了ACT UP Philadelphia、Philadelphia County Coalition for Prison Health Care、TEACH Outside和Project UNSHACKLE的领导人如何努力改变监狱被视为解决方案的社会状况，并实时创造一个没有监狱的未来。它的页面展示了一个由三部分组成的艾滋病预防司法方法工具包。首先，减少伤害要求一个人出现并提供救济，不问任何问题。其次，互助为建立新的社会关系奠定了基础，这种社会关系比艾滋病污名化、大规模定罪和有组织的遗弃所产生的社会关系更容易生存。第三，变革司法为挑战所有亲密、公共和结构形式的刑事定罪提供了愿景和实践，并建立了一场种族公正和战略性的艾滋病毒运动。
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