Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160
Stephanie Grace Prost, Amber McDonald, Mark Plassmeyer, J. Middleton, Seana Golder
Abstract Measures of well-being have gained importance in criminal justice. Examining the relationship between interpersonal traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and quality of life (QOL) is thus an essential contribution to existing literature. Using data from interviews conducted with a sample of women incarcerated in a U.S. state prison (n = 83), we examined differences in PTS and QOL between groups of women who did and did not report experiences of captivity, sexual assault, and other, unwanted sexual experiences. We also explored relationships between these experiences, PTS, and QOL. Women with any of these traumatic experiences reported higher PTS than their non-affected peers and women who were held captive prior to incarceration had the highest levels of PTS and the lowest levels of environmental QOL. We also found relationships between captivity, financial security, and PTS. Systems-oriented implications for correctional and community settings are discussed.
{"title":"Not All Traumas Are Equal: Post-Traumatic Stress and Quality of Life among Women in Prison","authors":"Stephanie Grace Prost, Amber McDonald, Mark Plassmeyer, J. Middleton, Seana Golder","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Measures of well-being have gained importance in criminal justice. Examining the relationship between interpersonal traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and quality of life (QOL) is thus an essential contribution to existing literature. Using data from interviews conducted with a sample of women incarcerated in a U.S. state prison (n = 83), we examined differences in PTS and QOL between groups of women who did and did not report experiences of captivity, sexual assault, and other, unwanted sexual experiences. We also explored relationships between these experiences, PTS, and QOL. Women with any of these traumatic experiences reported higher PTS than their non-affected peers and women who were held captive prior to incarceration had the highest levels of PTS and the lowest levels of environmental QOL. We also found relationships between captivity, financial security, and PTS. Systems-oriented implications for correctional and community settings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46165575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-17DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159
Amie M. Schuck, P. Baldo, C. Powell
Abstract Using a two-by-two vignette-based experimental design, this study aimed to examine the effects of women’s symbolic representation in sexual assault units and the arrest rate for interpersonal violence cases on individuals’ perceptions of police legitimacy, support for leadership, and willingness to engage in bystander intervention behaviors. Using responses from 357 students attending one university in the Midwest, the results showed that a higher level of women’s representation was associated with more police legitimacy and greater support for the leader when the agency had a low arrest rate. Whereas police legitimacy was related to bystanders’ intentions to intervene, women’s representation in the unit and the arrest rate was not. The findings indicate that women’s representation in policing strengthens the support for the police in gendered areas when the agency is underperforming.
{"title":"Women in Policing and Legitimacy: A Vignette-Based Study of Symbolic Representation","authors":"Amie M. Schuck, P. Baldo, C. Powell","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using a two-by-two vignette-based experimental design, this study aimed to examine the effects of women’s symbolic representation in sexual assault units and the arrest rate for interpersonal violence cases on individuals’ perceptions of police legitimacy, support for leadership, and willingness to engage in bystander intervention behaviors. Using responses from 357 students attending one university in the Midwest, the results showed that a higher level of women’s representation was associated with more police legitimacy and greater support for the leader when the agency had a low arrest rate. Whereas police legitimacy was related to bystanders’ intentions to intervene, women’s representation in the unit and the arrest rate was not. The findings indicate that women’s representation in policing strengthens the support for the police in gendered areas when the agency is underperforming.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-11DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871158
Wesley T. Smith, Ashley G. Blackburn, Judith A. Harris, Janet L. Mullings
Abstract Parental incarceration has been found to negatively impact families and communities. This study examined characteristics that impact receiving in-person visits among a sample of incarcerated mothers of minor children in a large Southern prison system. Factors impacting post release plans to live with children were also examined. Contact with their children, race/ethnicity, offense type, previous incarceration, and sentence length predicted whether incarcerated mothers received in-person visits from their children. Receiving visits from their children, race/ethnicity, having custody prior to arrest, and offense type predicted whether incarcerated mothers planned to live with their children after release from prison. Implications for policy and future research are presented.
{"title":"Maintaining Connections: An Exploratory Analysis of the Predictors of Prison Visitation with Children and the Post-Release Plans of Incarcerated Mothers","authors":"Wesley T. Smith, Ashley G. Blackburn, Judith A. Harris, Janet L. Mullings","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Parental incarceration has been found to negatively impact families and communities. This study examined characteristics that impact receiving in-person visits among a sample of incarcerated mothers of minor children in a large Southern prison system. Factors impacting post release plans to live with children were also examined. Contact with their children, race/ethnicity, offense type, previous incarceration, and sentence length predicted whether incarcerated mothers received in-person visits from their children. Receiving visits from their children, race/ethnicity, having custody prior to arrest, and offense type predicted whether incarcerated mothers planned to live with their children after release from prison. Implications for policy and future research are presented.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46496742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-03-26DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1741489
Ida Wilson, Tamar M J Antin, Geoffrey Hunt
{"title":"\"Some are good, some are bad\": Perceptions of the Police from Black and Latina Women Living in the San Francisco Bay Area.","authors":"Ida Wilson, Tamar M J Antin, Geoffrey Hunt","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1741489","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1741489","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8654324/pdf/nihms-1598059.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39808188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2019-11-15DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222
Frank A Sloan, Elizabeth J Gifford, Kelly E Evans, Lindsey M Eldred
This study examined effects of having a minor child(ren) on the probability of being prosecuted, convicted, and if convicted, the sanctions that were imposed. Data were state-wide court and birth records of criminally-charged women in North Carolina, a state with sentencing guidelines. We hypothesized that (a) prosecutors would be less likely to prosecute and more likely to lower an offense class and (b) judges (when they had discretion) would be more lenient for women in sentencing with minor children than without. Having a minor child(ren) reduced the probability of prosecution; given prosecution, conviction rates fell. When the judge had discretion, having minor children reduced the probability of an active sentence. Having a minor child had no effect on minimum sentence length for women with active sentences. Presence of a minor child affects prosecutorial and judicial decisions affecting women charged with a criminal offense.
{"title":"Does Having a Minor Child Affect Criminal Charges and Sanctions Imposed on Female Defendants?","authors":"Frank A Sloan, Elizabeth J Gifford, Kelly E Evans, Lindsey M Eldred","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined effects of having a minor child(ren) on the probability of being prosecuted, convicted, and if convicted, the sanctions that were imposed. Data were state-wide court and birth records of criminally-charged women in North Carolina, a state with sentencing guidelines. We hypothesized that (a) prosecutors would be less likely to prosecute and more likely to lower an offense class and (b) judges (when they had discretion) would be more lenient for women in sentencing with minor children than without. Having a minor child(ren) reduced the probability of prosecution; given prosecution, conviction rates fell. When the judge had discretion, having minor children reduced the probability of an active sentence. Having a minor child had no effect on minimum sentence length for women with active sentences. Presence of a minor child affects prosecutorial and judicial decisions affecting women charged with a criminal offense.</p>","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1688222","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39010843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1842290
Rylan Simpson, A. Croft
Abstract Policing has historically been conceptualized as a masculine and male-dominated profession. As part of the present research, we test two competing hypotheses about the effects of officer gender on citizens’ (N = 251) perceptions of officer aggression. Our results reveal that women are perceived as less aggressive than men when wearing civilian clothes, but similarly aggressive as men when wearing their police uniform. By experimentally testing the salience of policing versus gender cues on judgments of officers, we provide insight into the gendered dynamics of policing and complement existing research in the fields of criminology and psychology.
{"title":"Seeing Gender in Policing: Uniforms and Perceived Aggression","authors":"Rylan Simpson, A. Croft","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1842290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1842290","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Policing has historically been conceptualized as a masculine and male-dominated profession. As part of the present research, we test two competing hypotheses about the effects of officer gender on citizens’ (N = 251) perceptions of officer aggression. Our results reveal that women are perceived as less aggressive than men when wearing civilian clothes, but similarly aggressive as men when wearing their police uniform. By experimentally testing the salience of policing versus gender cues on judgments of officers, we provide insight into the gendered dynamics of policing and complement existing research in the fields of criminology and psychology.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1842290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46438033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1835792
Matilda Karlsson, Maria Wemrell, J. Merlo, A. Ivert
Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) poses severe threats to women’s health and rights. This study investigates the role of country context and gender equality in shaping individual perceptions of the severity of IPVAW. Multilevel logistic regression analyses of a Eurobarometer survey on attitudes toward IPVAW from 27 EU states showed that male gender, young age, low education, low self-assessed social position and particularly perceiving IPVAW as uncommon were associated with perceiving IPVAW as less severe. The likelihood of perceiving IPVAW as less severe was higher in countries with low gender equality. Between-country variance accounted for 14% of the variability, while country-level gender equality accounted for 22% of the between-country variance. We conclude that efforts toward strengthening perceptions of IPVAW as a severe issue should focus on awareness-raising and on increasing country-level gender equality.
{"title":"Intimate Partner Violence against Women in the EU: A Multilevel Analysis of the Contextual and Individual Impact on Public Perceptions","authors":"Matilda Karlsson, Maria Wemrell, J. Merlo, A. Ivert","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1835792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1835792","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) poses severe threats to women’s health and rights. This study investigates the role of country context and gender equality in shaping individual perceptions of the severity of IPVAW. Multilevel logistic regression analyses of a Eurobarometer survey on attitudes toward IPVAW from 27 EU states showed that male gender, young age, low education, low self-assessed social position and particularly perceiving IPVAW as uncommon were associated with perceiving IPVAW as less severe. The likelihood of perceiving IPVAW as less severe was higher in countries with low gender equality. Between-country variance accounted for 14% of the variability, while country-level gender equality accounted for 22% of the between-country variance. We conclude that efforts toward strengthening perceptions of IPVAW as a severe issue should focus on awareness-raising and on increasing country-level gender equality.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1835792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41269626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-02DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1837334
Jacinta Mary Ondeng, Merecia A. M. Sirera, B. Kathungu
Globally, gender responsive programing has become a concern for researchers. Such programs address issues that may hinder offenders’ reentry. The study sought to determine effectiveness of rehabili...
{"title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Gender Responsive Programing in Kenya: The Time is Ripe","authors":"Jacinta Mary Ondeng, Merecia A. M. Sirera, B. Kathungu","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1837334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1837334","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, gender responsive programing has become a concern for researchers. Such programs address issues that may hinder offenders’ reentry. The study sought to determine effectiveness of rehabili...","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1837334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48579514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1835791
Silvia Rodríguez-López
Abstract This paper contributes to existing global knowledge on female traffickers by providing data about 43 women punished for human trafficking in Spain between 2015 and 2018. Several factors related to the women’s profiles, methods and roles performed in the criminal enterprise are analyzed, based on information obtained from 39 court judgments. The results highlight the similarity between victims’ and perpetrators’ personal circumstances, and show that women’s involvement in trafficking can vary substantially, illustrating the complex dynamics behind this crime. Overall, the paper underlines the need to develop gender-appropriate policies to prevent human trafficking and guarantee proportionality in criminal justice responses.
{"title":"Getting to Know Women Convicted of Human Trafficking in Spain: Personal Profiles and Involvement in Crime","authors":"Silvia Rodríguez-López","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1835791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1835791","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper contributes to existing global knowledge on female traffickers by providing data about 43 women punished for human trafficking in Spain between 2015 and 2018. Several factors related to the women’s profiles, methods and roles performed in the criminal enterprise are analyzed, based on information obtained from 39 court judgments. The results highlight the similarity between victims’ and perpetrators’ personal circumstances, and show that women’s involvement in trafficking can vary substantially, illustrating the complex dynamics behind this crime. Overall, the paper underlines the need to develop gender-appropriate policies to prevent human trafficking and guarantee proportionality in criminal justice responses.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1835791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49019565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-17DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1826388
Courtney A. Crittenden, H. Gateley, C. Policastro, Karen M. McGuffee
Abstract Throughout the years, there have been sustained and increasing calls for criminology to become more inclusive in its research and measurements with the purpose of improving our knowledge of crime and victimization. The current study examined articles published in the past five years in a mainstream criminological journal and a well-respected victimization journal to explore the inclusion and operationalization of gender and sex. Findings indicate that measures of gender and sex were included more in the diversity-focused victimization journal compared to the mainstream criminological journal. In both journals, however, conceptualizations and operationalizations of these constructs rarely fell outside of a binary measure, which suggests the measurement and inclusion of gender are still lacking, and oftentimes when we say we are measuring gender we are actually still measuring sex.
{"title":"Exploring How Gender and Sex Are Measured in Criminology and Victimology: Are we Measuring What we Say we Are Measuring?","authors":"Courtney A. Crittenden, H. Gateley, C. Policastro, Karen M. McGuffee","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1826388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1826388","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Throughout the years, there have been sustained and increasing calls for criminology to become more inclusive in its research and measurements with the purpose of improving our knowledge of crime and victimization. The current study examined articles published in the past five years in a mainstream criminological journal and a well-respected victimization journal to explore the inclusion and operationalization of gender and sex. Findings indicate that measures of gender and sex were included more in the diversity-focused victimization journal compared to the mainstream criminological journal. In both journals, however, conceptualizations and operationalizations of these constructs rarely fell outside of a binary measure, which suggests the measurement and inclusion of gender are still lacking, and oftentimes when we say we are measuring gender we are actually still measuring sex.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1826388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45449483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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