Pub Date : 2020-08-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1805395
Lin Liu, Susan L. Miller, Jing Qiu, D. Sun
Abstract Early adverse experiences have been identified as a salient risk factor for crime and delinquency. However, past empirical studies predominantly used youth and young adult samples; much less is known about this risk factor’s effect on adult offending. This study examines early adverse experiences and adult pro-social bonds simultaneously using a mixed-gender sample of serious adult offenders with an average age of 35. Findings from survival analysis suggest that early adversities have an enduring detrimental effect on people’s lives well into adulthood yet in an intricate way. They have no direct effect on recidivism among adult offenders. However, they significantly influence recidivism by interacting with gender: Female respondents with early adversities demonstrated a significantly higher risk of recidivism than other female respondents, whereas no such effect was observed among male respondents. Implications for future research and policymaking are discussed.
{"title":"An Early Adverse Experience Goes a Long, Criminogenic, Gendered Way: The Nexus of Early Adversities, Adult Offending, and Gender","authors":"Lin Liu, Susan L. Miller, Jing Qiu, D. Sun","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1805395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1805395","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Early adverse experiences have been identified as a salient risk factor for crime and delinquency. However, past empirical studies predominantly used youth and young adult samples; much less is known about this risk factor’s effect on adult offending. This study examines early adverse experiences and adult pro-social bonds simultaneously using a mixed-gender sample of serious adult offenders with an average age of 35. Findings from survival analysis suggest that early adversities have an enduring detrimental effect on people’s lives well into adulthood yet in an intricate way. They have no direct effect on recidivism among adult offenders. However, they significantly influence recidivism by interacting with gender: Female respondents with early adversities demonstrated a significantly higher risk of recidivism than other female respondents, whereas no such effect was observed among male respondents. Implications for future research and policymaking are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"31 1","pages":"24 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1805395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45790133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-12DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1785372
Whitney DeCamp
Abstract Gender- and race-based discrimination in jury selection is unconstitutional in the United States. Nevertheless, court cases and empirical evidence suggest that discrimination on such characteristics, especially race, continues to occur through peremptory challenges. Statistical evidence of the gender effect, however, is more limited and has not previously incorporated controls in race-specific analyses to address non-gender-based explanations for gender differences. The present study examines gender differences in peremptory challenges using data from criminal jury trials in Mississippi. Race-specific analyses and propensity score matching are used to isolate the impact of gender from other measurable effects. Results indicate weak and non-significant gender differences for peremptory challenges used by the prosecution, and weak-to-moderate and non-significant gender differences for peremptory challenges used by the defense. This suggests that gender differences in the use of peremptory challenges may be the result of racial differences and other factors rather than a true gender-based effect.
{"title":"Gender and the Peremptory Challenge: Separating the Effects of Race and Gender in Jury Selection","authors":"Whitney DeCamp","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1785372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1785372","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gender- and race-based discrimination in jury selection is unconstitutional in the United States. Nevertheless, court cases and empirical evidence suggest that discrimination on such characteristics, especially race, continues to occur through peremptory challenges. Statistical evidence of the gender effect, however, is more limited and has not previously incorporated controls in race-specific analyses to address non-gender-based explanations for gender differences. The present study examines gender differences in peremptory challenges using data from criminal jury trials in Mississippi. Race-specific analyses and propensity score matching are used to isolate the impact of gender from other measurable effects. Results indicate weak and non-significant gender differences for peremptory challenges used by the prosecution, and weak-to-moderate and non-significant gender differences for peremptory challenges used by the defense. This suggests that gender differences in the use of peremptory challenges may be the result of racial differences and other factors rather than a true gender-based effect.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"31 1","pages":"159 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1785372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43313208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1632774
R. Aborisade, Similade Fortune Oni
This article investigates incidences of the breach of human rights, constitutional provisions, criminal code, and police regulatory acts by Nigerian police officers in the course of arresting, detaining, and interrogating female suspects. A mixed-method approach was deployed to collect and analyze quantitative data from 186 female inmates, of which 27 inmates were interviewed, at the Female Maximum and Medium Security Prisons, Lagos. Findings indicate low compliance with the Anti-Torture Act and other constitutional provisions. Infractions against the criminal code, like sexual assault, intimidation, and deception, were reported. Education, training, and monitoring of officers, with strategic development of policing that will engender intelligence-based investigation is suggested to address these violations.
{"title":"“Crimes of the Crime Fighters”: Nigerian Police Officers’ Sexual and Physical Abuses Against Female Arrestees","authors":"R. Aborisade, Similade Fortune Oni","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1632774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1632774","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates incidences of the breach of human rights, constitutional provisions, criminal code, and police regulatory acts by Nigerian police officers in the course of arresting, detaining, and interrogating female suspects. A mixed-method approach was deployed to collect and analyze quantitative data from 186 female inmates, of which 27 inmates were interviewed, at the Female Maximum and Medium Security Prisons, Lagos. Findings indicate low compliance with the Anti-Torture Act and other constitutional provisions. Infractions against the criminal code, like sexual assault, intimidation, and deception, were reported. Education, training, and monitoring of officers, with strategic development of policing that will engender intelligence-based investigation is suggested to address these violations.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"243 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1632774","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43059549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1785371
Ming-Li Hsieh, Francis D. Boateng
Abstract Given the increase in the percentage of female employees in correctional institutions, it is important to note that female correctional officers often hold different values relative to justice and fairness than their male counterparts. The current study attempts to understand whether gender differences would affect correctional officers’ perceptions of organizational justice in Ghanaian prisons. Results indicate that women and men did differ in how they perceive distributive and procedural justice under a multivariate model controlling for demographics and job-related attitudes. This implies that the job model hypothesis might better explain female officers’ perceptions of workplace justice than a gender model hypothesis in Ghanaian corrections.
{"title":"When Women Work at the Iron Cage: Gendered Perceptions on Workplace Justice","authors":"Ming-Li Hsieh, Francis D. Boateng","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1785371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1785371","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Given the increase in the percentage of female employees in correctional institutions, it is important to note that female correctional officers often hold different values relative to justice and fairness than their male counterparts. The current study attempts to understand whether gender differences would affect correctional officers’ perceptions of organizational justice in Ghanaian prisons. Results indicate that women and men did differ in how they perceive distributive and procedural justice under a multivariate model controlling for demographics and job-related attitudes. This implies that the job model hypothesis might better explain female officers’ perceptions of workplace justice than a gender model hypothesis in Ghanaian corrections.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"480 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1785371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45198620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1605561
J. Gaub
Decades of research on police misconduct have produced mixed findings related to risk and protective factors. Although misconduct is a relatively rare and predominantly male phenomenon, demographic characteristics such as sex could provide context to better understand the influence of these factors in predicting misconduct. Using a large sample (N = 3,085) of matched police officers in the New York Police Department and a split-sample analysis testing equality of coefficients, this study identifies how common predictors of police misconduct operate differently for men and women.
{"title":"Understanding Police Misconduct Correlates: Does Gender Matter in Predicting Career-Ending Misconduct?","authors":"J. Gaub","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1605561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1605561","url":null,"abstract":"Decades of research on police misconduct have produced mixed findings related to risk and protective factors. Although misconduct is a relatively rare and predominantly male phenomenon, demographic characteristics such as sex could provide context to better understand the influence of these factors in predicting misconduct. Using a large sample (N = 3,085) of matched police officers in the New York Police Department and a split-sample analysis testing equality of coefficients, this study identifies how common predictors of police misconduct operate differently for men and women.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"264 - 289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1605561","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44312354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1664329
Yinka Olomojobi, Ajoke Oluwakemi Agbetoba
The tentacles of human trafficking have evolved over time and have emerged in new forms. One such new form is the creation of baby factories. Baby factories involve the abuse of pregnant women for the sale of their new born children on the black market.
{"title":"The Abyss of Baby Factories in Nigeria","authors":"Yinka Olomojobi, Ajoke Oluwakemi Agbetoba","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1664329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1664329","url":null,"abstract":"The tentacles of human trafficking have evolved over time and have emerged in new forms. One such new form is the creation of baby factories. Baby factories involve the abuse of pregnant women for the sale of their new born children on the black market.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"220 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1664329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-24DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1780184
M. Miller
This special issue of Women & Criminal Justice is dedicated to analyzing the legal and extra-legal policies and practices that regulate mothers and pregnant individuals, and the effects of those re...
{"title":"Introduction to Special Issue: Criminalizing Motherhood and Reproduction","authors":"M. Miller","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1780184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1780184","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of Women & Criminal Justice is dedicated to analyzing the legal and extra-legal policies and practices that regulate mothers and pregnant individuals, and the effects of those re...","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"310-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1780184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60023679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1758868
Lula Mecinska, C. James, Kate Mukungu
Abstract The article explores the impact of criminalization and restricted abortion access in Poland, Italy, and parts of the United Kingdom. We look at the ways in which the partial and extensive criminalization of abortion in the European Union and in the United Kingdom forces women to travel to access abortion care. At the core of our considerations is the interconnection of issues pertaining to criminalization and movement with citizenship, bodily integrity and autonomy, and the nation-state. By tracing these connections through an analysis of existing laws and scholarship, our concern here is to ask what discursive, narrative and theoretical resources feminist scholars might draw on and help co-produce in framing the interstices of criminalization of abortion and enforced mobility.
{"title":"Criminalization of Women Accessing Abortion and Enforced Mobility within the European Union and the United Kingdom","authors":"Lula Mecinska, C. James, Kate Mukungu","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1758868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1758868","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article explores the impact of criminalization and restricted abortion access in Poland, Italy, and parts of the United Kingdom. We look at the ways in which the partial and extensive criminalization of abortion in the European Union and in the United Kingdom forces women to travel to access abortion care. At the core of our considerations is the interconnection of issues pertaining to criminalization and movement with citizenship, bodily integrity and autonomy, and the nation-state. By tracing these connections through an analysis of existing laws and scholarship, our concern here is to ask what discursive, narrative and theoretical resources feminist scholars might draw on and help co-produce in framing the interstices of criminalization of abortion and enforced mobility.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"391 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1758868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44670075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538
Ebonie Cunningham Stringer
Abstract Women’s incarceration rates have increased dramatically within the last 40 years. Many of the women who find themselves in the grips of confinement are mothers. Maternity can be central to women’s identities, making them reluctant to relinquish mothering roles once they become incarcerated. When women serve time, they can no longer be directly responsible for day-to-day caregiving for their young children. Thus, children are often placed in the care of proxy caregivers. Notwithstanding, many women retain their maternal identities and wish to engage as mothers while they are incarcerated. As such, women must manage motherhood with and through their children’s caregivers. Using group interviews, this study investigates how maternity is managed from prison with children’s caregivers. Findings reveal the strategies women employ to maintain their role-identities as mothers while serving time. Policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Managing Motherhood: How Incarcerated Mothers Negotiate Maternal Role-Identities with Their Children’s Caregivers","authors":"Ebonie Cunningham Stringer","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Women’s incarceration rates have increased dramatically within the last 40 years. Many of the women who find themselves in the grips of confinement are mothers. Maternity can be central to women’s identities, making them reluctant to relinquish mothering roles once they become incarcerated. When women serve time, they can no longer be directly responsible for day-to-day caregiving for their young children. Thus, children are often placed in the care of proxy caregivers. Notwithstanding, many women retain their maternal identities and wish to engage as mothers while they are incarcerated. As such, women must manage motherhood with and through their children’s caregivers. Using group interviews, this study investigates how maternity is managed from prison with children’s caregivers. Findings reveal the strategies women employ to maintain their role-identities as mothers while serving time. Policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"336 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-06DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352
Leah Iman Aniefuna, M. Amari Aniefuna, Jason M. Williams
Abstract This paper contextualizes the struggles and contributions of Black motherhood and reproductive justice under police surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers regarding their experiences and perceptions of policing in their community during the aftermath of the police-involved death of Freddie Gray. While the literature disproportionately focuses on Black males, little knowledge is known about the struggles and contributions of Black mothers in matters concerning police brutality and the fight against institutional violence. There still remains the question regarding the role of and impact on Black mothers during matters of institutional violence against Black children. We fill this gap by highlighting narratives and lived knowledges within a Black motherhood perspective. Primary themes show that Black women are subject to terror from police and system agents, they face reproductive justice issues, as they are criminalized as mothers—and are affected mentally, but they employ various resistance strategies that strengthen their resilience. Results indicate that Black women are the backbone and martyrs of their communities, but this comes at a tremendous cost because they remain largely unprotected and subject to immeasurable institutional violence and judgment against their mothering strategies.
{"title":"Creating and Undoing Legacies of Resilience: Black Women as Martyrs in the Black Community Under Oppressive Social Control","authors":"Leah Iman Aniefuna, M. Amari Aniefuna, Jason M. Williams","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper contextualizes the struggles and contributions of Black motherhood and reproductive justice under police surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers regarding their experiences and perceptions of policing in their community during the aftermath of the police-involved death of Freddie Gray. While the literature disproportionately focuses on Black males, little knowledge is known about the struggles and contributions of Black mothers in matters concerning police brutality and the fight against institutional violence. There still remains the question regarding the role of and impact on Black mothers during matters of institutional violence against Black children. We fill this gap by highlighting narratives and lived knowledges within a Black motherhood perspective. Primary themes show that Black women are subject to terror from police and system agents, they face reproductive justice issues, as they are criminalized as mothers—and are affected mentally, but they employ various resistance strategies that strengthen their resilience. Results indicate that Black women are the backbone and martyrs of their communities, but this comes at a tremendous cost because they remain largely unprotected and subject to immeasurable institutional violence and judgment against their mothering strategies.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"30 1","pages":"356 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44137887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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