Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999129
B. Alcântara, Pedro A. Muñoz
Bernardino de Sahagún is well known for having headed a major research project about the Nahuas of Central Mexico in the sixteenth century. However, many years before this project began, Sahagún wrote several sets of sermons in the Nahuatl language. This article analyzes eleven of these sermons, composed during the 1540s by this zealous Franciscan, possibly with the help of Nahua students and graduates of the Colegio de Tlatelolco. These sermons develop one shared allegory, “the House of the Soul,” by comparing the building elements of an ideal dwelling with doctrinal and moral topics and by contrasting the ways the Nahuas live their lives and build their homes to the ways the Spaniards do. In the approach adopted in this article, the rhetorical and doctrinal features of these sermons are examined, and the information they contain about Nahua households compared with other sources of the period is highlighted.
贝尔纳迪诺-德-萨阿贡（Bernardino de Sahagún）因在十六世纪领导了一项关于墨西哥中部纳瓦斯人的大型研究项目而闻名于世。然而，在该项目开始之前的许多年，萨阿贡就用纳瓦语写了几套布道。本文分析了其中的 11 篇布道，这些布道是这位热心的方济各会士在 15 世纪 40 年代创作的，可能得到了特拉特洛尔科学院的纳瓦语学生和毕业生的帮助。这些布道通过将理想住所的建筑元素与教义和道德主题进行比较，并将纳瓦尼亚人的生活方式和建造房屋的方式与西班牙人的方式进行对比，发展了一个共同的寓言故事--"灵魂之屋"。本文采用的方法是研究这些布道中的修辞和教义特征，并强调这些布道与当时其他资料相比所包含的有关纳瓦人家庭的信息。
{"title":"“You Here, Don’t Do It This Way”: Allegory and Domestic Dwellings in Bernardino de Sahagún’s Nahuatl Sermons of the House","authors":"B. Alcântara, Pedro A. Muñoz","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999129","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Bernardino de Sahagún is well known for having headed a major research project about the Nahuas of Central Mexico in the sixteenth century. However, many years before this project began, Sahagún wrote several sets of sermons in the Nahuatl language. This article analyzes eleven of these sermons, composed during the 1540s by this zealous Franciscan, possibly with the help of Nahua students and graduates of the Colegio de Tlatelolco. These sermons develop one shared allegory, “the House of the Soul,” by comparing the building elements of an ideal dwelling with doctrinal and moral topics and by contrasting the ways the Nahuas live their lives and build their homes to the ways the Spaniards do. In the approach adopted in this article, the rhetorical and doctrinal features of these sermons are examined, and the information they contain about Nahua households compared with other sources of the period is highlighted.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140787423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999165
E. Polanco
Ololiuhqui, the seeds of coatl xoxouhqui (morning glory, Turbina corymbosa), contain a nonhuman life force within them that Central Mexican Nahua specialists have used to diagnose and prognosticate cocoliztli (illness) and help guide cocoxqueh (sick people) back to pactinemiliztli (health). In the seventeenth century, Spanish priest Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón went on a campaign against ololiuhqui and its users that lasted more than two decades. Early in his war against ololiuhqui, the priest became ill, and some Nahuas in his parish viewed his cocoliztli as a result of his contempt toward the seed. This further fueled his rage toward ololiuhqui and drove him to uncover and punish specialists and their clients. After 1617, when the archbishop of Mexico licensed Ruiz de Alarcón to investigate Native “heterodoxy,” the zealous priest quickly found that non-Native people were also involved in ololiuhqui networks and seldom wished to comply with his investigations. As a result, well into the 1630s the priest courted the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Mexico with the goal of obtaining jurisdiction over all colonial racial and ethnic categories in New Spain. Ruiz de Alarcón failed to extirpate the relationship Nahuas had with ololiuhqui, and he also failed to become an official member of the Holy Office’s networks.
{"title":"The Baller and the Court: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón’s Battle with Ololiuhqui and His Courtship of the Mexican Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Mexico","authors":"E. Polanco","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999165","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ololiuhqui, the seeds of coatl xoxouhqui (morning glory, Turbina corymbosa), contain a nonhuman life force within them that Central Mexican Nahua specialists have used to diagnose and prognosticate cocoliztli (illness) and help guide cocoxqueh (sick people) back to pactinemiliztli (health). In the seventeenth century, Spanish priest Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón went on a campaign against ololiuhqui and its users that lasted more than two decades. Early in his war against ololiuhqui, the priest became ill, and some Nahuas in his parish viewed his cocoliztli as a result of his contempt toward the seed. This further fueled his rage toward ololiuhqui and drove him to uncover and punish specialists and their clients. After 1617, when the archbishop of Mexico licensed Ruiz de Alarcón to investigate Native “heterodoxy,” the zealous priest quickly found that non-Native people were also involved in ololiuhqui networks and seldom wished to comply with his investigations. As a result, well into the 1630s the priest courted the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Mexico with the goal of obtaining jurisdiction over all colonial racial and ethnic categories in New Spain. Ruiz de Alarcón failed to extirpate the relationship Nahuas had with ololiuhqui, and he also failed to become an official member of the Holy Office’s networks.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140757720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999217
Amanda Johnson
In 1974, a group of Kahnawá:ke Mohawk families claimed a New York State–run campsite with the intent of starting a “traditional” Indigenous community they named Ganienkeh. Residents ultimately secured a permanent space in upstate New York for the community to grow in 1979. Using newspapers, interviews, and organizational newsletters, this article argues that the sources of this takeover depended on Ganienkeh people who exercised sovereignty on their own innovative terms. Using the power of gender, kinship, and family, they maintained support from outside groups and successfully fought against and capitalized on the cultural tensions of the decade.
{"title":"Ganienkeh, Out of the City and Away from the Reservation: The Making of an Indigenous Space, 1974–1979","authors":"Amanda Johnson","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999217","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In 1974, a group of Kahnawá:ke Mohawk families claimed a New York State–run campsite with the intent of starting a “traditional” Indigenous community they named Ganienkeh. Residents ultimately secured a permanent space in upstate New York for the community to grow in 1979. Using newspapers, interviews, and organizational newsletters, this article argues that the sources of this takeover depended on Ganienkeh people who exercised sovereignty on their own innovative terms. Using the power of gender, kinship, and family, they maintained support from outside groups and successfully fought against and capitalized on the cultural tensions of the decade.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140787120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999251
Frank Salomon
{"title":"Reading the Illegible: Indigenous Writing and the Limits of Colonial Hegemony in the Andes","authors":"Frank Salomon","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999251","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140788051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999147
Sarah N. Saffa
Utilizing criminal records from the secular courts, this article examines incidents of sexual relations between parents and their biological children or stepchildren—both of which were considered incestuous under Spanish law—to explore how marriage and the marital relationship could motivate or rationalize episodes of parent-child incest in colonial Guatemala. Examination of parent-child incest through this lens shows how sons and daughters could become entangled in the sexual and emotional lives of their parents, providing a more nuanced view of the lived experience of kinship in colonial Latin America. It also demonstrates how incestuous offenders and their peers could allude to the culture of marriage and the state of the conjugal bond to both subtly and explicitly diminish the incestuous aspects of a sexual encounter, rendering it more culturally intelligible in the process.
{"title":"Parent-Child Incest and the Culture of Marriage in Colonial Guatemala","authors":"Sarah N. Saffa","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Utilizing criminal records from the secular courts, this article examines incidents of sexual relations between parents and their biological children or stepchildren—both of which were considered incestuous under Spanish law—to explore how marriage and the marital relationship could motivate or rationalize episodes of parent-child incest in colonial Guatemala. Examination of parent-child incest through this lens shows how sons and daughters could become entangled in the sexual and emotional lives of their parents, providing a more nuanced view of the lived experience of kinship in colonial Latin America. It also demonstrates how incestuous offenders and their peers could allude to the culture of marriage and the state of the conjugal bond to both subtly and explicitly diminish the incestuous aspects of a sexual encounter, rendering it more culturally intelligible in the process.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140773243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999182
Edward Mair
This article argues that Black Maroons were able to maintain a semiformal space of freedom in Territorial Florida through their work as go-betweens. Scholarship understands the utility of the Maroons to the Florida Indians, but this text posits that Black go-betweens, through their work as guides and interpreters, were also of vital importance to settlers. As Florida was Indigenous space prior to 1835, go-betweens became essential to settler ambitions in Florida, from officials of the Territorial Government to planters. The go-betweens’ ease of interaction with Indigenous and settler society shows that in spite of their status as fugitives from slavery, they could force the two dominant slaveholding societies in Florida to accept their claims of freedom. Furthermore, rather than simply falling prey to bribery, go-betweens used treaty proceedings between the Florida Indians and Territorial Government to have the interests of their own communities heard.
{"title":"“Shrewd and Sagacious” Middlemen: Black Go-Betweens in the Florida Borderlands, 1817–1836","authors":"Edward Mair","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article argues that Black Maroons were able to maintain a semiformal space of freedom in Territorial Florida through their work as go-betweens. Scholarship understands the utility of the Maroons to the Florida Indians, but this text posits that Black go-betweens, through their work as guides and interpreters, were also of vital importance to settlers. As Florida was Indigenous space prior to 1835, go-betweens became essential to settler ambitions in Florida, from officials of the Territorial Government to planters. The go-betweens’ ease of interaction with Indigenous and settler society shows that in spite of their status as fugitives from slavery, they could force the two dominant slaveholding societies in Florida to accept their claims of freedom. Furthermore, rather than simply falling prey to bribery, go-betweens used treaty proceedings between the Florida Indians and Territorial Government to have the interests of their own communities heard.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140787667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999200
Nathan Ince
John Norton (fl. 1770–1823) has long fascinated historians. After having been taken in by the prominent Mohawk leader Thayendanegea Joseph Brant as a young man, Norton claimed to imperial outsiders that he occupied a position of great influence among the Haudenosaunee. Norton bolstered this assertion with the improbable story that his own father had been Cherokee. While many historians have accepted Norton’s claims, there is good reason to reconsider this view. Existing records, including Six Nations council minutes, suggest that not only did Norton misrepresent his ancestry, he greatly exaggerated his standing among the Grand River communities. Rather than an authentic representative of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, it appears much more likely that Norton mobilized his claims of Cherokee blood and Six Nations belonging in order to gain remarkable influence in the British Atlantic World. Recognizing the power of these claims, his opponents eventually succeeded in undermining Norton’s self-presentation, eventually resulting in his political marginalization and ultimately in his exile from the Grand River under pain of death.
约翰-诺顿（John Norton，约生于 1770-1823 年）一直令历史学家着迷。诺顿年轻时曾被著名的莫霍克族领袖塔延丹格-约瑟夫-布兰特（Thayendanegea Joseph Brant）收留，之后他向帝国外人宣称自己在豪登诺萨尼人中拥有巨大的影响力。诺顿用自己的父亲是切诺基人这一不靠谱的故事来佐证自己的说法。虽然许多历史学家接受了诺顿的说法，但我们有充分的理由重新考虑这一观点。包括六部落会议记录在内的现有记录表明，诺顿不仅歪曲了自己的祖先，还大大夸大了自己在大河族群中的地位。与其说诺顿是豪德诺萨尼部落联盟的真正代表，倒不如说他是为了在英属大西洋世界获得非凡的影响力，才声称自己有切诺基血统和六部落血统。他的反对者认识到这些主张的威力，最终成功地破坏了诺顿的自我陈述，最终导致他在政治上被边缘化，并最终在死亡的威胁下被流放到大河流域。
{"title":"John Norton Reconsidered: Influence, Blood, and Belonging in the British Empire and Haudenosaunee Confederacy, 1786–1823","authors":"Nathan Ince","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 John Norton (fl. 1770–1823) has long fascinated historians. After having been taken in by the prominent Mohawk leader Thayendanegea Joseph Brant as a young man, Norton claimed to imperial outsiders that he occupied a position of great influence among the Haudenosaunee. Norton bolstered this assertion with the improbable story that his own father had been Cherokee. While many historians have accepted Norton’s claims, there is good reason to reconsider this view. Existing records, including Six Nations council minutes, suggest that not only did Norton misrepresent his ancestry, he greatly exaggerated his standing among the Grand River communities. Rather than an authentic representative of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, it appears much more likely that Norton mobilized his claims of Cherokee blood and Six Nations belonging in order to gain remarkable influence in the British Atlantic World. Recognizing the power of these claims, his opponents eventually succeeded in undermining Norton’s self-presentation, eventually resulting in his political marginalization and ultimately in his exile from the Grand River under pain of death.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10999234
Adam Stueck
{"title":"Creek Internationalism in an Age of Revolution, 1763–1818","authors":"Adam Stueck","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10999234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10999234","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140775885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10888025
M. Sparacio
The presence of chilakwa (smallpox) in Choctaw villages between 1747 and 1748 complicated factionalism and civil war. Utilizing Sharla Fett’s approach to health culture—defined as “the social relations of healing”—this article outlines how eighteenth-century Choctaws arrived at acceptable contingency plans when faced with illness and argues that community responses to smallpox helped ease factional tensions. Iksa (moiety) obligations for funeral rites—embodying the notion of iyyi kowa (generosity)—bridged political differences, accounting for a period of collaboration between groups best understood as the “smallpox peace.” Smallpox, therefore, surprisingly did not immediately contribute to political instability, although its indirect consequences proved significant during later stages of the civil war. Choctaw health culture informed individual and communal responses to chilakwa, which in turn shaped Choctaw factionalism.
{"title":"Smallpox and the Choctaw Civil War","authors":"M. Sparacio","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10888025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10888025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The presence of chilakwa (smallpox) in Choctaw villages between 1747 and 1748 complicated factionalism and civil war. Utilizing Sharla Fett’s approach to health culture—defined as “the social relations of healing”—this article outlines how eighteenth-century Choctaws arrived at acceptable contingency plans when faced with illness and argues that community responses to smallpox helped ease factional tensions. Iksa (moiety) obligations for funeral rites—embodying the notion of iyyi kowa (generosity)—bridged political differences, accounting for a period of collaboration between groups best understood as the “smallpox peace.” Smallpox, therefore, surprisingly did not immediately contribute to political instability, although its indirect consequences proved significant during later stages of the civil war. Choctaw health culture informed individual and communal responses to chilakwa, which in turn shaped Choctaw factionalism.","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140519932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1215/00141801-10887953
{"title":"Indigenous Responses to Disease: Ethnohistory Inspired by COVID","authors":"","doi":"10.1215/00141801-10887953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-10887953","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51776,"journal":{"name":"Ethnohistory","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140517755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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