Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220979116
Ulrike Stange
This paper explores the use of so-called GenX so as a modifier of verb phrases, as exemplified in “He should so be in jail” (SOAP, DAYS, 2005). Drawing on over 1350 relevant tokens retrieved from the Corpus of American Soap Operas (SOAP) (Davies 2011-, 100 million words from 2001-2012), the main purpose of the present study is to provide robust empirical evidence for various findings yielded by small-scale studies and by introspection. The results corroborate some of the previous findings, while others, particularly those based on introspection, are challenged in light of empirical (counter)evidence. The data show that preverbal so is very flexible in that it can occur in various syntactic slots and with a large number of different verbs (wide collocational range) and with different kinds of verbs (full, modal, auxiliary). In a large data set (such as that from SOAP), GenX so is even attested in questions, before auxiliaries in affirmative uses, and after the negator not. Moreover, preverbal so is expanding its functional range from intensification to emphasis.
本文探讨了所谓的GenX so作为动词短语修饰语的使用，例如在“He should be in jail”(SOAP, DAYS, 2005)中。从美国肥皂剧语料库(Soap) (Davies 2011-， 2001-2012年1亿字)中检索的1350多个相关标记，本研究的主要目的是为小规模研究和内省得出的各种发现提供强有力的经验证据。研究结果证实了之前的一些发现，而另一些发现，尤其是那些基于内省的发现，则受到了经验(反)证据的挑战。数据表明，前语so具有很大的灵活性，它可以出现在不同的句法槽中，可以与大量不同的动词搭配(搭配范围广)，可以与不同类型的动词(完整、情态、助动词)搭配。在大型数据集(例如来自SOAP的数据集)中，GenX so甚至在问题中被证明，在肯定用法的辅助词之前，在否定用法的not之后。言语前语的功能范围正在从强化向强调扩展。
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Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220982649
Turo Hiltunen
While intensifiers are primarily associated with informal spoken registers, they serve important interpersonal functions also in more formal registers like academic prose. The use of intensifiers in scientific writing has accordingly been explored in Present-Day English, and previous studies have also investigated diachronic changes in this register in Middle and Early Modern English. However, the Late Modern English period remains largely unexplored, despite the fact that at least in medical writing it represents an important transition period both intellectually and textually. To follow up on the trends and developments established in previous work, this paper explores the patterns of intensification in eighteenth century medical writing using Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT; Taavitsainen et al. 2019), which contains a large collection of texts representing different areas of medicine. While the intensifiers that are selected for study are ubiquitous in the data, their frequency varies considerably between individual texts, and this variation is often linked to the characteristics of individual sub-registers. At the same time, the use of intensifiers in this period is characterized by stability rather than dramatic change, despite ongoing changes in the sociocultural context of medicine. Along with providing a detailed investigation of the frequency of the main intensifiers in different categories of medical writing of the period, the analysis describes their co-selection patterns with particular adjectives.
虽然强化语主要与非正式口语有关，但它们在学术散文等更正式的口语中也具有重要的人际功能。相应地，在现代英语中对科技写作中加强语气的使用进行了探索，之前的研究也调查了中古和早期现代英语中该语域的历时变化。然而，晚期现代英语时期在很大程度上仍未被探索，尽管至少在医学写作中它代表了一个重要的智力和文本过渡时期。为了跟进之前工作中建立的趋势和发展，本文探索了18世纪医学写作的强化模式，使用晚期现代英语医学文本(LMEMT;Taavitsainen et al. 2019)，其中包含大量代表不同医学领域的文本。虽然研究中选择的加强语在数据中普遍存在，但它们在各个文本之间的频率差异很大，这种差异通常与各个子语域的特征有关。与此同时，尽管医学的社会文化背景不断变化，但这一时期强化词的使用特点是稳定而不是剧烈变化。除了对这一时期不同类别医学写作中主要强化词的频率进行详细调查外，分析还描述了它们与特定形容词的共同选择模式。
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Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220982063
C. Claridge, E. Jonsson, Merja Kytö
Even though intensifiers have received a good deal of attention over the past few decades, downtoners, comprising diminishers and minimizers, have remained by and large a neglected category (but cf. Brinton, this issue). Among downtoners, the adverb little or a little stands out as the most frequent item. It is multifunctional and serves as a diminishing and minimizing intensifier and also in non-degree uses as a quantifier, frequentative, and durative. Therefore, the present paper is devoted to the structural and functional profile of (a) little in Late Modern English speech-related data. The data source is the socio-pragmatically annotated Old Bailey Corpus (OBC, version 2.0), which allows, among other things, the investigation of the usage of the item among different speaker groups. Our research charts the semantic and formal uses of adverbial little. Downtoner uses outnumber non-degree uses in the data, and diminishing uses are more common than minimizing uses. The formal realization is predominantly a little, with very rare determinerless or modified instances, such as very little. Little modifies a wide range of “targets,” but most frequently adjectives and prepositional phrases, focusing on human states and circumstantial detail. With regard to variation and change, adverbial little declines in use over the 200 years and is used more commonly by speakers from the lower social ranks and by the lay, non-professional participants in the courtroom.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220979126
L. Brinton
In Present-Day English, nearly functions as an approximator downtoner meaning ‘almost, all but, virtually,’ as do earlier variants based on the same root—nigh, nighly, near, next (to)—though more rarely and in more restricted contexts. Nigh functions as an approximator downtoner in Old and Middle English. When near displaces nigh, nigh is retained as a downtoner with lexical adjectives expressing negative semantic prosody. Near is used as a downtoner in later Middle and Early Modern English. However, degree adjunct uses are not well attested, thus pointing to incomplete grammaticalization. During the eighteenth century, the new -ly form (nearly) takes over the innovative downtoner function and the old form (near) is retained in the original locative sense, with some remnant downtoner uses. Next (to) grammaticalizes as a downtoner, but proceeds only to the degree modifier stage and involves a high degree of idiomaticization, thus suggesting incipient grammaticalization. As spatial adverbs, nigh/near/next (to)/nearly represent one of the well-known sources for the grammaticalization of degree adverbs. However, these forms seem to follow a pathway where the degree modifier use (adjective/participle modifier) precedes the degree adjunct use (verb modifier), contrary to the reverse pathway postulated for other degree adverbs.
{"title":"“He loved his father but next to adored his mother”: Nigh(ly), Near, and Next (To) as Downtoners","authors":"L. Brinton","doi":"10.1177/0075424220979126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220979126","url":null,"abstract":"In Present-Day English, nearly functions as an approximator downtoner meaning ‘almost, all but, virtually,’ as do earlier variants based on the same root—nigh, nighly, near, next (to)—though more rarely and in more restricted contexts. Nigh functions as an approximator downtoner in Old and Middle English. When near displaces nigh, nigh is retained as a downtoner with lexical adjectives expressing negative semantic prosody. Near is used as a downtoner in later Middle and Early Modern English. However, degree adjunct uses are not well attested, thus pointing to incomplete grammaticalization. During the eighteenth century, the new -ly form (nearly) takes over the innovative downtoner function and the old form (near) is retained in the original locative sense, with some remnant downtoner uses. Next (to) grammaticalizes as a downtoner, but proceeds only to the degree modifier stage and involves a high degree of idiomaticization, thus suggesting incipient grammaticalization. As spatial adverbs, nigh/near/next (to)/nearly represent one of the well-known sources for the grammaticalization of degree adverbs. However, these forms seem to follow a pathway where the degree modifier use (adjective/participle modifier) precedes the degree adjunct use (verb modifier), contrary to the reverse pathway postulated for other degree adverbs.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"39 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220979126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44223624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.1177/0075424221992101
Frank Polzenhagen
Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1994. Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in courts. Language in Society 23. 163-198. Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A dictionary of Americanisms on historical principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23(3/4). 193-229. Winchester, Simon. 1998. The professor and the madman: A tale of murder, insanity, and the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Moosic, PA: HarperCollins.
{"title":"Book Review: Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes","authors":"Frank Polzenhagen","doi":"10.1177/0075424221992101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424221992101","url":null,"abstract":"Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1994. Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in courts. Language in Society 23. 163-198. Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A dictionary of Americanisms on historical principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23(3/4). 193-229. Winchester, Simon. 1998. The professor and the madman: A tale of murder, insanity, and the making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Moosic, PA: HarperCollins.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"483 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424221992101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45391604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1177/0075424220986612
L. Ghesquière, F. Troughton
Exclamative constructions fronted by what are generally agreed to be one of the prototypical realizations of the English exclamative clause type. This paper argues that what acts as a degree modifier in these constructions and aims to investigate how what came to be an introductory degree marker of English exclamatives. It examines the diachronic relation between full exclamative what constructions (What a pity it is!) and verbless exclamative constructions (What a pity!), which are usually assumed to be the result of ellipsis. In addition, this paper comments on what’s role as a degree modifier and a marker of subjectivity and mirativity.
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Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220987592
Annina Seiler
Eckert, Penelope. 2018. Meaning and linguistic variation: The third wave in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change: Social factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Mitchell, Alexander George & Arthur Delbridge. 1965. The speech of Australian adolescents: A survey. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Niedzielski, Nancy A. & Dennis R. Preston. 2000. Folk linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Preston, Dennis R. 1993. The uses of folk linguistics. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3(2). 181-259.
佩内洛普·埃克特，2018。意义与语言变异:社会语言学的第三次浪潮。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社。威廉·拉波夫，2001。语言变化的原则:社会因素。马登:布莱克威尔。亚历山大·乔治·米切尔和阿瑟·德尔布里奇1965年出版。澳大利亚青少年的语言:一项调查。悉尼:安格斯和罗伯逊。Niedzielski, Nancy A.和Dennis R. Preston. 2000。民俗语言学。柏林:穆顿·德·格吕特。Dennis R. Preston, 1993。民间语言学的应用。国际应用语言学杂志3(2)。181 - 259。
{"title":"Book Review: The Emergence and Development of English: An Introduction","authors":"Annina Seiler","doi":"10.1177/0075424220987592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220987592","url":null,"abstract":"Eckert, Penelope. 2018. Meaning and linguistic variation: The third wave in sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change: Social factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Mitchell, Alexander George & Arthur Delbridge. 1965. The speech of Australian adolescents: A survey. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. Niedzielski, Nancy A. & Dennis R. Preston. 2000. Folk linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Preston, Dennis R. 1993. The uses of folk linguistics. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 3(2). 181-259.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"265 ","pages":"349-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1177/0075424220982352
A. Fabricius
{"title":"Book Review: English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today","authors":"A. Fabricius","doi":"10.1177/0075424220982352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220982352","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"342 - 345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220982352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41568857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-15DOI: 10.1177/0075424220980046
L. Ghesquière
This paper explores how the originally descriptive adjective good (e.g., “a good man”) developed degree modifier (e.g., “a good scolding”) and quantity modifier (e.g., “a good many people”) uses. The work is innovative in exploring the intensification potential of unbounded rather than bounded adjectives and in distinguishing between degree and quantity modification, the latter only recently gaining attention in the cognitive-functional literature. The developmental path of good will be linked to its construal in terms of scalarity, the process of subjectification, and the categorial shift from modification to submodification.
{"title":"“A Good Deal of Intensity”: On the Development of Degree and Quantity Modifier Good","authors":"L. Ghesquière","doi":"10.1177/0075424220980046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220980046","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how the originally descriptive adjective good (e.g., “a good man”) developed degree modifier (e.g., “a good scolding”) and quantity modifier (e.g., “a good many people”) uses. The work is innovative in exploring the intensification potential of unbounded rather than bounded adjectives and in distinguishing between degree and quantity modification, the latter only recently gaining attention in the cognitive-functional literature. The developmental path of good will be linked to its construal in terms of scalarity, the process of subjectification, and the categorial shift from modification to submodification.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"159 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220980046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42993484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1177/0075424220982344
Aaron J. Dinkin
{"title":"Book Review: New England English: Large-Scale Acoustic Sociophonetics and Dialectology","authors":"Aaron J. Dinkin","doi":"10.1177/0075424220982344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220982344","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"338 - 341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220982344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47097033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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