Pub Date : 2020-11-27DOI: 10.1177/0075424220969778
C. Claridge, Merja Kytö
This introductory paper sets the scene for the present double special issue on degree phenomena. Besides introducing the individual contributions, it positions degree in the overlapping fields of intensity, focus and emphasis. It outlines the wide-ranging means of expressing degree, their possible categorizations, as well as the manyfold uses of intensification with respect to involvement, politeness, evaluation, emotive expression and persuasion. It also decribes the many angles from which degree features have been studied as extending across, e.g., (historical) sociolinguistics, (historical) pragmatics, and grammaticalization.
{"title":"Degree and Related Phenomena in the History of English: Evidence of Usage and Pathways of Change","authors":"C. Claridge, Merja Kytö","doi":"10.1177/0075424220969778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220969778","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory paper sets the scene for the present double special issue on degree phenomena. Besides introducing the individual contributions, it positions degree in the overlapping fields of intensity, focus and emphasis. It outlines the wide-ranging means of expressing degree, their possible categorizations, as well as the manyfold uses of intensification with respect to involvement, politeness, evaluation, emotive expression and persuasion. It also decribes the many angles from which degree features have been studied as extending across, e.g., (historical) sociolinguistics, (historical) pragmatics, and grammaticalization.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"3 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220969778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45523022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Embodied Mind, Meaning, and Reason: How Our Bodies Give Rise to Understanding","authors":"Masaru Kanetani","doi":"10.9793/elsj.37.1_80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9793/elsj.37.1_80","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82100703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-11DOI: 10.1177/0075424220938937
Lex Konnelly
Linguistic democratization, the goal or practice of increasing social equity through language, has not figured prominently in corpus studies. However, corpus-based approaches present the opportunity to probe questions of unequal linguistic representation on a large scale, providing crucial insights into how actors are classified in public discourse, especially with respect to the representation of gender relations and inequity. This paper draws on corpus methods to analyze the patterning of two generic, gendered nouns—woman and man—in American news television discourse. Results of both quantitative and qualitative analyses show that patterns for both grammatical factors (syntactic function, determiner type, pre-modification) and collocational behavior are largely consistent across networks, suggesting that gender ideologies expressed by newscasters and talk show hosts on both networks are not substantially different from one another. This study shows how elements of discourse that may be considered innocuous and below the level of consciousness—such as the position of certain nouns in the sentence, the determiners that specify them, and the adjectives that modify them—can provide valuable diagnostics of discourse-level democratization, and reveal deeper sociocultural ideologies about gendered individuals that are regularly perpetuated in public news discourse, regardless of the networks’ own political positioning.
{"title":"“The woman in the background”: Gendered Nouns in CNN and FOX Media Discourse","authors":"Lex Konnelly","doi":"10.1177/0075424220938937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938937","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic democratization, the goal or practice of increasing social equity through language, has not figured prominently in corpus studies. However, corpus-based approaches present the opportunity to probe questions of unequal linguistic representation on a large scale, providing crucial insights into how actors are classified in public discourse, especially with respect to the representation of gender relations and inequity. This paper draws on corpus methods to analyze the patterning of two generic, gendered nouns—woman and man—in American news television discourse. Results of both quantitative and qualitative analyses show that patterns for both grammatical factors (syntactic function, determiner type, pre-modification) and collocational behavior are largely consistent across networks, suggesting that gender ideologies expressed by newscasters and talk show hosts on both networks are not substantially different from one another. This study shows how elements of discourse that may be considered innocuous and below the level of consciousness—such as the position of certain nouns in the sentence, the determiners that specify them, and the adjectives that modify them—can provide valuable diagnostics of discourse-level democratization, and reveal deeper sociocultural ideologies about gendered individuals that are regularly perpetuated in public news discourse, regardless of the networks’ own political positioning.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"233 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220938937","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44782585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-11DOI: 10.1177/0075424220938951
Lucía Loureiro-Porto
The search for gender equality in language use is one of the most frequently cited cases of linguistic democratization (e.g., Farrelly & Seoane 2012:394). At the grammatical level, this process implies, for example, that pronouns such as generic he used with epicene antecedents are being replaced by singular they or by combined he or she, at least in inner-circle varieties of English. However, outer-circle varieties remain underexplored in this regard. For this reason, this paper analyzes three Asian English varieties, namely Hong Kong English (HKE), Indian English (IndE), and Singapore English (SgE), based on the relevant ICE corpora. More than 58,000 examples were retrieved from the corpora and manually filtered, resulting in 2120 tokens of epicene pronouns. The results show a very different picture for each variety. While overall HKE shows a high preference for the more democratic options they and he or she, IndE and SgE exhibit different patterns. IndE shows singular they in speech, but it is almost non-existent in writing, while in SgE there is a sharp contrast between the most spontaneous spoken register and all other registers. After testing different hypotheses, the findings are explained in socio-cultural terms, as a result of democratization possibly related to women’s movements in those territories.
{"title":"(Un)democratic Epicene Pronouns in Asian Englishes: A Register Approach","authors":"Lucía Loureiro-Porto","doi":"10.1177/0075424220938951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938951","url":null,"abstract":"The search for gender equality in language use is one of the most frequently cited cases of linguistic democratization (e.g., Farrelly & Seoane 2012:394). At the grammatical level, this process implies, for example, that pronouns such as generic he used with epicene antecedents are being replaced by singular they or by combined he or she, at least in inner-circle varieties of English. However, outer-circle varieties remain underexplored in this regard. For this reason, this paper analyzes three Asian English varieties, namely Hong Kong English (HKE), Indian English (IndE), and Singapore English (SgE), based on the relevant ICE corpora. More than 58,000 examples were retrieved from the corpora and manually filtered, resulting in 2120 tokens of epicene pronouns. The results show a very different picture for each variety. While overall HKE shows a high preference for the more democratic options they and he or she, IndE and SgE exhibit different patterns. IndE shows singular they in speech, but it is almost non-existent in writing, while in SgE there is a sharp contrast between the most spontaneous spoken register and all other registers. After testing different hypotheses, the findings are explained in socio-cultural terms, as a result of democratization possibly related to women’s movements in those territories.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"282 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220938951","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44674300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-10DOI: 10.1177/0075424220945008
Teresa Fanego
This article examines the historical development of the VVingOBL construction, as exemplified by “Jane came whistling down the street” or “She went walking up the field path,” where an intransitive motion verb is followed by a present participle and an oblique complement. The analysis looks at the precursors of the construction since Old English and argues that the sharp rise in productivity of the VVingOBL construction, especially from the second half of the nineteenth century, is interrelated with changes affecting English motion vocabulary in Early and Late Modern English and also the increase in frequency of the be progressive over the same period. By the twentieth century, the VVingOBL construction had settled into its modern form, namely a deictic-directional construction with either come or go in the V slot. The article also considers indices of the advancing grammaticalization of the construction. It concludes by discussing whether its morphosyntactic and semantic properties support considering it as a serial verb construction, a hypothesis briefly raised in work by Goldberg (2006:52).
{"title":"On the History of the English Progressive Construction Jane came whistling down the street","authors":"Teresa Fanego","doi":"10.1177/0075424220945008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220945008","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the historical development of the VVingOBL construction, as exemplified by “Jane came whistling down the street” or “She went walking up the field path,” where an intransitive motion verb is followed by a present participle and an oblique complement. The analysis looks at the precursors of the construction since Old English and argues that the sharp rise in productivity of the VVingOBL construction, especially from the second half of the nineteenth century, is interrelated with changes affecting English motion vocabulary in Early and Late Modern English and also the increase in frequency of the be progressive over the same period. By the twentieth century, the VVingOBL construction had settled into its modern form, namely a deictic-directional construction with either come or go in the V slot. The article also considers indices of the advancing grammaticalization of the construction. It concludes by discussing whether its morphosyntactic and semantic properties support considering it as a serial verb construction, a hypothesis briefly raised in work by Goldberg (2006:52).","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"319 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220945008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46100404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-06DOI: 10.1177/0075424220941911
A. Cichosz
This study investigates two Old English (OE) constructions: “negative inversion” (a negated main clause with a clause-initial verb), and “narrative inversion” (a non-negated main clause with a clause-initial verb). The aim is to determine whether the two patterns may be treated as related “constructions” in Construction Grammar terms, and to identify the factors which promote the use of negative inversion in OE prose. The study shows that in both cases there is a strong interaction between syntax and lexicon: the choice between negative inversion and other patterns in negated main clauses as well as the difference between negative and narrative inversion is to a great extent lexically-based. The analysis also points to other variables underlying this variation such as text type and the use of direct speech. The corpus-based analysis provides a solid empirical basis for the claim that negative inversion and narrative inversion represent two separate constructions, functioning independently in the OE system.
{"title":"Negation and Verb-initial Order in Old English Main Clauses","authors":"A. Cichosz","doi":"10.1177/0075424220941911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220941911","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates two Old English (OE) constructions: “negative inversion” (a negated main clause with a clause-initial verb), and “narrative inversion” (a non-negated main clause with a clause-initial verb). The aim is to determine whether the two patterns may be treated as related “constructions” in Construction Grammar terms, and to identify the factors which promote the use of negative inversion in OE prose. The study shows that in both cases there is a strong interaction between syntax and lexicon: the choice between negative inversion and other patterns in negated main clauses as well as the difference between negative and narrative inversion is to a great extent lexically-based. The analysis also points to other variables underlying this variation such as text type and the use of direct speech. The corpus-based analysis provides a solid empirical basis for the claim that negative inversion and narrative inversion represent two separate constructions, functioning independently in the OE system.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"355 - 381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220941911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48443605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-25DOI: 10.1177/0075424220938452
S. Mills
Shaer, Benjamin & Werner Frey. 2004. Integrated and non-integrated left-peripheral elements in German and English. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35(2). 465-502. Shlonsky, Ur & Gabriela Soare. 2011. Where’s why? Linguistic Inquiry 42(4). 651-669. Zwicky, Arnold & Ann Zwicky. 1973. How come and what for? In Braj B. Kachru, Robert Lees, Yakov Malkiel, Angelina Pietrangeli & Sol Saporta (eds.), Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, 923-933. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
本杰明·希尔和沃纳·弗雷2004。德语和英语的综合和非综合左周边元素。语言学论文集35(2)。465 - 502。Shlonsky, Ur & Gabriela Soare, 2011。为什么在哪里?语言探究42(4)。651 - 669。兹威基，阿诺德和安兹威基。1973。为什么?为什么?在brj B. Kachru, Robert Lees, Yakov Malkiel, Angelina Pietrangeli和Sol Saporta(编)，语言学问题:纪念Henry和Renee Kahane的论文，923-933。厄巴纳，伊利诺伊州:伊利诺伊大学出版社。
{"title":"Book Review: Word Slut: A Feminist Guide to Taking Back the English Language","authors":"S. Mills","doi":"10.1177/0075424220938452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938452","url":null,"abstract":"Shaer, Benjamin & Werner Frey. 2004. Integrated and non-integrated left-peripheral elements in German and English. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35(2). 465-502. Shlonsky, Ur & Gabriela Soare. 2011. Where’s why? Linguistic Inquiry 42(4). 651-669. Zwicky, Arnold & Ann Zwicky. 1973. How come and what for? In Braj B. Kachru, Robert Lees, Yakov Malkiel, Angelina Pietrangeli & Sol Saporta (eds.), Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renee Kahane, 923-933. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"407 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220938452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45024984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-18DOI: 10.1177/0075424220937069
David Jost
{"title":"Interview with Joan Houston Hall","authors":"David Jost","doi":"10.1177/0075424220937069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220937069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"382 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220937069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-18DOI: 10.1177/0075424220935967
Lucía Loureiro-Porto, Turo Hiltunen
“Democratization” and “gender-neutrality” are two concepts commonly used in recent studies on language variation. While both concepts link linguistic phenomena to sociocultural changes, the extent to which they overlap and/or interact has not been studied in detail. In particular, not much is known about how linguistic changes related to democratization and gender-neutrality spread across registers or varieties of English, as well as whether speakers are aware of the changes that are taking place. In this paper we review the main theoretical issues regarding these concepts and relate them to the main findings in the articles in this issue, all of which study lexical and grammatical variation from a corpus-based perspective. Taken together, they help unveil some of the conscious and unconscious mechanisms that operate at the interface between democratization and gender-neutrality.
{"title":"Democratization and Gender-neutrality in English(es)","authors":"Lucía Loureiro-Porto, Turo Hiltunen","doi":"10.1177/0075424220935967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220935967","url":null,"abstract":"“Democratization” and “gender-neutrality” are two concepts commonly used in recent studies on language variation. While both concepts link linguistic phenomena to sociocultural changes, the extent to which they overlap and/or interact has not been studied in detail. In particular, not much is known about how linguistic changes related to democratization and gender-neutrality spread across registers or varieties of English, as well as whether speakers are aware of the changes that are taking place. In this paper we review the main theoretical issues regarding these concepts and relate them to the main findings in the articles in this issue, all of which study lexical and grammatical variation from a corpus-based perspective. Taken together, they help unveil some of the conscious and unconscious mechanisms that operate at the interface between democratization and gender-neutrality.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"215 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220935967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42778839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-18DOI: 10.1177/0075424220938949
Laura L. Paterson
This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns (s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns (she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns (he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all.
{"title":"Non-sexist Language Policy and the Rise (and Fall?) of Combined Pronouns in British and American Written English","authors":"Laura L. Paterson","doi":"10.1177/0075424220938949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938949","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns (s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns (she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns (he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"48 1","pages":"258 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220938949","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42242633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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