Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management最新文献

Ticket pricing for high-speed railways in a competitive market with enhanced boundedly rational constraints 有界理性约束增强的竞争市场下的高铁车票定价

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2026.100571

Pengwei Xi , Yuguang Wei , Pan Wang , Xurui Liu , Yang Xia

High-speed rail (HSR) faces growing competition from aviation. This study proposes a mixed-integer fare optimization model that jointly represents trains and flights on a corridor over a given time window. The model is designed to maximize operator revenue subject to passenger utility constraints, thereby treating passenger behavior as a binding condition rather than a direct optimization objective. Unlike bilevel models that separate upper-level fare setting from lower-level passenger choice, enhanced bounded-rationality constraints are embedded directly in the optimization, integrating pricing and behavior. A multi-layer spatio-temporal price–time network captures competitive interactions, service attributes, and passenger choices across multiple operators and services. Using Beijing–Shanghai data, the model attains an objective value of 8,617,549 in 2984 s. Compared with fixed pricing, HSR revenue increases by 33.38%. The policy also balances flows by raising off-peak seat occupancy (e.g., G103: 87.71%→98.30%) and reducing peak congestion (e.g., G115: 100.00%→89.02%), demonstrating the managerial value of well-designed floating fares for peak–off-peak load balancing and guiding demand-responsive fare design and capacity allocation under intermodal competition.

高速铁路（HSR）面临着来自航空业日益激烈的竞争。本研究提出了一个混合整数票价优化模型，该模型在给定的时间窗口内共同表示走廊上的火车和航班。该模型在乘客效用约束下实现运营商收益最大化，将乘客行为作为约束条件而非直接优化目标。与将上层票价设置与下层乘客选择分开的双层模型不同，增强的有限理性约束直接嵌入到优化中，整合了定价和行为。多层时空价格-时间网络捕捉竞争互动、服务属性和乘客跨多个运营商和服务的选择。利用北京-上海的数据，模型得到了2984年的目标值8,617,549。与固定定价相比，高铁收入增长33.38%。该政策还通过提高非高峰座位率（如G103: 87.71%→98.30%）和减少高峰拥堵（如G115: 100.00%→89.02%）来平衡流量，展示了设计良好的浮动票价对高峰非高峰负荷平衡的管理价值，并指导了多式联运竞争下需求响应的票价设计和容量分配。

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引用次数: 0

Predicting the alighting behavior of metro passengers based on the analysis of action features 基于行为特征分析的地铁乘客下客行为预测

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100566

Xiling Lin , Qun Chen , Yan Wang

Due to a lack of seat availability information regarding metro train carriages, passengers constantly move on platforms or inside carriages in search of seats, leading to overcrowding and safety concerns. Informing passengers of available seats and guiding them to less crowded carriages are beneficial for riding. The number of available seats at the next station is determined not only by the number of passengers currently occupying the carriage but also by the number of passengers alighting at the station. This study proposes a predictive framework that uses an optimized random forest model to estimate seat availability by analyzing metro passenger action features to predict alighting behavior. A dataset comprising 2009 passenger samples, encompassing 14 categories and totaling 9228 action features, was collected from video recordings in Changsha metro carriages. SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis demonstrated that passengers’ actions as they approach the next station—particularly moving toward the carriage exit and standing up—are strong indicators for predicting alighting behavior. Certain combinations of actions, such as “watching the information display” and “standing up” showed superior predictive effectiveness compared with individual occurrences. The predictive model achieves high accuracy in assessing seat availability, contributing to improved service and boarding efficiency.

由于缺乏关于地铁车厢的座位信息，乘客不断在站台或车厢内寻找座位，导致过度拥挤和安全问题。告知乘客有空位，并引导他们到不那么拥挤的车厢，有利于乘车。下一站的可用座位数量不仅取决于当前占用车厢的乘客数量，还取决于在该站下车的乘客数量。本研究提出一个预测框架，利用优化的随机森林模型，通过分析地铁乘客的行为特征来预测乘客的下车行为，从而估计座位的可用性。从长沙地铁车厢的视频记录中收集了包含2009年乘客样本的数据集，包括14个类别和总计9228个动作特征。SHapley加性解释（SHAP）分析表明，乘客接近下一站时的行为——尤其是走向车厢出口和站起来的行为——是预测下车行为的有力指标。某些动作组合，如“观看信息显示”和“站起来”，与单个事件相比，显示出更高的预测效果。该预测模型在评估座位可用性方面达到了很高的准确性，有助于提高服务和登机效率。

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引用次数: 0

WildlifeRailGuard: A novel conservation technology to mitigate train-animal collisions in forest regions WildlifeRailGuard：一种新的保护技术，以减轻森林地区火车与动物的碰撞

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100565

Gayathri N P , Geena Prasad , Chada Narasimha Reddy , Chapa Gagan Dwaz , Guru Aswini Dath , Maitreyee Awasthi , Deepa Indira Nair

The escalating incidences of train-wildlife collisions, especially with elephants, are a real blow to forest-based wildlife conservation efforts. To enable real-time detection of wild animals such as elephants and promptly alert train operators, this study utilizes advanced deep learning algorithms integrated with camera systems installed at strategic locations along the railway tracks. The research proposes the use of WildlifeRailGuard as an innovative solution to address this issue effectively. To enable real-time detection of wild animals, such as elephants, and promptly alert train operators, this study utilizes advanced deep learning algorithms integrated with camera systems installed at strategic locations along railway tracks. Upon receiving alerts, train operators can immediately reduce speed, ensuring the safety of both passengers and wildlife. The proposed WildlifeRailGuard system also contributes to wildlife conservation by leveraging data analytics to generate valuable insights into animal behavior and movement patterns. The use of data analytics tools helps mitigate the negative effects of railway expansion on various animal species, fostering hope for achieving a sustainable balance between railway development and forest conservation.

不断升级的火车与野生动物碰撞事件，尤其是与大象的碰撞，对以森林为基础的野生动物保护工作是一个真正的打击。为了能够实时检测大象等野生动物并及时提醒列车操作员，本研究利用先进的深度学习算法与安装在铁路沿线战略位置的摄像系统相结合。该研究建议使用WildlifeRailGuard作为有效解决这一问题的创新解决方案。为了能够实时检测大象等野生动物，并及时提醒列车操作员，本研究利用先进的深度学习算法与安装在铁路沿线战略位置的摄像系统相结合。一旦收到警报，列车操作员可以立即降低速度，确保乘客和野生动物的安全。拟议中的WildlifeRailGuard系统还通过利用数据分析对动物行为和运动模式产生有价值的见解，从而有助于野生动物保护。数据分析工具的使用有助于减轻铁路扩建对各种动物物种的负面影响，为实现铁路发展与森林保护之间的可持续平衡带来希望。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability evaluation of rail freight transport processes — An agent-based approach combining microscopic rail simulation and freight network logistics 铁路货运过程的可靠性评估——结合微观铁路仿真和货运网络物流的基于代理的方法

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100558

Jakob Geischberger , Norman Weik , Jürgen Pannek

In densely operated European railway networks the trade-off between network utilization and service quality leads to pondering traffic volume against the reliability of services. The perspective on service reliability, however, tends to vary between stakeholders. In this paper, we investigate and assess reliability in railway networks, particularly focusing on the comparison between railway operators and users in freight transport systems: While operators mainly focus on the punctuality of trains, users typically perceive reliability on the level of transportation chains. To combine both perspectives, a new agent-based simulation approach is developed that combines a microscopic domain-specific traffic control simulation incorporating the essential properties of the signaling system with a logistical perspective featuring the flow of goods within the network. The study outlines the methodical steps of model-setup, as well as the implementation on the backbone of an agent-based, open-source simulation environment. The methodology is applied to the German railway network and effects on the two different reliability perspectives are assessed and compared. A significant deviation of transport reliability from train punctuality is observed, highlighting the benefit of incorporating the end-customer perspective in reliability evaluation. It is also found that higher amounts of segments per transportation chain lead to significantly lower reliability.

在密集运营的欧洲铁路网中，网络利用率和服务质量之间的权衡导致了对交通量和服务可靠性的权衡。然而，对服务可靠性的看法往往因涉众而异。在本文中，我们调查和评估了铁路网络的可靠性，特别关注铁路运营商和货运系统用户之间的比较：运营商主要关注列车的准点率，而用户通常在运输链的层面上感知可靠性。为了结合这两种观点，开发了一种新的基于代理的模拟方法，该方法将微观领域特定的交通控制模拟与信号系统的基本属性相结合，并将物流视角与网络内的货物流动相结合。该研究概述了模型建立的系统步骤，以及在基于代理的开源仿真环境的主干上的实现。将该方法应用于德国铁路网，并对两种不同可靠性观点的影响进行了评估和比较。观察到运输可靠性与列车正点率的显著偏差，突出了在可靠性评估中纳入最终客户观点的好处。研究还发现，每条运输链的分段数量越多，可靠性就越低。

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引用次数: 0

A MaxSAT model for solving the track maintenance possession problem for the railway network in Germany 求解德国铁路网养护占用问题的MaxSAT模型

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2026.100569

Julian Reisch, Peter Großmann, Reyk Weiß

We study the Track Maintenance Possession Problem which schedules maintenance works on railway tracks so that the maintenance machines are efficiently assigned and traffic restrictions are not violated. In this particular version of the problem, the maintenance works should be assigned to predefined time slots, so-called containers. We are provided real-world data for the maintenance demands, the containers, the available machines and the traffic restrictions for the whole railway network in Germany for one year. We present a Mixed Integer Program formulation for the problem and give a mathematical proof that it is NP-hard to solve. In order to be able to solve the problem on the large instance size nonetheless, we propose a Maximum Satisfiability encoding and solve the problem with a state-of-the-art solver. In our result, 95% of the maintenance demands are fulfilled which is close to an upper bound we can provide.

研究了轨道养护占用问题，该问题对铁路轨道上的养护工作进行调度，以保证养护机器的有效分配和不违反交通限制。在这个问题的特定版本中，维护工作应该分配到预定义的时间段，即所谓的容器。我们获得了为期一年的真实数据，包括维护需求、集装箱、可用机器和整个德国铁路网的交通限制。本文给出了该问题的一个混合整数规划公式，并给出了np难解的数学证明。尽管如此，为了能够在大实例规模上解决问题，我们提出了一个最大可满足性编码，并使用最先进的求解器来解决问题。在我们的结果中，95%的维护需求得到了满足，这接近于我们所能提供的上限。

引用次数: 0

Modelling railway dwell time: A structured review and lifecycle framework for real-world integration 铁路停留时间建模：用于现实世界集成的结构化审查和生命周期框架

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2026.100567

Kenneth Ng, Nirajan Shiwakoti, Peter Stasinopoulos

Dwell time is a critical component of railway operations, influencing network capacity, service reliability, and passenger experience. Despite extensive methodological development, discussion of how dwell time models are operationalised in practice remains limited in the publicly available literature, a situation that may partly reflect commercial confidentiality in real-world applications. To address this, the paper proposes a novel lifecycle-oriented, systems-theoretic framework to support the selection, calibration, and operationalisation of dwell time models in alignment with institutional capabilities, data environments, and planning objectives. The framework is informed by a structured, non-exhaustive review of railway dwell time modelling approaches, synthesizing statistical-based, simulation-based, and advanced models to examine how passenger behaviour, operational constraints, and uncertainty are represented across different operational contexts. Unlike prior reviews that focus on individual modelling paradigms in isolation, this study integrates insights across major approaches and aligns them with practical deployment considerations. By introducing a six-part lifecycle framework, this work provides a structured, actionable pathway for translating dwell time models into real-world applications. By bridging academic rigor with real-world applicability, the proposed framework offers a pragmatic pathway for agencies to leverage data-driven modelling for improved dwell time management by advancing the operational maturity and responsiveness of railway systems.

停留时间是铁路运营的重要组成部分，影响着网络容量、服务可靠性和乘客体验。尽管方法学得到了广泛的发展，但关于停留时间模型在实践中如何操作的讨论在公开文献中仍然有限，这种情况可能部分反映了现实应用中的商业机密性。为了解决这个问题，本文提出了一个新的以生命周期为导向的系统理论框架，以支持与机构能力、数据环境和规划目标相一致的停留时间模型的选择、校准和操作。该框架通过对铁路停留时间建模方法进行结构化的、非详尽的审查，综合了基于统计的、基于仿真的和先进的模型，以检查乘客行为、运营约束和不确定性如何在不同的运营环境中表示。与先前的评论不同，该研究将主要方法的见解整合在一起，并将其与实际部署考虑相结合。通过引入一个由六部分组成的生命周期框架，这项工作为将停留时间模型转化为实际应用提供了一个结构化的、可操作的途径。通过将学术严谨性与现实世界的适用性相结合，拟议的框架为各机构提供了一条务实的途径，通过提高铁路系统的运营成熟度和响应能力，利用数据驱动模型来改进停留时间管理。

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引用次数: 0

Automation of railway signalling system man machine interface design using linear programming optimization technique 基于线性规划优化技术的铁路信号系统自动化人机界面设计

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2026.100568

Michał Grzybowski , Jakub Młyńczak , Lucyna Sokołowska , Szymon Surma , Michał Matowicki

Railways play a critical role in the modern transportation system, with infrastructure increasingly shifting towards computer-based signalling systems to enhance operational efficiency and safety. As part of this evolution, the design and visualization of the man-machine interface (MMI) in these systems become essential, since it serves as a key tool for human operators, such as dispatchers, to monitor and control railway traffic. While these computer-based schematics offer improved information density and user interaction, they also impose a significant design workload. Incorrectly designed schematics can lead to operator errors, potentially jeopardizing safety. Hence, high-quality design is imperative. This paper introduces a novel approach aimed at automating the process of railway schematic design by employing mathematical optimization, specifically through integer linear programming (ILP). The central challenge of schematic layout design is framed as a mathematical modelling problem, where the placement of elements such as signals, points, and track circuits is optimized under a set of constraints. The proposed method automates the placement of these elements while allowing for fine-tuned manual control, ensuring the legibility and ergonomics of the final output. By formalizing the layout problem as an ILP, this approach ensures an efficient and structured solution process, taking into account both the technical constraints of the railway system and the human factors that influence operator decision-making. The method’s effectiveness is demonstrated through the development of software capable of generating high-quality railway schematics with minimal manual intervention. The results highlight the potential of mathematical modelling techniques, particularly ILP, in automating complex design tasks while maintaining a high standard of usability and safety. This contribution not only reduces the workload for designers but also improves the overall quality and reliability of railway control systems.

铁路在现代交通系统中扮演着至关重要的角色，随着基础设施越来越多地转向基于计算机的信号系统，以提高运营效率和安全性。作为这一演变的一部分，这些系统中人机界面（MMI）的设计和可视化变得至关重要，因为它是调度员等人类操作员监视和控制铁路交通的关键工具。虽然这些基于计算机的原理图提供了改进的信息密度和用户交互，但它们也带来了很大的设计工作量。设计不正确的原理图可能导致操作错误，从而潜在地危及安全。因此，高质量的设计势在必行。本文介绍了一种利用数学优化，特别是整数线性规划（ILP）实现铁路方案设计过程自动化的新方法。原理图布局设计的核心挑战是一个数学建模问题，其中信号、点和轨道电路等元素的放置在一组约束条件下进行优化。所提出的方法可以自动放置这些元素，同时允许微调手动控制，确保最终输出的易读性和人体工程学。通过将布局问题形式化为ILP，该方法确保了高效和结构化的解决过程，同时考虑了铁路系统的技术限制和影响运营商决策的人为因素。该方法的有效性通过开发能够以最少的人工干预生成高质量铁路原理图的软件来证明。结果强调了数学建模技术的潜力，特别是ILP，在自动化复杂设计任务的同时保持高标准的可用性和安全性。这不仅减少了设计人员的工作量，而且提高了铁路控制系统的整体质量和可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing weekly maintenance schedules for mass rapid transit facilities 优化快速轨道交通设施的周维护计划

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100537

Shangyao Yan, Chun-Yi Wang, Tzu-Hao Yan

To ensure the smooth operation of the MRT system, efficient resource utilization for effective facility maintenance is crucial. Currently, engineers in Taiwan rely on past records and personal knowledge to schedule maintenance, which is inefficient and leads to higher costs. To address this challenge, a systematic weekly maintenance model has been developed, tailored to the needs of local MRT companies. This model takes into account preventive maintenance, repair needs, and workforce constraints, with the aim of minimizing total maintenance costs. Formulated as a challenging integer network flow problem with side constraints, the model utilizes a heuristic algorithm to efficiently solve complex scenarios. Initial results from a case study show promise, suggesting that this model and solution algorithm can be valuable tools for MRT companies.

为了确保捷运系统的顺利运行，有效地利用资源进行有效的设施维护至关重要。目前，台湾的工程师依靠过去的记录和个人知识来安排维修，这种方法效率低下，成本也更高。为了应对这一挑战，根据当地捷运公司的需求，开发了一种系统的每周维护模式。该模型考虑了预防性维护、维修需求和劳动力约束，目的是使总维护成本最小化。该模型是一个具有挑战性的带有侧约束的整数网络流问题，利用启发式算法有效地解决复杂的场景。一个案例研究的初步结果显示了前景，表明该模型和解决方案算法可以成为地铁公司的有价值的工具。

引用次数: 0

Optimal driving strategies for trains on level track with bounds on energy consumption during specified intermediate time intervals 在规定的中间时间间隔内，有能量消耗界限的水平轨道列车的最优驾驶策略

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100550

Phil Howlett, Maria Kapsis, Peter Pudney

In order to manage electricity transmission and distribution it is now common practice for system operators to offer financial incentives that encourage large consumers to reduce energy usage during designated peak demand periods. For train operators on large rail networks it may be profitable—with selected individual journeys—to reduce energy usage during peak times and increase energy usage at other times rather than simply minimizing overall energy consumption. The desired reduction in energy usage on some intermediate time interval can often be achieved if the overall optimal driving speed is increased but the usual speedhold segment is interrupted by a segment of coast–speedhold–maximum acceleration with a lower optimal driving speed on the designated interval. In Howlett et al. (2023) it was shown that an interruption of this type is optimal if and only if the coast phase begins at the entry time to the designated interval and the acceleration phase begins at the exit time. In this paper we show that the above strategy is a suboptimal strategy and that the true optimal restricted strategy is one where the usual speedhold phase is interrupted by a segment of maximum acceleration–coast–speedhold–coast–maximum acceleration. The initial phase for this segment ends at the entry time to the designated interval and the final phase begins at the exit time. We will also extend the new strategy to find optimal restricted strategies for problems with energy consumption constraints on multiple predetermined intermediate time intervals.

为了管理电力的传输和分配，现在系统运营商提供财政激励，鼓励大用户在指定的高峰需求期间减少能源使用，这是一种普遍做法。对于大型铁路网络的列车运营商来说，减少高峰时段的能源使用，增加其他时间的能源使用，而不是简单地减少总体能源消耗，这可能是有利可图的。如果提高总体最佳驾驶速度，但通常的速度保持段被指定间隔上较低的最佳驾驶速度的海岸-速度保持-最大加速度段打断，则通常可以实现在某些中间时间间隔上所需的能源使用减少。Howlett等人（2023）的研究表明，当且仅当海岸阶段开始于进入指定间隔时间，加速阶段开始于退出时间时，这种类型的中断是最优的。本文证明了上述策略是次优策略，真正的最优限制策略是通常的速度保持阶段被最大加速度-海岸-速度保持-海岸-最大加速度段打断。此段的初始阶段在进入指定间隔时间时结束，最终阶段在退出时间开始。我们还将扩展新策略，以寻找具有多个预定中间时间间隔的能量消耗约束问题的最优限制策略。

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引用次数: 0

Train rescheduling with consideration of passenger reservicing during severe disruptions 在严重交通中断时重新安排列车并考虑乘客的保留情况

IF 2.7 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2025.100551

Junduo Zhao , Haiying Li , Lingyun Meng , Xiaojie Luan , Andrea D'Ariano

Train dispatching is critical for ensuring the punctuality and reliability in passenger transportation, especially in railway systems with a seat reservation mechanism, such as that in China. In the presence of a disruption, e.g., a 4-h segment blockage, passengers holding reservations on disrupted trains face significant travel plan alterations. As the flexibility for these stranded passengers to self-shift to alternative travel times and/or modes is often limited with pre-booked tickets and infrequent services, they are very likely to wait for their reserved trains for a long time, causing negative consequences on passenger satisfaction. In this study, we propose a method to address this rescheduling problem from the perspective of passenger reservicing. Measures of adding extra stops and inserting extra trains are conditionally used with the limitation of an effective time window (ETW), alongside retiming, reordering, and local-rerouting, to offer alternative travel options for stranded passengers, enabling them to reach their destinations with minimal delays. To accurately capture the limitation of ETW, we reconstructed the space-time network by introducing an alternative arc set, followed by formulating an ILP model. This NP-hard problem is then solved using a Lagrangian relaxation solution method, which integrates a decomposition approach, a label correcting algorithm, and a heuristic algorithm. We also conduct computational experiments on the Chinese high-speed railway network to validate the feasibility, effectiveness, and efficiency of our proposed method, and perform experimental analysis to help dispatchers to make more informed decisions in daily operations.

列车调度对于确保旅客运输的准时性和可靠性至关重要，特别是在像中国这样有座位预留机制的铁路系统中。在出现中断的情况下，例如，4小时段堵塞，持有中断列车预订的乘客面临重大的旅行计划改变。由于这些滞留乘客自行转换其他旅行时间和/或方式的灵活性往往受到预先预订的车票和不频繁的服务的限制，他们很可能会等待他们预订的火车很长时间，对乘客满意度造成负面影响。在本研究中，我们提出了一种从旅客预订角度来解决这一问题的方法。在有效时间窗口（ETW）的限制下，有条件地使用增加站点和增加列车的措施，以及重新计时、重新排序和局部改道，为滞留旅客提供其他旅行选择，使他们能够以最小的延误到达目的地。为了准确地捕捉ETW的局限性，我们通过引入替代弧集重构了时空网络，然后建立了ILP模型。然后使用拉格朗日松弛解方法解决这个np困难问题，该方法集成了分解方法、标签校正算法和启发式算法。我们还对中国高速铁路网进行了计算实验，验证了我们提出的方法的可行性、有效性和效率，并进行了实验分析，以帮助调度员在日常运营中做出更明智的决策。

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引用次数: 0