Pub Date : 2024-05-11eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2024.2327801
Yoav Vaknin, Ron Shaar, Erez Ben-Yosef, Oded Lipschits
The fortifications of Lachish, a key site in archaeology of the Iron Age Southern Levant, are the focus of ongoing debate. The Outer Revetment Wall, encircling nearly the entire site, was traditionally associated with Levels IV-III and was thought to have been in use during the Assyrian campaign in 701 BCE. It has recently been suggested that it was built a millennium earlier. Here we present archaeomagnetic dating of a mudbrick tower incorporated in this wall, indicating that it was burnt during the Iron Age and was most likely built during this period. Combining archaeological, historical and archaeomagnetic data reveals the intense fire that occurred during the 701 BCE Assyrian siege. This fire could have been set by the people of Lachish, in a desperate attempt to damage the Assyrian siege engines or siege ramp, as depicted in the well-known Lachish relief, or by the Assyrians as part of their siege tactics.
{"title":"Archaeomagnetic Dating of the Outer Revetment Wall at Tel Lachish.","authors":"Yoav Vaknin, Ron Shaar, Erez Ben-Yosef, Oded Lipschits","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2024.2327801","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03344355.2024.2327801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fortifications of Lachish, a key site in archaeology of the Iron Age Southern Levant, are the focus of ongoing debate. The Outer Revetment Wall, encircling nearly the entire site, was traditionally associated with Levels IV-III and was thought to have been in use during the Assyrian campaign in 701 BCE. It has recently been suggested that it was built a millennium earlier. Here we present archaeomagnetic dating of a mudbrick tower incorporated in this wall, indicating that it was burnt during the Iron Age and was most likely built during this period. Combining archaeological, historical and archaeomagnetic data reveals the intense fire that occurred during the 701 BCE Assyrian siege. This fire could have been set by the people of Lachish, in a desperate attempt to damage the Assyrian siege engines or siege ramp, as depicted in the well-known Lachish relief, or by the Assyrians as part of their siege tactics.</p>","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"51 1","pages":"73-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11090153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140923818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190271
Ido Koch
{"title":"Editor’s Foreword","authors":"Ido Koch","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190271","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42836877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190284
N. Na’aman
Abstract This article argues, on the basis of indirect evidence drawn from the results of the excavations of the Ophel, that during the second millennium BCE, the governing centre of Jerusalem was located on the Temple Mount. The conclusion rests mainly upon a numerical comparison between the glyptic material uncovered in the Ophel vis-à-vis that unearthed in the Southeastern Hill (the City of David) and upon the discovery of two fragmented cuneiform tablets in this area. It is postulated that the findings uncovered in the Ophel might serve as a litmus test for the early urban life in the Temple Mount above it. The city at the time included two distinct quarters: the Temple Mount, the seat of the king and his court, and the Southeastern Hill, consisting of the summit of the hill and the Gihon Spring. This two-part division of the city persisted from its foundation in the MB II down to the early first millennium BCE and continued until the 8th century BCE.
{"title":"Locating Jerusalem’s Royal Palace in the Second Millennium BCE in Light of the Glyptic and Cuneiform Material Unearthed in the Ophel","authors":"N. Na’aman","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190284","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues, on the basis of indirect evidence drawn from the results of the excavations of the Ophel, that during the second millennium BCE, the governing centre of Jerusalem was located on the Temple Mount. The conclusion rests mainly upon a numerical comparison between the glyptic material uncovered in the Ophel vis-à-vis that unearthed in the Southeastern Hill (the City of David) and upon the discovery of two fragmented cuneiform tablets in this area. It is postulated that the findings uncovered in the Ophel might serve as a litmus test for the early urban life in the Temple Mount above it. The city at the time included two distinct quarters: the Temple Mount, the seat of the king and his court, and the Southeastern Hill, consisting of the summit of the hill and the Gihon Spring. This two-part division of the city persisted from its foundation in the MB II down to the early first millennium BCE and continued until the 8th century BCE.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"111 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48466728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190274
Tzilla Eshel, O. Tirosh, Yoav Bornstein, S. Bar
Abstract The large metal assemblage of the unique site of el-Aḥwat, a short-lived Iron I settlement, is presented here for the first time. It mainly comprises local tools, jewellery and evidence of bronzeworking, typical of Iron Age I urban settlements in the lowlands, mostly continuing Late Bronze Age traditions. Spatial distribution of the metal finds shows that metals were abundant across the site. Lead isotope analysis reveals that the copper at the site is local, originating from the Arabah, and that the silver is from the Aegaean-Anatolian sphere. Copper spills and ingot suggest that copper and bronze were worked on the site. As metals are rare in the central hill country during this period, the results suggest that el-Aḥwat should be reconsidered as an exceptional site, not only in its large size, unique architecture and marginal location between the highlands and lowlands, but even more so as its inhabitants maintained commercial connections with the lowlands, coast and beyond, and were probably engaged in metalworking.
{"title":"The Metal Assemblage of Early Iron Age el-Aḥwat: Trade and Metalworking in the Margins of the Southern Levantine Central Highlands","authors":"Tzilla Eshel, O. Tirosh, Yoav Bornstein, S. Bar","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190274","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The large metal assemblage of the unique site of el-Aḥwat, a short-lived Iron I settlement, is presented here for the first time. It mainly comprises local tools, jewellery and evidence of bronzeworking, typical of Iron Age I urban settlements in the lowlands, mostly continuing Late Bronze Age traditions. Spatial distribution of the metal finds shows that metals were abundant across the site. Lead isotope analysis reveals that the copper at the site is local, originating from the Arabah, and that the silver is from the Aegaean-Anatolian sphere. Copper spills and ingot suggest that copper and bronze were worked on the site. As metals are rare in the central hill country during this period, the results suggest that el-Aḥwat should be reconsidered as an exceptional site, not only in its large size, unique architecture and marginal location between the highlands and lowlands, but even more so as its inhabitants maintained commercial connections with the lowlands, coast and beyond, and were probably engaged in metalworking.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"44 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44281738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190285
M. Sebbane
Abstract In recent years it has become apparent that the mace, one of the most important weapons and ceremonial artefacts in the Ancient Near East, first appeared in the tenth millennium BCE, during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. Given the considerable importance of this new evidence for understanding the role and status of the mace in the Ancient Near East, it is timely to present the state of the research that has recently emerged from sites in Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Jordan. This paper has three aims: 1) to chart the chronological and geographical distribution of mace-heads in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic; 2) to define as far as possible the typological characteristics of mace-heads, taking into account their morphology, raw materials, measurements and weight; and 3) to understand the intended function of mace-heads in light of the archaeological contexts in which they were discovered.
{"title":"Mace in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Ancient Near East","authors":"M. Sebbane","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190285","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years it has become apparent that the mace, one of the most important weapons and ceremonial artefacts in the Ancient Near East, first appeared in the tenth millennium BCE, during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. Given the considerable importance of this new evidence for understanding the role and status of the mace in the Ancient Near East, it is timely to present the state of the research that has recently emerged from sites in Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Jordan. This paper has three aims: 1) to chart the chronological and geographical distribution of mace-heads in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic; 2) to define as far as possible the typological characteristics of mace-heads, taking into account their morphology, raw materials, measurements and weight; and 3) to understand the intended function of mace-heads in light of the archaeological contexts in which they were discovered.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"126 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42323997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190283
G. Shalvi, A. Gilboa
Abstract The history of Tel Shiqmona, on Israel’s Carmel coast, in the Iron Age has remained almost totally obscure since its excavation some 50 years ago. Recent analysis has revealed the site’s singularity—the only one around the Mediterranean that can be demonstrated to have produced the luxurious purple dye for half a millennium. This article is the first discussion of a central episode (three strata) in the site’s history. We argue that during the Late Iron IIA, the Kingdom of Israel, probably under the Omrides, replaced a small Phoenician village with a fortified casemate enclosure in order to control and institutionalise the production of the dye and other industries. These peaked under Jeroboam II, and subsequently the fort was ravaged during the period of unrest in Israel after this monarch’s reign. We discuss the historical and cultural picture emerging from a meticulous analysis of the stratigraphy and finds and address trade contacts and regional, historical and geopolitical contexts.
Tel Shiqmona位于以色列卡梅尔海岸，自50年前被发掘以来，铁器时代的历史几乎完全不为人所知。最近的分析揭示了这个遗址的独特之处——它是地中海周围唯一一个被证明在五千年前就生产了奢华的紫色染料的地方。本文首次讨论了该遗址历史上的一个中心事件(三层)。我们认为，在铁器时代晚期，以色列王国，可能是在欧姆里德王朝的统治下，为了控制和制度化染料和其他工业的生产，将一个腓尼基人的小村庄换成了一个强化的围栏。这些在耶罗波安二世统治下达到顶峰，随后在这位君主统治后的以色列动荡时期，堡垒遭到了蹂躏。我们讨论了从细致的地层学分析中出现的历史和文化图景，并发现和解决了贸易联系和区域，历史和地缘政治背景。
{"title":"Between Israel and Phoenicia: The Iron IIA–B Fortified Purple-dye Production Centre at Tel Shiqmona","authors":"G. Shalvi, A. Gilboa","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190283","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The history of Tel Shiqmona, on Israel’s Carmel coast, in the Iron Age has remained almost totally obscure since its excavation some 50 years ago. Recent analysis has revealed the site’s singularity—the only one around the Mediterranean that can be demonstrated to have produced the luxurious purple dye for half a millennium. This article is the first discussion of a central episode (three strata) in the site’s history. We argue that during the Late Iron IIA, the Kingdom of Israel, probably under the Omrides, replaced a small Phoenician village with a fortified casemate enclosure in order to control and institutionalise the production of the dye and other industries. These peaked under Jeroboam II, and subsequently the fort was ravaged during the period of unrest in Israel after this monarch’s reign. We discuss the historical and cultural picture emerging from a meticulous analysis of the stratigraphy and finds and address trade contacts and regional, historical and geopolitical contexts.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"75 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48515313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190272
Martin David Pasternak, T. Erickson-Gini
Abstract In the course of a salvage excavation in the centre of the Negev highlands, near Tlalim Junction and Kibbutz Tlalim, a unique burial site dated to the middle of the first millennium BCE was discovered. The site appears to be located at the head of an ancient crossroad, and it seems that for generations it was used for communal graves and associated burial rituals carried out by travellers. Dozens of burials were found in the structures, along with an extraordinary wealth of special finds, most of which date to the middle of the first millennium BCE, from the end of the Iron II and the beginning of the Persian period. The site opens a gateway to multidisciplinary research related to identifying the origin of the finds, identifying the source of the burials and those interred, understanding its ritual significance, understanding the manner of burial and identifying ancient trade routes.
{"title":"The Secret in the Desert: Preliminary Conclusions from the Excavation of a Unique Burial Complex in the Negev Highlands","authors":"Martin David Pasternak, T. Erickson-Gini","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190272","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the course of a salvage excavation in the centre of the Negev highlands, near Tlalim Junction and Kibbutz Tlalim, a unique burial site dated to the middle of the first millennium BCE was discovered. The site appears to be located at the head of an ancient crossroad, and it seems that for generations it was used for communal graves and associated burial rituals carried out by travellers. Dozens of burials were found in the structures, along with an extraordinary wealth of special finds, most of which date to the middle of the first millennium BCE, from the end of the Iron II and the beginning of the Persian period. The site opens a gateway to multidisciplinary research related to identifying the origin of the finds, identifying the source of the burials and those interred, understanding its ritual significance, understanding the manner of burial and identifying ancient trade routes.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"3 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46341524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2023.2190273
Avraham Mashiach, Uri Davidovich
This article discusses the results of the excavations conducted in the Iron II site near the En-Gedi Spring in 1961-1962 and 2019. The site, consisting of a prominent stone platform documented as early as the 19th century and other recently discovered structural remains, is interpreted as a Judahite outpost built in a strategic location within the oasis of En-Gedi. On the basis of the ceramic assemblage, it is suggested that this site was founded during the early 7th century BCE and was abandoned before the end of that century-making it the earliest Iron Age occupation in the oasis. Combined with historical considerations and a regional analysis, the En-Gedi Spring site enhances our understanding of the Judahite expansion into the Judaean Desert during the late Iron Age.
{"title":"The En-Gedi Spring Site and the Judahite Expansion into the Judaean Desert in the Late Iron Age.","authors":"Avraham Mashiach, Uri Davidovich","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2023.2190273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2023.2190273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses the results of the excavations conducted in the Iron II site near the En-Gedi Spring in 1961-1962 and 2019. The site, consisting of a prominent stone platform documented as early as the 19th century and other recently discovered structural remains, is interpreted as a Judahite outpost built in a strategic location within the oasis of En-Gedi. On the basis of the ceramic assemblage, it is suggested that this site was founded during the early 7th century BCE and was abandoned before the end of that century-making it the earliest Iron Age occupation in the oasis. Combined with historical considerations and a regional analysis, the En-Gedi Spring site enhances our understanding of the Judahite expansion into the Judaean Desert during the late Iron Age.</p>","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"50 1","pages":"21-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10273384/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9663717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2022.2102107
Ariel Winderbaum
The archaeological excavations at the Ophel site between 2009–2013, headed by Dr. Eilat Mazar, uncovered, for the first time in the history of Jerusalem, layers with buildings—some of them monumental—that were in use throughout the Iron I, Iron IIA and Early Iron IIB. These buildings are of great importance due to their location on the southern slopes of the Temple Mount. In this article I review these buildings, the relation between them, their date and their function. I then attempt to reconstruct a picture of Jerusalem and Judah in these formative periods.
{"title":"Jerusalem’s Growth in Light of the Renewed Excavations in the Ophel","authors":"Ariel Winderbaum","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2022.2102107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2022.2102107","url":null,"abstract":"The archaeological excavations at the Ophel site between 2009–2013, headed by Dr. Eilat Mazar, uncovered, for the first time in the history of Jerusalem, layers with buildings—some of them monumental—that were in use throughout the Iron I, Iron IIA and Early Iron IIB. These buildings are of great importance due to their location on the southern slopes of the Temple Mount. In this article I review these buildings, the relation between them, their date and their function. I then attempt to reconstruct a picture of Jerusalem and Judah in these formative periods.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"49 1","pages":"149 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46042892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03344355.2022.2102112
Nadav Naʾaman
Van der Toorn’s 2018 edition of Papyrus Amherst 63 paved the way for a fresh examination of this difficult Demotic–Aramaic text. This article first examines the literary structure of the text and suggests a revised internal arrangement of its constituents, in particular those of Section IV. The revised arrangement serves as the basis for the ensuing discussion. The article discusses the designation ‘Rash’, a term that is key for an understanding of the many episodes related in the papyrus, and suggests that it designated the heavenly abode of the gods, from where they operated in heaven and earth. It then examines the few references to the earthly seats of the gods, and in particular passage viii 1–7a, which relates the heavenly or earthly realms of the gods and their seats in the sanctuaries. The final part of the article examines the way the author of Section II tried to resolve the theological problem of the impotence of god in the face of defeats, destructions and deportations. The author explains god’s silence by his slumber in his heavenly abode. Surprisingly, the theological solution of sin and punishment is absent from the papyrus, in contrast to its frequent appearance in many ancient Near Eastern texts and, above all, in the biblical literature.
范德图恩（Van der Toorn）2018年出版的《阿默斯特纸莎草63》（Papyrus Amherst 63）为重新审视这本困难的通俗-阿拉姆语文本铺平了道路。本文首先考察了文本的文学结构，并对其组成部分，特别是第四节的组成部分提出了修订后的内部安排。修订后的安排是随后讨论的基础。这篇文章讨论了“Rash”的名称，这个术语是理解纸莎草中许多相关情节的关键，并建议它指定众神在天堂的住所，他们在天堂和地球上活动。然后，它审查了少数提及众神在地上的座位，特别是第viii 1–7a段，该段涉及众神在天堂或地上的领域及其在圣地中的座位。文章的最后一部分考察了第二节作者试图解决上帝在失败、毁灭和驱逐面前无能为力的神学问题的方式。作者通过上帝在天堂住所的睡眠来解释上帝的沉默。令人惊讶的是，纸莎草中没有罪恶和惩罚的神学解决方案，这与它经常出现在许多古代近东文本中，尤其是在圣经文献中形成鲜明对比。
{"title":"Papyrus Amherst 63: Shifting between the Heavenly and Earthly Spheres","authors":"Nadav Naʾaman","doi":"10.1080/03344355.2022.2102112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03344355.2022.2102112","url":null,"abstract":"Van der Toorn’s 2018 edition of Papyrus Amherst 63 paved the way for a fresh examination of this difficult Demotic–Aramaic text. This article first examines the literary structure of the text and suggests a revised internal arrangement of its constituents, in particular those of Section IV. The revised arrangement serves as the basis for the ensuing discussion. The article discusses the designation ‘Rash’, a term that is key for an understanding of the many episodes related in the papyrus, and suggests that it designated the heavenly abode of the gods, from where they operated in heaven and earth. It then examines the few references to the earthly seats of the gods, and in particular passage viii 1–7a, which relates the heavenly or earthly realms of the gods and their seats in the sanctuaries. The final part of the article examines the way the author of Section II tried to resolve the theological problem of the impotence of god in the face of defeats, destructions and deportations. The author explains god’s silence by his slumber in his heavenly abode. Surprisingly, the theological solution of sin and punishment is absent from the papyrus, in contrast to its frequent appearance in many ancient Near Eastern texts and, above all, in the biblical literature.","PeriodicalId":51839,"journal":{"name":"Tel Aviv-Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University","volume":"49 1","pages":"250 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号