This squib provides an overview of conjunctions in Siraya. Unlike in most other Formosan languages, conjunctions in Siraya often appear as enclitics after the coordinated elements. All clitics occur in the second position attached to the first prosodic word. Two coordinators, =appa ‘and’ and =lava ‘or’ always appear as enclitics, while ra ‘but’ only sometimes does.
{"title":"Conjunctions in Siraya","authors":"P. Li","doi":"10.1353/ol.0.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.0.0078","url":null,"abstract":"This squib provides an overview of conjunctions in Siraya. Unlike in most other Formosan languages, conjunctions in Siraya often appear as enclitics after the coordinated elements. All clitics occur in the second position attached to the first prosodic word. Two coordinators, =appa ‘and’ and =lava ‘or’ always appear as enclitics, while ra ‘but’ only sometimes does.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48356668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on 424 firsthand data, this paper provides an in-depth investigation on Cə- reduplication in Truku, which varies between first root-consonant (C1-) and second root-consonant (C2-) copying. The variation has previously been proposed to be either phonologically governed by the presence of glottal stop or semantically governed, dependent upon whether RECIPROCITY is denoted. This paper shows that although both proposals are plausible, they are inconsistent with the data available in previous studies as well as the firsthand data collected for this study. This paper shows instead that the variation of the copying site is both semantically and phonologically governed. Semantically, RECIPROCITY and PLURALITY together behave differently from other semantic functions such as PURPOSE and SIMULTANEOUSLY DOING X. Phonologically, for semantic functions that exhibit variation between C1ə and C2ə- reduplication, the variation is governed by the phonological features of the initial and the second consonant of the root and are driven by the competition of different forces: the force to prevent marked segments (i.e., [ʔ, ɣ, ħ]) and sequences (i.e., [jə, wə, xə, mə]) in the reduplicant and the force to achieve perfect correspondence between the reduplicant and the base, which are nicely captured by constraint interactions in Optimality Theory.
{"title":"Variable Copying Sites in Truku Cə- Reduplication","authors":"Hui-Shan Lin","doi":"10.1353/ol.0.0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.0.0076","url":null,"abstract":"Based on 424 firsthand data, this paper provides an in-depth investigation on Cə- reduplication in Truku, which varies between first root-consonant (C1-) and second root-consonant (C2-) copying. The variation has previously been proposed to be either phonologically governed by the presence of glottal stop or semantically governed, dependent upon whether RECIPROCITY is denoted. This paper shows that although both proposals are plausible, they are inconsistent with the data available in previous studies as well as the firsthand data collected for this study. This paper shows instead that the variation of the copying site is both semantically and phonologically governed. Semantically, RECIPROCITY and PLURALITY together behave differently from other semantic functions such as PURPOSE and SIMULTANEOUSLY DOING X. Phonologically, for semantic functions that exhibit variation between C1ə and C2ə- reduplication, the variation is governed by the phonological features of the initial and the second consonant of the root and are driven by the competition of different forces: the force to prevent marked segments (i.e., [ʔ, ɣ, ħ]) and sequences (i.e., [jə, wə, xə, mə]) in the reduplicant and the force to achieve perfect correspondence between the reduplicant and the base, which are nicely captured by constraint interactions in Optimality Theory.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46479225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-10eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1005258
Atsushi Enomoto, Takemichi Fukasawa
Hyperthermia is a promising anticancer treatment modality. Heat stress stimulates proteolytic machineries to regulate cellular homeostasis. Calpain, an intracellular calcium (Ca2+)-dependent cysteine protease, is a modulator that governs various cellular functions. Hyperthermia induces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and triggers calpain activation. Contrastingly, pre-exposure of cells to mild hyperthermia induces thermotolerance due to the presence of cellular homeostatic processes such as heat shock response and autophagy. Recent studies suggest that calpain is a potential key molecule that links autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we briefly introduce the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, basic features of calpains with their implications in cancer, immune responses, and the roles and cross-talk of calpains in cellular protection and cell death in hyperthermia.
{"title":"The role of calcium-calpain pathway in hyperthermia.","authors":"Atsushi Enomoto, Takemichi Fukasawa","doi":"10.3389/fmmed.2022.1005258","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fmmed.2022.1005258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperthermia is a promising anticancer treatment modality. Heat stress stimulates proteolytic machineries to regulate cellular homeostasis. Calpain, an intracellular calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>)-dependent cysteine protease, is a modulator that governs various cellular functions. Hyperthermia induces an increase in cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels and triggers calpain activation. Contrastingly, pre-exposure of cells to mild hyperthermia induces thermotolerance due to the presence of cellular homeostatic processes such as heat shock response and autophagy. Recent studies suggest that calpain is a potential key molecule that links autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we briefly introduce the regulation of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis, basic features of calpains with their implications in cancer, immune responses, and the roles and cross-talk of calpains in cellular protection and cell death in hyperthermia.</p>","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"31 1","pages":"1005258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285567/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91291713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper investigates the typology and history of plural words in the Austronesian family, by using a sample of 128 languages representing both genealogical and geographical diversity. I first consider the definition of plural words, which are grammatical words indicating nominal plurality at the phrasal level. I then present the distribution of plural words in the sample and examine their history. Several findings can be drawn from the data. First, plural words are the most common type of plural markers in the Austronesian family, attested in more than half of the sample languages. Second, languages with plural words exhibit an uneven distribution: they are typically found in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and across the Pacific islands, particularly in New Ireland and Vanuatu, but virtually absent in western Indonesia. This uneven geographical distribution also correlates with a skewed genealogical distribution. Third, as for the diachronic developments of plural words, the previously reconstructed proto plural word *maŋa is only reflected to a limited extent, almost exclusively in the Philippine languages. More commonly, plural words reflect the grammaticalization of third-person plural pronouns, a path found for nearly half of the plural words.
{"title":"Plural Words in Austronesian Languages: Typology and History","authors":"Jiang Wu","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper investigates the typology and history of plural words in the Austronesian family, by using a sample of 128 languages representing both genealogical and geographical diversity. I first consider the definition of plural words, which are grammatical words indicating nominal plurality at the phrasal level. I then present the distribution of plural words in the sample and examine their history. Several findings can be drawn from the data. First, plural words are the most common type of plural markers in the Austronesian family, attested in more than half of the sample languages. Second, languages with plural words exhibit an uneven distribution: they are typically found in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and across the Pacific islands, particularly in New Ireland and Vanuatu, but virtually absent in western Indonesia. This uneven geographical distribution also correlates with a skewed genealogical distribution. Third, as for the diachronic developments of plural words, the previously reconstructed proto plural word *maŋa is only reflected to a limited extent, almost exclusively in the Philippine languages. More commonly, plural words reflect the grammaticalization of third-person plural pronouns, a path found for nearly half of the plural words.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"61 1","pages":"721 - 756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49439149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Austronesian Undressed: How and Why Languages Become Isolating ed. by David Gil and Antoinette Schapper (review)","authors":"Jianguo Wu","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"61 1","pages":"791 - 796"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45711395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Serial verbs by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (review)","authors":"Chia-jung Pan","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"61 1","pages":"598 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45625551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the Nauruan reflexes of Proto-Micronesian phonemes. Nauruan participates in most reductive sound changes found elsewhere in Micronesian. The attrition patterns of *t and *k in Nauruan resemble similar developments in Eastern Chuukic. An unusual developments are shifts of major place of articulation, from coronal to velar, and from velar to labial. This paper contains a discussion of the reflexes of Proto-Oceanic palatals in Micronesian. A list of Kiribati loans in Nauruan is supplied.
{"title":"Notes on the Diachronic Phonology of Nauruan","authors":"L. Blumenfeld","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the Nauruan reflexes of Proto-Micronesian phonemes. Nauruan participates in most reductive sound changes found elsewhere in Micronesian. The attrition patterns of *t and *k in Nauruan resemble similar developments in Eastern Chuukic. An unusual developments are shifts of major place of articulation, from coronal to velar, and from velar to labial. This paper contains a discussion of the reflexes of Proto-Oceanic palatals in Micronesian. A list of Kiribati loans in Nauruan is supplied.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"0 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66487653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Owen Edwards. 2021. Rote-Meto Comparative Dictionary. Asia Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: ANU Press. xii + 452 pp. ISBN 9781760464561. AUD$75, softcover. Open access: http://doi.org/10.22459/RMCD.2021.","authors":"Charles E. Grimes","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":" ","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44733395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Standard negation in Pangasinan comes in two forms, ag and aga. Benton's 1971 grammar of Pangasinan describes the aga form of negation as occurring specifically with third-singular pivot arguments, which if correct would constitute a typologically unusual instance of marked third-singular morphology. We argue against this characterization and instead propose that aga is an allomorph of ag historically motivated by a disyllabic word minimum requirement, with some conventionalized restrictions on its distribution. We offer an explanation for its incorrect previous descriptions and discuss similar alternations between monosyllabic and disyllabic allomorphs of negation in other Austronesian languages and consequences for the prosodic status of secondposition clitics.
{"title":"Revisiting the Form of Negation in Pangasinan","authors":"M. Erlewine, Joey. Lim, Kenyon Branan","doi":"10.1353/ol.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Standard negation in Pangasinan comes in two forms, ag and aga. Benton's 1971 grammar of Pangasinan describes the aga form of negation as occurring specifically with third-singular pivot arguments, which if correct would constitute a typologically unusual instance of marked third-singular morphology. We argue against this characterization and instead propose that aga is an allomorph of ag historically motivated by a disyllabic word minimum requirement, with some conventionalized restrictions on its distribution. We offer an explanation for its incorrect previous descriptions and discuss similar alternations between monosyllabic and disyllabic allomorphs of negation in other Austronesian languages and consequences for the prosodic status of secondposition clitics.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"61 1","pages":"166 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48859559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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