Abstract:This paper aims to explore the diversity of expressions for food ingestion in some Oceanic languages, and intends to map out the convergences and divergences attested among these languages. Six main points are addressed: first, a brief historical and environmental survey will be presented; second, the parameters distinguishing 'eat' verbs among the Kanak languages will be compared with the differentiation made in other Oceanic languages. In the notional domain under discussion, each Kanak language has its own food noun categories, depending on physical, nutritive or symbolic (cultural) criteria, and distinguished on the basis of the verb they combine with. Third, a typological perspective will show how Kanak is organized with respect to the contextual aspects incorporated into the meaning that is expressed together with the basic action of eating. Then, we will discuss some frequent distinctions found in Oceanic languages to extend the comparison. Fifth, the role of possessive classifiers reserved for specific kinds of food nouns and their relation to different 'eat' verbs will be investigated; and finally, some remarks will be made on the diversity of constructions available for 'eat' verbs in Oceanic languages.
{"title":"Toward a Comparative Typology of 'Eating' in Kanak Languages","authors":"Anne-Laure Dotte, Claire Moyse-Faurie","doi":"10.1353/ol.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper aims to explore the diversity of expressions for food ingestion in some Oceanic languages, and intends to map out the convergences and divergences attested among these languages. Six main points are addressed: first, a brief historical and environmental survey will be presented; second, the parameters distinguishing 'eat' verbs among the Kanak languages will be compared with the differentiation made in other Oceanic languages. In the notional domain under discussion, each Kanak language has its own food noun categories, depending on physical, nutritive or symbolic (cultural) criteria, and distinguished on the basis of the verb they combine with. Third, a typological perspective will show how Kanak is organized with respect to the contextual aspects incorporated into the meaning that is expressed together with the basic action of eating. Then, we will discuss some frequent distinctions found in Oceanic languages to extend the comparison. Fifth, the role of possessive classifiers reserved for specific kinds of food nouns and their relation to different 'eat' verbs will be investigated; and finally, some remarks will be made on the diversity of constructions available for 'eat' verbs in Oceanic languages.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"60 1","pages":"199 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ol.2021.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47739685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perspectives on Information Structure in Austronesian Languages ed. by Sonja Riesberg, Asako Shiohara, and Atsuko Utsumi (review)","authors":"W. Foley","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"486 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46912458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The term "Philippine languages" has been used in either a geographical sense or a genetic sense in the Austronesian literature. The unity of a Philippine subfamily was challenged by Pawley, Reid, Ross, and Smith. Blust, however, defends the existence of "Proto-Philippines" with a single piece of phonological evidence and a list of 1,222 reconstructed PPh etyma. This paper reviews subgrouping evidence and methodology used by Blust. The only piece of phonological evidence, the merger of PAn *d and *z, is considered non-diagnostic because it is also widely attested in five first-order subgroups (among the ten first-order subgroups) of the Austronesian language family. The validity of Blust's lexical evidence is questioned because it is established based on negative evidence. Moreover, the presence of irregular reflexes also undermines the validity of some PPh etyma. It is concluded that Blust does not successfully resurrect PPh; instead, the status of Proto-Philippines remains controversial.
{"title":"A Reply to Blust (2019) \"The Resurrection of Proto-Philippines\"","authors":"Hsiu-chuan Liao","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The term \"Philippine languages\" has been used in either a geographical sense or a genetic sense in the Austronesian literature. The unity of a Philippine subfamily was challenged by Pawley, Reid, Ross, and Smith. Blust, however, defends the existence of \"Proto-Philippines\" with a single piece of phonological evidence and a list of 1,222 reconstructed PPh etyma. This paper reviews subgrouping evidence and methodology used by Blust. The only piece of phonological evidence, the merger of PAn *d and *z, is considered non-diagnostic because it is also widely attested in five first-order subgroups (among the ten first-order subgroups) of the Austronesian language family. The validity of Blust's lexical evidence is questioned because it is established based on negative evidence. Moreover, the presence of irregular reflexes also undermines the validity of some PPh etyma. It is concluded that Blust does not successfully resurrect PPh; instead, the status of Proto-Philippines remains controversial.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"426 - 449"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46246832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Many Philippine-type Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan possess an understudied agentless construction formed with a mu-marked bivalent verb. This construction raises theoretical issues because bivalent verbs otherwise require an overt agent, no matter the voice type of a predicate. In this paper I demonstrate that the prefix sequence mu- consists of an Actor Voice (AV) affix m- and an agent/cause-eliminating valency-decreasing affix u-, which is likely to derive from a homophonous motion prefix prior to the split of Proto-Austronesian. The detransitivizer u-'s compatibility with AV-marked bivalent verbs in languages under seven different Austronesian primary branches, I argue, presents novel evidence against the antipassive view of prototypical AV constructions and lends new support to a transitive analysis, as derived intransitives such as antipassives are cross-linguistically incompatible with valency-decreasing operations. I argue accordingly that the ergative approach to prototypical Philippine-type languages is difficult to maintain.
{"title":"The Derived Intransitive in Formosan and Its Implications for the Nature of Proto-Austronesian Actor Voice","authors":"Victoria Chen","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Many Philippine-type Austronesian languages spoken in Taiwan possess an understudied agentless construction formed with a mu-marked bivalent verb. This construction raises theoretical issues because bivalent verbs otherwise require an overt agent, no matter the voice type of a predicate. In this paper I demonstrate that the prefix sequence mu- consists of an Actor Voice (AV) affix m- and an agent/cause-eliminating valency-decreasing affix u-, which is likely to derive from a homophonous motion prefix prior to the split of Proto-Austronesian. The detransitivizer u-'s compatibility with AV-marked bivalent verbs in languages under seven different Austronesian primary branches, I argue, presents novel evidence against the antipassive view of prototypical AV constructions and lends new support to a transitive analysis, as derived intransitives such as antipassives are cross-linguistically incompatible with valency-decreasing operations. I argue accordingly that the ergative approach to prototypical Philippine-type languages is difficult to maintain.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"59 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45719912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper addresses a complex interaction of factors that underlie optional subject marking in Fore, a Papuan language, and proposes a formal model to account for this phenomenon. Fore is both head and dependent marking. When both arguments of a transitive verb are third person, there is a potential ambiguity as to the identity of the subject and object. To resolve this, NPs are added to the clause, and a few apparent strategies for distinguishing the core arguments are observed: these include appealing to a 'default' interpretation of higher animate as subject, lower animate as object, word order freezing, and, marginally, case marking. These phenomena have a natural explanation in terms of the markedness of associations between animacy and grammatical functions, but such functional explanations do not fit easily within traditional generative grammar.In this paper, I develop an account of these data that formalizes these intuitive explanations within Optimality Theory. I make use of harmonic alignment of universal prominence scales to define the contexts, 'floating' constraints to model the optionality of case marking, and use comprehension-directed bidirectional optimization to model the general interpretive principle of ambiguity avoidance, a critical component in modeling the Fore data.
{"title":"Optimal Case Marking in Fore","authors":"Cj Donohue","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper addresses a complex interaction of factors that underlie optional subject marking in Fore, a Papuan language, and proposes a formal model to account for this phenomenon. Fore is both head and dependent marking. When both arguments of a transitive verb are third person, there is a potential ambiguity as to the identity of the subject and object. To resolve this, NPs are added to the clause, and a few apparent strategies for distinguishing the core arguments are observed: these include appealing to a 'default' interpretation of higher animate as subject, lower animate as object, word order freezing, and, marginally, case marking. These phenomena have a natural explanation in terms of the markedness of associations between animacy and grammatical functions, but such functional explanations do not fit easily within traditional generative grammar.In this paper, I develop an account of these data that formalizes these intuitive explanations within Optimality Theory. I make use of harmonic alignment of universal prominence scales to define the contexts, 'floating' constraints to model the optionality of case marking, and use comprehension-directed bidirectional optimization to model the general interpretive principle of ambiguity avoidance, a critical component in modeling the Fore data.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"115 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48174833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper describes the valency-related morphology of Lakurumau, a previously undescribed Western Oceanic language, member of the Lavongai/Nalik language chain. The paper analyzes the function of valency-changing devices and their relation to the morphology reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic. Particular attention is dedicated to the unique phenomenon of phonetic alternations signaling (in)transitivity, as in the pair itak 'carve.intr'—itok 'carve.tr'. The unusual reflexes of Proto-Oceanic *-ani and *-akin[i], which have developed in Lakurumau into an applicative/transitivizer and a marker of intransitivity respectively, are also discussed, as well as the impersonal construction based on the suffix -an (from a possible Proto-Oceanic passive *-an). The data from Lakurumau are also compared, when possible, to those from the other Lavongai/Nalik languages.
{"title":"Valency-Changing Morphology in Lakurumau, a Western Oceanic Language of Papua New Guinea","authors":"L. Mazzitelli","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper describes the valency-related morphology of Lakurumau, a previously undescribed Western Oceanic language, member of the Lavongai/Nalik language chain. The paper analyzes the function of valency-changing devices and their relation to the morphology reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic. Particular attention is dedicated to the unique phenomenon of phonetic alternations signaling (in)transitivity, as in the pair itak 'carve.intr'—itok 'carve.tr'. The unusual reflexes of Proto-Oceanic *-ani and *-akin[i], which have developed in Lakurumau into an applicative/transitivizer and a marker of intransitivity respectively, are also discussed, as well as the impersonal construction based on the suffix -an (from a possible Proto-Oceanic passive *-an). The data from Lakurumau are also compared, when possible, to those from the other Lavongai/Nalik languages.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"190 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46527914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Verb-initial oral/nasal grade crossover has been documented for a range of languages in central Vanuatu. But relics of this crossover are found elsewhere in the Southern Oceanic subgroup, including in high-level reconstructed protolanguages. At the same time, similar crossover occurs initially in nouns in a number of languages, as does fortition (distinct from oral/nasal crossover) in verbs. This paper documents these cases and shows how the presence of a preceding nasal-initial morpheme accounts for crossover, while reduplication seems to account for non-nasal fortition.
{"title":"Consonant Mutation in Southern Oceanic","authors":"John Lynch","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Verb-initial oral/nasal grade crossover has been documented for a range of languages in central Vanuatu. But relics of this crossover are found elsewhere in the Southern Oceanic subgroup, including in high-level reconstructed protolanguages. At the same time, similar crossover occurs initially in nouns in a number of languages, as does fortition (distinct from oral/nasal crossover) in verbs. This paper documents these cases and shows how the presence of a preceding nasal-initial morpheme accounts for crossover, while reduplication seems to account for non-nasal fortition.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"232 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47648786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:I am grateful to the four colleagues who have expressed their views on my argument for the reality of PPH, and I wish we could have had a larger number of contributors, with somewhat shorter and more relevant commentary in some cases to provide space for others.
{"title":"Response to Comments on \"The Resurrection of Proto-Philippines\"","authors":"Robert Blust","doi":"10.1353/OL.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/OL.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:I am grateful to the four colleagues who have expressed their views on my argument for the reality of PPH, and I wish we could have had a larger number of contributors, with somewhat shorter and more relevant commentary in some cases to provide space for others.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"450 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/OL.2020.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46738457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Languages encode emotions in a wide variety of ways. The ways often vary between languages or between language areas, but the present paper shows that, even within a single language, different emotions may be obligatorily encoded in quite different ways. Thus, in Kuni, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea, certain emotions are encoded exclusively as monolexemic verbs, while others are represented, equally exclusively, by figurative noun–verb predications. Emotions of the latter type tend to be more richly lexicalized than those represented monolexemically, usually with alternative encodings available to speakers. In between these two contrasting categories lie two important emotions, love and anger, which can be encoded in either of the above ways. Using a 4,000-word mission dictionary dated 1937 as my corpus, I identify four sets of emotions on purely formal grounds, illustrating each set in turn. I then discuss the process of lexification (or univerbation) whereby some figurative predications were transformed into compound predicates and nouns. Finally, I speculate as to the sociocultural and interactional implications for speakers of the different possibilities for encoding emotion types.
{"title":"Encoding Emotions in Kuni, an Oceanic Language of Papua New Guinea","authors":"Alan Jones","doi":"10.1353/ol.2020.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2020.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Languages encode emotions in a wide variety of ways. The ways often vary between languages or between language areas, but the present paper shows that, even within a single language, different emotions may be obligatorily encoded in quite different ways. Thus, in Kuni, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea, certain emotions are encoded exclusively as monolexemic verbs, while others are represented, equally exclusively, by figurative noun–verb predications. Emotions of the latter type tend to be more richly lexicalized than those represented monolexemically, usually with alternative encodings available to speakers. In between these two contrasting categories lie two important emotions, love and anger, which can be encoded in either of the above ways. Using a 4,000-word mission dictionary dated 1937 as my corpus, I identify four sets of emotions on purely formal grounds, illustrating each set in turn. I then discuss the process of lexification (or univerbation) whereby some figurative predications were transformed into compound predicates and nouns. Finally, I speculate as to the sociocultural and interactional implications for speakers of the different possibilities for encoding emotion types.","PeriodicalId":51848,"journal":{"name":"OCEANIC LINGUISTICS","volume":"59 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/ol.2020.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45064614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：